10/12/2015. Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) Rate limiting step in lipid biosynthesis Usually sensitive in grasses, but not broadleaf plants

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1 Angela R. Post PLNT 3113 Principles of Weed Science Lipid biosynthesis inhibitor herbicides (Aase) Brief discussion of lipid biosynthesis Examples of chemical structures haracteristics Uses Selectivity Mode and mechanism of action Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (Aase) Rate limiting step in lipid biosynthesis Usually sensitive in grasses, but not broadleaf plants Introduced for PST control of annual and perennial grasses in 1975 Some selectivity between some grass crops and weeds (wheat and wild oat diclofop, tralkoxydim) Non-grass species resistant Readily absorbed by foliage Ambimobile (phloem and xylem) Spray additive usually needed for maximum activity Wild oat control in winter wheat Wild oat spray - diclofop Untreated control Fenoxaprop-ethyl 90 g ai/ha 1 to 3 leaf wild oat 1

2 Fluazifop-butyl in soybean Fluazifop-butyl Soybean and oat Untreated Treated Diclofop-methyl Wheat and oat otton and Sorghum halepense l l H 3 N H 2 H 3 Readily absorbed by roots and shoots (about 60-90%) Lipophilic readily absorbed into cuticle, may be slow to desorb into apoplast Rainfastness depends on product Uptake best at high humidity and warm temperature Spray coverage important l F 2H 2 H H 3 H Variable 2 to 50% Diclofop ~2% translocation, mostly acropetal in xylem, a little basipetal in phloem Accumulates in meristematic tissues including intercalary meristems Adjuvants sometimes can increase translocation High RH and warmer temperature and increase translocation Water stress reduces translocation Free acids translocate not the ester Works best when applied to actively growing, non-stressed grasses Death is slow week or more Root and shoot growth stops quickly Water soaked appearance at point of herbicide contact hlorosis in leaves within 2 to 6 days Necrosis begins at meristems and progresses to older tissues Slowly degrades in soil Most have little soil activity under normal conditions Diclofop only herbicide labeled for soil application winter wheat (PPI, Bromus tectorum) 2

3 Lipids are essential components of membranes without which new membranes are not formed These herbicides are active at meristematic regions in the plant where they stop production of cell membranes Aryloxyphenoxypropionates (fops) diclofop Hoelon yclohexanediones (dims) sethoxydim (Poast, Poast Plus, Vantage) hemical properties -Are not volatile -Will not photo-decompose -No leaching concerns Mode of Action inhibit lipid production in grasses -Lipids are used for what? Location of activity in plant -Site of action is the enzyme acetyl-oa (Aase) Herbicidal properties -Fairly slow acting -Susceptible grasses will immediately stop growing -Death of grass will occur in 5 to 10 days after treatment -Readily translocated -Move to meristems Selectivity -Broadleaves are tolerant due to lack of susceptible Aase enzyme -Resistant weeds are known to exist gene alteration -Ryegrass, fescue Symptoms include Stem Slipage in Grasses -Activity reduced if mixed with some herbicides -Very sensitive to drought -- may even fail -Most require a surfactant or -Rainfast in 1 to 3 hours Rotten Whorl in orn 3

4 Symptoms include White Flash in Broadleaves -lethodim / Select -Fluazifop / Fusilade Quizalofop / Assure II -Diclofop / Hoelon -Fenoxaprop / Puma Not a major concern but common with Assure II Labeled in otton, soybeans, peanuts & alfalfa -Performs well under klahoma s dry conditions -Under very dry conditions activity declines -areful with tank mixes due to antagonism Untreated July 29 4

5 Select Max AI = clethodim July 29 -Has UV light protection -Vantage - selected turf and horticulture uses -centipedegrass and fine fescues -Poast Plus - cotton, soybeans, strawberries, alfalfa, sunflowers, & peanuts -Very sensitive to drought -PRE and PST -Does NT control perennial grasses -Good for ryegrass and wild oats in wheat -Very little use in K Why? -Full-season grazing restriction -Expensive -PST grass control in rice and wheat -Good for wild oats in wheat -PST on cotton and soybeans -Need an adjuvant -Performs well in K Untreated July 29 5

6 -PST on cotton, soybeans, ornamentals -NT for use on peanuts or alfalfa -Has performed very well in K -Affected by drought, but less so than Poast Plus Assure II + atrazine AI = quizalofop July 29 Structure: LIPID BISYNTHESIS INHIBITRS F 3 Method of application: Foliar. Translocation: Phloem mobile; Symplastic Mechanism of inhibition: Inhibition of acetyl-oa carboxylase (Aase), which catalyzes the first step of fatty acid synthesis. Plants lack lipids for new growth and repair. Symptoms: Growth stops soon after application. Discoloration and disintegration of meristematic tissue just above the nodes. Leaves turn yellow and/or red and seedlings fall over at the soil surface. Death occurs between 10 and 21 days after treatment. N H H 3 H LIPID BISYNTHESIS INHIBITRS Environmental Persistence: - Rapidly degraded in the soil, but may have some temporary activity on germinating grasses Special features/problems: -Applied as the butