Managing Difficult Landscape Weeds

Transcription

1 Sep 23, 2004 Managing Difficult Landscape Weeds T. W. Gannon and L. S. Warren ( )

2 Troublesome weeds in North Carolina turf from 2004 SWSS Weed Survey 1. Annual bluegrass 2. Dallisgrass 3. Kyllinga species (green, false-green) 4. Crabgrass species (smooth, large) 5. Goosegrass 6. Virginia buttonweed 7. Purple nutsedge 8. Violet species (common blue, field pansy) 9. Henbit 10. Wild garlic

3 Common weeds in North Carolina turf from 2004 SWSS Weed Survey 1 annual bluegrass 2 crabgrass species (smooth and large) 3 chickweed species (common and mouseear) 4 henbit 5 goosegrass 6 dallisgrass 7 clover species (white and hop) 8 dandelion species (common and catsear) 9 wild garlic 10 cudweed species

4 Common and troublesome weeds in North Carolina turf from 2004 SWSS Weed Survey annual bluegrass dallisgrass crabgrass species (smooth and large) goosegrass henbit wild garlic

5 Turfgrass Species in North Carolina Total turf acreage 2.14 million KY 31 tall fescue 771,000 centipedegrass 348,000 bermudagrass 231,000 KY bluegrass/fescue 150,000 tall fescue (turf type) 101,000 bahiagrass 92,000 from North Carolina Turfgrass Survey, 1999

6 Turfgrass Species in North Carolina Total turf acreage 2.14 million Fine fescue Centipedegrass Kentucky bluegrass Bahiagrass Annual ryegrass Zoysiagrass Perennial ryegrass Carpetgrass Bentgrass St. Augustinegrass from North Carolina Turfgrass Survey, 1999

7 annual bluegrass (Poa annua)

8 Annual Bluegrass and Winter Annual Broadleaf Weed Control atrazine (Purge, AAtrex) 1 to 2 lb ai/acre Nov 15 Dec 31 Centipede, St. Augustine, bermuda, zoysia simazine (Princep several formulations) 1 to 2 lb ai/acre Nov 15 Dec 15 Centipede, St. Augustine, bermuda, zoysia

9 Annual Bluegrass and Winter Annual Broadleaf Weed Control atrazine and simazine control many common winter annual broadleaf weeds such as: Common chickweed Henbit Corn speedwell Lawn burweed Hop clover Many other broadleaf weeds listed on their labels.

10 Atrazine 2 qt/acre Photos Apr 11, 2005 Check Little barley, annual bluegrass, henbit, Brazilian catsear, Carolina geranium, mouseear chickweed, corn speedwell

11 Winter Annual Broadleaf Weeds and Poa annua Control metribuzin (Sencor 75 Turf) 0.67 lb/acre chickweed sp., henbit, lawn burweed, corn speedwell glyphosate (Roundup Pro, Touchdown Pro) 1 pt/acre % v/v nonionic surfactant Dormant nonoverseeded bermuda only!

12 Apr 25, 2007

13 May 2, 2007

14 Mar 8, 2004 (8 WAT) Apr 7, 2004 (12 WAT) May 4, 2004 (16 WAT) Roundup Pro 1 pt/acre (no residual activity)

15 % Control Glyhosate was broadcast applied (1 qt/a). Treatments applied 4-4 (55 F) or 4-5 (68 F). Effect of Application Temperature on Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule) Control b 95a b 73a 55 F air temp F air temp WAT 4 WAT

16 % Control Effects of Air Temperature on Tall Fescue Control with Roundup Pro 1% v/v Application Temp NCSU Turfgrass Field Lab, 1998

17 Roundup 1 pt/acre Monument 75WG 0.47 oz/acre May 4, 2004 (16 WAT)

18 % Control Preemergent annual bluegrass control averaged over Ronstar 2-3 lb Pendulum 2-3 lb Barricade lb 60 Team Pro 2-3 lb 40 atrazine 1-2 lb 20 0 Rates are lb ai/a, averaged across formulations, locations, years.

19 % Control Postemergent annual bluegrass control averaged over Revolver oz Certainty oz TranXit GTA 1-2 oz Monument oz Roundup 1 qt 20 0 Rates are per acre, excluding Revolver which is per M averaged across formulations, locations, years.

20 Dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum)

21 Dallisgrass Control???

22 MSMA, DSMA, CMA Update EPA contends organic arsenicals convert to inorganic forms when applied which causes them to become a ground water threat Aug 9, 2006: EPA stated that reregistration of organic arsenicals will not be allowed Jan 19, 2007: Public response period to the above ruling ended (however, has been extended 3 times) Week of Nov 26-30: EPA voted on 18 month phaseout for all commodities including cotton

23 Certainty 1.25 oz/a + MSMA 2 lb ai/a + NIS 0.25% applied May 2 and June 13, 2005 Photo June 27

24 % Control Dallisgrass Control in Common Bermudagrass 2005 Initiation d a ab d cd a cd d bc a bc c a a a a 27-Jun 24-Aug 5-Oct 10-Oct-06 Certainty + X oz/a % (May 2 and Jun 13) Certainty + Bueno + X oz/a + 2 lb ai/a % (May 2 and Jun 13) Bueno 2 lb ai/a (May 2) Revolver 2 oz/1000 (May 18) Bueno 2 lb ai/a (May 26) Check Treatments applied at 97.5 gpa

25 Glyphosate 0.5 pt Sep 11 Treated plot (Oct 11) 2007 Check

26 % Control Effects of Late Season Glyphosate Applications on Dallisgrass a a c c Dallisgrass Nov : Hidden Valley Golf Course Glyphosate 8 oz/a on Sep 11 Glyphosate 8 oz/a on Oct 16 Glyphosate 8 oz/a on Nov 14 Check

27 Effects of Late Season Glyphosate Applications on Common Bermudagrass Sep 11 Application (8 oz/a) Plots 84, 88, 87% brown on Sep 25, Oct 11, Oct 31 Oct 16 Application (8 oz/a) Plots 92% brown on Oct 31 Nov 14 Application (8 oz/a) All plots including nontreateds 99% brown Nov 14

28 % Control Dallisgrass control averaged over Revolver oz MSMA 2 lb MSMA fb Revolver fb MSMA Certainty 1.25 oz MSMA + Certainty Rates are per acre, excluding Revolver which is per M. Excluding MSMA fb Revolver fb MSMA, treatments were sequentially applied, averaged across formulations, locations, years.

29 kyllinga (Kyllinga species)

30 Nontreated Plot May 23, 2007

31 Monument + NIS 0.56 oz/a % May 23, 2007 (4 WAT)

32 Dismiss 0.75 pt/a May 23, 2007 (4 WAT)

33 % Control Kyllinga species control averaged over Sedgehammer 1.33 oz Certainty oz 60 Monument oz Rates are product per acre, averaged across formulations, locations, years.

34 % Control Kyllinga species control averaged over Image 11.4 oz Sedgehammer 1.33 oz 60 Certainty oz alone tank mixed w/msma Rates are product per acre, Image applied at 0.5 lb ai/a, averaged across locations and years.

35 % Control Kyllinga species control averaged over MSMA 2 lb ai Dismiss lb ai Certainty oz Monument oz 20 0 Rates are per acre, averaged across formulations, locations, years.

36 crabgrass (Digitaria species)

37 PRE Weed Management Strategies Herbicide Families Dinitroanilines (DNA s) Balan, Surflan, Pendulum, Team Pro, Barricade Have PRE and early POST activity Will control crabgrass and goosegrass in the one leaf stage if watered in immediately Are root inhibitor herbicides Not for use on athletic fields or heavy traffic areas

38 PRE Weed Management Strategies Herbicide Families Pyridines Dithiopyr (Dimension, Dimension Ultra WSP) Are not DNA herbicides but have the same mode of action (excellent crabgrass, good on goosegrass) Somewhat volatile works better as a granular Controls crabgrass and goosegrass up to 3-4 leaves Not recommended on athletic fields either

39 Photo Taken St. Augustinegrass Nontreated St. Augustinegrass Barricade 65WG Spring, 2001 Clubbed roots

40 PRE Weed Management Strategies Pendimethalin and Dithiopyr Are volatile herbicides when applied as liquids If applying to nonirrigated areas, use granules If irrigating, liquids work great as do granules A nonvolatile herbicide Prodiamine Liquid or granule works just as well wet or dry

41 % Control 4 to 7-Year Smooth Crab Control in Tall Fescue 2001 through Single - Full Rate Split - Half Rate 2X Barricade 65WG Barricade 4F Dimension 1EC Dimen. Ultra 40WP Pre-M 60DF Pre-M 3.3EC Pend. Aqua Cap 3.8CS Pendulum 2G Surflan 4F Team Pro 0.86G Check Sep-Oct Evaluations ( DAIT) Trt Dates: Mar and Apr/May

42 PRE Weed Management Strategies Herbicide Families Oxadiazon Oxadiazoles (Ronstar G, Ronstar 50WSP) Does not inhibit root growth; a shoot inhibitor Not registered in residential turf areas Use this product in worn turf or where additional grow-in is desired (athletic fields) Expensive; Provides no POST crab or goose control Use when sprigging or sodding bermuda or zoysia

43 % Control Smooth Crabgrass Control Using Various Ronstar Sprayable Formulations a a a a a a b 4-Sep 2007: Wesleyan College Ronstar 50WP 2 lb ai Ronstar 50WP 3 lb ai Ronstar 3.17 SC 2.5 qt Ronstar 3.17SC 3.8 qt Barricade 4F 0.75 lb ai Pendulum Aquacap 3 lb ai Check Mar 5 Appl Date

44 PRE Weed Management Strategies Split Applications Do not split oxadiazon (Ronstar) applications since it has no POST activity!!! Even if you are a little late with the initial application, apply the full rate ASAP to obtain maximum PRE control for plants that have yet to germinate.

45 Tolerance of fall-seeded tall fescue to PRE herbicides Previous-fall seeded tall fescue may not be established enough for select herbicides Particularly preemergence DNA herbicides as they are mitotic inhibitors Some herbicide labels vague about defining established turgrass (Team Pro, Ronstar 2G)

46 PRE Weed Management Strategies PRE Grass Herbicides on Fall Established Turf Select preemergence herbicide labels advise against applications until 1 growing season has passed (Balan 2.5G, Surflan A.S). (Pre-M, Pendulum 2G and AquaCap) can be applied after the turf has been mowed at least 4 times. The chemical barrier is thick (0.75 ) and the roots have to be below this barrier to ensure tolerance.

47 PRE Weed Management Strategies PRE Grass Herbicides on Fall Established Turf Barricade 4L, 65WG and Dimension Ultra, 2EW can be applied after the turf has been mowed at least 2 times or 60 days after overseeding. The chemical barrier is thinner than Pre-M, Pendulum (0.25 ) and the roots grow below this barrier more quickly. Barricade and Dimension may be safer for newly planted grass than (Pre-M, Pendulum).

48 % injury Tolerance of fall-seeded tall fescue to PRE herbicides with split applications Barricade 0.5 fb 0.25 lb Dimension 0.25 fb 0.25 lb Pendulum 1.5 fb 1.5 lb Ronstar 2 fb 1 lb seeded Oct 10 seeded Oct 16 seeded Oct 30 LSD=15.7 LSD=16.5 LSD= Team 1.5 fb 1.5 lb Barricade - 65WG, Dimension - 1EC, Pendulum - 3.3EC, Ronstar - 2G, Team - 2G. Initial treatments applied March while sequentials were applied May 06. Evaluations taken May 27.

49 % injury Tolerance of fall-seeded tall fescue to PRE herbicides with single applications 100 Barricade 0.75 lb seeded Oct 10 seeded Oct 16 seeded Oct 30 LSD=15.7 LSD=16.5 LSD=21.3 Dimension 0.5 lb Pendulum 3 lb Ronstar 3 lb Team 3 lb Barricade - 65WG, Dimension - 1EC, Pendulum - 3.3EC, Ronstar - 2G, Team - 2G. Treatments applied March Evaluations taken May 27.

50 Tolerance of fall-seeded tall fescue to PRE herbicides May be advantageous to split applications Need to make decision on specific site by site basis Prodiamine may be safer to previous fall established fescue

51 Tolerance of Spring Seeded Tall Fescue to Drive 75DF at Various Timings Quinclorac may be used at fescue seeding or early postemergence Provides 4 6 weeks preemergence crabgrass control Provides postemergence control of crabgrass

52 % Cover Tolerance of Spring Seeded Tall Fescue to Drive 75DF at Various Timings March 20 March 27 April 10 April 19 April 30 Nontreated LSD= Drive 75DF Data collected , 77 DAP. All rates of Drive are 0.75 lb ai per acre. MSO was included in April 20 application only. 07-D09

53 Crabgrass and Broadleaf Weed Control quinclorac (Drive 75DF) Tolerance to ryegrass, bluegrass and bermudagrass species, tall fescue, zoysiagrass and creeping bentgrass 1 lb/acre + MSO (1.5 pt) or COC (2 pt) Broadleaf weeds controlled: white and hop clover, dandelion, dollarweed, corn speedwell, etc.

54 % Control Pre Smooth Crabgrass Control Using Various Echelon Formulations b ab ab ab a ab c 16-Jul 2007: Thorndale Country Club Echelon 4SC lb ai Echelon 0.3G lb ai Echelon 0.3 on lb ai Echelon 4SC 0.75 lb ai Echelon 0.3G 0.75 lb ai Echelon 0.3G on lb ai Check Mar 8 Appl Date

55 % Control Preemergent smooth crabgrass control averaged over Dimension 0.5 lb Surflan 3 lb Ronstar 2-3 lb 60 Pendulum 2-3 lb 40 Barricade lb 20 0 Rates are lb ai/a, averaged across formulations, locations, years.

56 % Control Preemergent smooth crabgrass control averaged over Team Pro 3 lb Surflan 3 lb Team Pro fb Surflan 2 fb Pendulum 2-3 lb 40 Barricade lb 20 0 Rates are lb ai/a, averaged across formulations, locations, years.

57 % Control Postemergent smooth crabgrass control averaged over MSMA lb Drive 0.75 lb Dismiss lb 20 0 Rates are lb ai/a, averaged across formulations, locations, years.

58 Crabgrass and Goosegrass Control fenoxaprop (Acclaim Extra) Perennial rye., fescues, zoysia, not bermuda! 0.75 to 2.5 pt/acre 2 apps 14 days apart

59 Crabgrass and Broadleaf Weed Control quinclorac + sulfentrazone +2,4-D amine + dicamba (Q4 1.54L) Tolerance to annual and perennial ryegrass and bluegrass and tall fescue 7 to 8 pt/acre Broadleaf weeds controlled: white and hop clover, dandelion, dollarweed, corn speedwell, and many others

60 Weeds Controlled by Mesotrione Smooth crabgrass Large crabgrass Henbit Broadleaf plantain Yellow woodsorrel Goosegrass St. Augustine, centipede and tall fescue are tolerant, bermuda is not.

61

62 Mesotrione 0.25 lb ai applied June 6 (5-7 leaf crabgrass), photo taken June 14

63 Goosegrass (Eleusine indica)

64 % Control Pre Goosegrass Control Using Various Echelon Formulations be ac ce ad a ab f 4-Sep 2007: Thorndale Country Club Echelon 4SC lb ai Echelon 0.3G lb ai Echelon 0.3 on lb ai Echelon 4SC 0.75 lb ai Echelon 0.3G 0.75 lb ai Echelon 0.3G on lb ai Check Mar 13 Appl Date

65 % Control Preemergent goosegrass control averaged over Dimension 0.5 lb Surflan 3 lb Ronstar 2-3 lb 60 Pendulum 2-3 lb 40 Barricade lb 20 0 Rates are lb ai/a, averaged across formulations, locations, years.

66 Goosegrass Control Only sulfentrazone (Dismiss 4F) lb ai (4 oz) tall fescue 0.25 lb ai (8 oz) perennial bluegrass and warm season turf except bermuda and St. Augustine lb ai (12 oz) bermuda and St. Augustine (1 to 4 leaf stage - small!)

67 Mature Goosegrass Control in Common Bermudagrass Mature goosegrass (tillered, clumpy, bunchy) Mow as closely as possible to promote new juvenile growth. At early signs of regrowth, treat with post herbicides.

68 Virginia Buttonweed (Diodia virginiana) Perennial, yellow-green color 2,4-D + clopyralid + dicamba (Millennium Ultra) 2 to 3 pt/acre 2 applications 4 weeks apart Not centipede or St. Augustine Other Control Options Triclopyr + clopyralid (Confront) 2 pt/acre Repeat application needed; Not fine fescue, bahia, St. Augustine Fluroxypyr (Spotlight 1.5EC) 1 qt/acre not bermuda, St. Aug

69 % Control Virginia Buttonweed Control in Common Bermudagrass with Single Applications LSD (p=.05) 42 DAT 85 DAT 115 DAT Applied May 15, 2006: Thorndale Country Club Trimec Classic 4 pt/a Spotlight 1 qt/a Millennium Ultra 2.25 pt/a Check

70 % Control Virginia Buttonweed Control averaged over Millenium Ultra pt Trimec Classic qt Confront 1-2 pt 20 0 Rates are product per acre, averaged across formulations, locations, years.

71 Check Jun 26, 2006

72 Jun 26, 2006 (6 WAT) Trimec Classic 4 pt/acre

73 Jun 26, 2006 (6 WAT) Spotlight 1 qt/acre

74 Troublesome weeds in North Carolina turf from 2004 SWSS Weed Survey 1. Annual bluegrass 2. Dallisgrass 3. Kyllinga species (green, false-green) 4. Crabgrass species (smooth, large) 5. Goosegrass 6. Virginia buttonweed 7. Purple nutsedge 8. Violet species (common blue, field pansy) 9. Henbit 10. Wild garlic

75 Common weeds in North Carolina turf from 2004 SWSS Weed Survey 1 annual bluegrass 2 crabgrass species (smooth and large) 3 chickweed species (common and mouseear) 4 henbit 5 goosegrass 6 dallisgrass 7 clover species (white and hop) 8 dandelion species (common and catsear) 9 wild garlic 10 cudweed species

76 Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) Blunt leaf tips Purple seedheads Tuber chains Brownish-black, hairy tubers Yellow Nutsedge Pointed needlelike leaf tips Yellow seedheads Tubers do not form chains Tannish-brown tubers

77 Purple and Yellow Nutsedge (Fair to Good Control) Image 70DG + MSMA 0.25 to 0.5 lb ai lb ai Bermuda, zoysia sensitive Controls annual sedges also (Fair to Good Control) halosulfuron (Sedgehammer) 0.67 to 1.33 oz/acre 0.5% v/v NIS (retreat 6-10 wk) Most turfgrasses tolerant

78 Purple and Yellow Nutsedge Control sulfentrazone (Dismiss 4SC) 4 8 oz/a for cool season turf creeping bentgrass fine and tall fescue perennial ryegrass Kentucky bluegrass roughstalk bluegrass

79 Purple and Yellow Nutsedge Control sulfentrazone (Dismiss 4SC) 8 oz/a for warm season turf including: bahiagrass carpetgrass centipedegrass zoysiagrass 12 oz/a for warm season turf including: bermudagrass St. Augustinegrass

80 Purple and Yellow Nutsedge Control sulfentrazone (Dismiss 4SC) Excellent yellow nutsedge control Excellent kyllinga species control Poor to fair purple nutsedge control

81 Purple and Yellow Nutsedge Control Good to excellent control is now available!!! sulfosulfuron (Certainty) 0.75 to 1.25 oz/acre % v/v NIS Repeat in 4 to 10 weeks if needed Apply to residential and nonresidential bermuda, zoysia, centipede and St. Augustine turf

82 % Control Purple Nutsedge Control With Various Herbicide Combinations cd a-d cd bcd ab a e May 30 Application; Sep 14 Evaluation 2006: Plymouth Country Club Dismiss 4F 8 oz/a Dismiss 4F 12 oz/a Quicksilver 1.9EW 2 oz/a Dismiss 4F + Quicksilver 1.9EW oz/a Certainty 1.25 oz/a + NIS 0.25% Monument 0.56 oz/a + NIS 0.25% Check

83 % Control Purple nutsedge control averaged over Sedgehammer oz Certainty oz 60 Monument oz Rates are product per acre, averaged across formulations, locations, years.

84 % Control Purple nutsedge control averaged over Sedgehammer 1.33 oz 80 Certainty 1.25 oz Monument oz 20 0 Dismiss alone Dismiss tank-mixed Rates are product per acre, Dismiss applied lb ai/a averaged across locations and years.

85 % Control Yellow nutsedge control averaged over Sedgehammer 1.33 oz Certainty 1.25 oz Monument oz MSMA 1.33 qt 40 Dismiss 8-12 oz 20 0 Rates are product per acre, averaged across formulations, locations, years.

86 Possible Weed Escapes (White) Using Trimec and Triamine Formulations Ground ivy India mock strawberry Dandelion Dock / Plantain species White clover Wild violet Yellow woodsorrel Carolina geranium Henbit Chickweed species Speedwell species Lawn burweed Field pansy Hairy bittercress Hop clover

87 Violet (Viola species) Oct 23, 2006

88 % Control Wild Violet Control LSD ( P =.05) Confront 1 pt Confront 2 pt Millennium Ultra 2.5 pt Trimec Classic 3.5 pt de ab d e bc b bc bc cd bc cd de e d e 17-Jun 22-Jul 5-Aug 15 day 50 day 64 day (after Jun 2 application)

89 % Control Field Pansy Control LSD ( P =.05) bc bcd de cd a a a a 11-Apr 28-Apr Flazasulfuron 2.25 oz* Monument 0.47 oz* Revolver 1.09 pt* TranXit GTA 1 oz* * 0.25% v/v NIS 18 day 35 day (after Mar 24 application)

90 % Control Field Pansy Control LSD ( P =.05) 80 Confront 1 pt Cool Power 3 pt Speed Zone 3.5 pt Trimec Classic 3.25 pt 20 0 b bcd a bcd a a a b 11-Apr 28-Apr 18 day 35 day (after Mar 24 application)

91 Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule)

92

93 % Control Henbit control averaged over Millenium Ultra qt Escalade qt Trimec Classic qt Confront 1-2 pt Coolpower qt 20 0 Rates are product per acre, averaged across formulations, locations, years.

94 % Control Henbit control averaged over Revolver oz Manor oz TranXit GTA 1-2 oz 60 Monument oz 40 Roundup 1 qt 20 0 Rates are per acre, excluding Revolver which is per M averaged across formulations, locations, years.

95 Manor + NIS 0.5 oz/a % applied Dec 16, 2003 (Mar 18)

96 Trimec Classic 3.5 pt/a: Apr 11, 2005 (4 WAT)

97 Wild garlic (Allium vineale) 2,4-D amine Many formulations 3 qt/acre + surfactant Bermuda, fescue, ryegrass Treat for 2 years Image 70DG 0.35 to 0.7 lb/acre + surfactant Bermuda, centipede, zoysia Apply before spring greenup Manor / Blade 0.33 to 0.5 oz/acre + surfactant Bermuda, centipede**, zoysia, St. Augustine, Ky. bluegrass

98 % Control Wild garlic control averaged over Confront 1-2 pt Corsair 1-4 oz Manor oz TranXit GTA 2 oz Certainty 1-2 oz Monument oz Rates are product per acre, averaged across formulations, locations, years.

99 Common weeds in North Carolina turf from 2004 SWSS Weed Survey 1 annual bluegrass 2 crabgrass species (smooth and large) 3 chickweed species (common and mouseear) 4 henbit 5 goosegrass 6 dallisgrass 7 clover species (white and hop) 8 dandelion species (common and catsear) 9 wild garlic 10 cudweed species

100 % Control Common chickweed control averaged over Escalade qt Trimec Classic 1.75 qt Confront 1-2 pt Manor oz Rates are product per acre, averaged across formulations, locations, years.

101 % Control Carolina geranium control averaged over Escalade qt Trimec Classic qt Confront 1-2 pt Manor oz Monument oz 20 0 Rates are product per acre, averaged across formulations, locations, years.

102 % Control Cudweed species control averaged over Trimec Classic qt 80 Manor oz Monument oz Corsair oz Rates are product per acre, averaged across formulations, locations, years.

103 % Control White clover control averaged over Millenium Ultra qt Trimec Classic 1.75 qt Lontrel pt Garlon qt Confront 1-2 pt 20 0 Rates are product per acre, averaged across formulations, locations, years.

104 % Control White clover control averaged over Manor oz 80 Coolpower qt Monument oz Confront 1-2 pt 20 0 Rates are product per acre, averaged across formulations, locations, years.

105 % Control Catsear dandelion control averaged over Trimec Classic qt ,4-D amine 1-2 pt Confront 1-2 pt Garlon 3A 1-2 qt Spotlight pt 20 0 Rates are product per acre, averaged across formulations, locations, years.

106 % Control Catsear dandelion control averaged over Corsair oz Manor oz Monument oz atrazine 1-2 qt 40 Princep 1-2 qt Rates are product per acre, averaged across formulations, locations, years.

107 % Control Common dandelion control averaged over Trimec Classic qt Manor oz Monument oz 20 0 Rates are product per acre, averaged across formulations, locations, years.

108 Preemergent Control of Large Crabgrass Herbicides evaluated: Barricade 65WG (0.75 or 0.5 fb 0.25 lb ai/a) Dimension Ultra 40WP (0.5 or 0.25 fb 0.25 lb ai/a) Ronstar 2G (3 or 1.5 fb 1.5 lb ai/a) Pendulum AquaCap 3.8CS (3 or 1.5 fb 1.5 lb ai/a) Surflan 4FL (3 or 1.5 fb 1.5 lb ai/a) Team Pro 0.86G (3 or 1.5 fb 1.5 lb ai/a)

109 Preemergent Control of Large Crabgrass Verticut / slit and broadcast seeded 3.5lbs crabgrass/1000ft 2-3/7/2007 Initial application 3/13/07 Sequential application 5/15/07

110 PRE Crabgrass Control with Single and Split Applications Split Application Single Application 61 d c bc bc bc bc c abc ab 100 abc 100 a a Team Pro Surflan Pendulum AquaCap Ronstar Dimension Ultra Barricade % Control Data Collected , LSD (P=0.05) 186 DAIT, Initial App , Second App , Sandhills Research Station, Sodman 90/10 (mixture w/bluegrass)

111 PRE Crabgrass Control with Single and Split Applications Split Application Single Application 59 f 69 ef de 84 de cd de 90 bcd abc 99 a a ab abc Team Pro Surflan Pendulum AquaCap Ronstar Dimension Ultra Barricade % Control Data Collected , LSD (P=0.05) 183 DAIT, Initial App , Second App , Lake Wheeler Station, Confederate tall fescue

112 PRE Crabgrass Control with Single and Split Applications Split Application Single Application c c bc b bc ab a a 100 a a a a Team Pro Surflan Pendulum AquaCap Ronstar Dimension Ultra Barricade % Control Data Collected , LSD (P=0.05) 186 DAIT, Initial App , Second App , Sandhills Research Station, Sahara common bermudagrass

113 PRE Crabgrass Control with Single and Split Applications Split Application Single Application 84 b a a a a a a a a a a 100 a Team Pro Surflan Pendulum AquaCap Ronstar Dimension Ultra Barricade % Control Data Collected , LSD (P=0.05) 183 DAIT, Initial App , Second App , Lake Wheeler Station, Savannah bermudagrass

114 Effect of Mowing Height on Large Crabgrass Incidence 3.5lbs Crabgrass/1000ft 2 on March 7, 2007 Mowing Heights initiated when soil temperatures reached 55 F Mowed every 4 days thereafter

115 Effect of Mowing Height on Large Crabgrass Incidence Bermudagrass mowing heights 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.0 Tall fescue mowing heights 1, 2, 3, 4

116 % Crabgrass Effect of bermudagrass mowing height on large crabgrass incidence a 23 a 25 a 18 a " 1.0" 1.5" 2.0" Mowing Height Data Collected: , LSD (P=0.05), Lake Wheeler Field Labs, Savannah bermuda

117 % Crabgrass Effect of bermudagrass mowing height on large crabgrass incidence a 29 a a 16 a " 1.0" 1.5" 2.0" Mowing Height Data Collected: , LSD (P=0.05), Sandhills Research Station, Sahara bermuda

118

119 % Crabgrass Effect of tall fescue mowing height on large crabgrass incidence a b " 2.0" 3.0" 4.0" Mowing Height Data Collected: , LSD (P=0.05), Lake Wheeler Research Station, Confederate Fescue c d

120 % Crabgrass Effect of tall fescue mowing height on large crabgrass incidence a 79 a " 2.0" 3.0" 4.0" Mowing Height b 31 c Data Collected: , LSD (P=0.05), Sandhills Research Station, Sodman 90/10 (mixture w/ bluegrass)

121

122 4 inch height Aug 2007

123 3 inch height Aug 2007

124 2 inch height Aug 2007

125 1 inch height Aug 2007

126 Bermudagrass Encroachment in Tall Fescue Bermudagrass plugs (4.25 diameter) installed March 31, 2007 Mowing initiated 2 days following installation 4 plugs per plot (2.5 ft in from each side of plot) Grid counts taken bi-weekly % area of bermudagrass Mowing heights included: 1, 2, 3, 4, 4 w/out plugs)

127 % Area of Bermudagrasss Effect of tall fescue mowing height on bermudagrass encroachment a b 4 bc 2 c 1 0 c 1.0" 2.0" 3.0" 4.0" 4.0" - No Plugs Mowing Height Data Collected: , Lake Wheeler Field Labs, Confederate Blend, LSD (P=.05)

128

129 Generic herbicides and PGRs Several herbicides and plant growth regulators (PGRs) active ingredients have recently been introduced by generic manufacturers as proprietary patents have expired

130 Generic herbicides and PGRs Turfgrass managers often pose the following questions: What are the potential cost savings? Do generic herbicides vary in efficacy compared to proprietary products? Are there noted problems with formulations?

131 % Control Preemergent Smooth Crabgrass Control with Prodiamine Barricade Quali Pro Regalkade Riverdale LSD= lb ai 0.5 fb 0.25 lb ai Data collected , 180 DAIT. Rates are lb ai per acre. Sequential applied 8 WAIT. All products

132 % Control Preemergent Smooth Crabgrass Control 100 with Oryzalin Surflan Quali Pro LSD= lb ai 1.5 fb 1.5 lb ai Data collected , 180 DAIT. Rates are lb ai per acre. Sequential applied 8 WAIT. All products

133 prodiamine 0.75 lb ai/a ( ) Barricade Quali Pro

134 Results Preemergence smooth crabgrass control No significant differences existed in smooth crabgrass control through 180 DAIT Excluding Barricade and Riverdale prodiamine 0.5 fb 0.25 lb ai, all preemergent herbicide treatments provided good to excellent smooth crabgrass control through 180 DAIT

135 Conclusions No significant differences were noted in herbicide or plant growth regulator efficacy when compared to proprietary products. Within our trials, no problems were noted with herbicide or plant growth regulator formulations.

136 Weed control with mesotrione Received federal registration, state should follow Initially registered for golf courses and sod farms, residential and athletic fields will be registered later Trade name: Tenacity 4 SC

137 Weed control with mesotrione HPPD inhibitor, first bleaching herbicide registered in turf Normally takes 7 days to bleach Symptoms last days Controls select grass and broadleaf weeds Will require two applications 2 3 week sequential Include NIS with postemergence applications May require tank mix partner for acceptable control

138

139 Mesotrione 0.25 lb ai applied June 6 (5-7 lf crabgrass), photo taken June 14

140 Mesotrione lb ai applied May 1 (1-3 lf crabgrass), photo taken June 14

141 11 Monocot weeds on mesotrione label including: Crabgrass species Creeping bentgrass Goosegrasss Nimblewill Preliminary label, additional species to be added

142 34 dicot weeds on mesotrione label including: Chickweed species Henbit Buckhorn plantain Yellow woodsorrel Buttercup Carpetweed White clover Dandelion species Speedwell species Lawn burweed Ground ivy Oxalis Preliminary label, additional species to be added

143 Weed control with mesotrione Use rate: 5-8 fl oz/a per application ( lb ai/a) Maximum season application: 16 fl oz/a (0.5 lb ai/a) Mesotrione may be used prior to or at seeding of registered turf species excluding fine fescue Absorbed by leaves, roots, and shoots Transported in xylem and phloem

144 Turfgrass tolerance with mesotrione lb ai/a (4 fl oz/a) St. Augustinegrass 0.16 lb ai/a (5 fl oz/a) Perennial ryegrass Fine fescue lb ai/a (5 8 fl oz/a) Kentucky bluegrass Centipedegrass Tall fescue

145 Tenacity (mesotrione) What about bermudagrass and zoysia? McElroy, 2007

146 Mesotrione injury on zoysiagrass

147 3 tiller goosegrass, Mesotrione 0.25 lb/a 7 days after treatment 4 tiller smooth crabgrass, Mesotrione 0.25 lb/a 7 days after treatment McElroy, 2007

148 Tenacity Will become the standard for centipede and St. Augustine weed control McElroy, 2007

149 Centipedegrass tolerance to mesotrione and atrazine treatments applied 2 weeks after emergence Herbicide Rate 7 DAT 21 DAT 49 DAT oz/a % Ground Cover Mesotrione Mesotrione Mesotrione Mesotrione Atrazine Atrazine + Mesotrione Atrazine + Mesotrione Atrazine + Mesotrione Atrazine + Mesotrione Non-Treated LSD ** All treatments contained 0.25% v/v NIS. McElroy, 2007

150 Pictorial comparison of mesotrione 8 fl oz/a, atrazine 16 fl oz/a, and the combined two rates at 7, 21, and 49 DAT. Mesotrione 8 fl oz/a Atrazine 16 fl oz/a Combination 7 D A T 28 D A T 49 D A T McElroy, 2007

151 % Control Tenacity applied 0.15 lb ai/a. Data collected , 373 DAIT. Treatments applied on four week intervals. 07-D10 Bermudagrass Control in Tall Fescue 100 Tenacity + Turflon Ester 1 lb ai 80 Tenacity + Acclaim Extra lb ai Tenacity + Turflon Ester 1 lb ai + Acclaim Extra lb ai LSD=

152 % Control Bermudagrass Control in Tall Fescue Acclaim Extra lb ai + Turflon Ester 1 lb ai Acclaim Extra lb ai Turflon Ester 1 lb ai LSD= Data collected , 373 DAIT. Treatments applied on four week intervals. 07-D10

153 % Control Bermudagrass Control in Tall Fescue Tenacity + Dismiss lb ai Tenacity Fusilade II 6 oz Fusilade II 6 oz + Turflon Ester 1 lb ai + Acclaim Extra lb ai LSD= Tenacity applied 0.15 lb ai/a. Data collected , 373 DAIT. Treatments applied on four week intervals. 07-D10

154 % Control Bermudagrass Control (60 WAIT) ab 85 a 85 a 90 a AE 20 + TE 16 AE 20 + TE b AE 28 + TE AE 28 + TE 32 Fusilade II 6 20 Nontreated 0 0 c Rates are oz product/acre, data collected

155 Conclusions The following treatments provided excellent (>90%) control of bermudagrass and did not reduce tall fescue quality (based on data at 60 WAIT) Acclaim Extra + Turflon Ester ( oz/a) Costs: ($111 + $36 = $147) No reseeding for 21 days The following treatments provided good (80-90%) control of bermudagrass and did not reduce tall fescue quality (based on data at 60 WAIT) Acclaim Extra + Turflon Ester ( oz/a) Costs: ($79 + $36 = $115) No reseeding for 21 days Acclaim Extra + Turflon Ester ( oz/a) Costs: ($111 + $18 = $129) No reseeding for 21 days

156 Bermudagrass Control Prior to Renovation

157 % Control Bermudagrass Control One Year After Treatment Application 2 Applications 3 Applications Roundup Pro 2 qts/a Roundup Pro+Fusilade 2 qts + 24 fl oz/a Roundup Pro+Envoy 2 qts + 34 fl oz/a 0 Roundup Pro+Finale 2 qts + 4 qt/a

158 Finale 4 qt 35 DAT

159 Roundup Pro 2 qt + Finale 4 qt 35 DAT

160 Roundup Pro 2 qt + Reward 2 qt 35 DAT

161 Roundup Pro 2 qt + Fusilade II 24 oz (2 apps) 152 DAT

162 Roundup Pro 2 qt (2 app.) 152 DAT

163 Roundup Pro 2 qt (3 app.) 152 DAT

164 Conclusions Nonselective control The following provided excellent bermudagrass control through one year after treatment Roundup Pro 2 qts/a (3 applications) Costs: $33 No seeding interval restrictions Roundup Pro + Fusilade II 2 qts/a + 24 oz/a (2 applications) Costs: $33 + $44 = $77 30 day seeding interval restriction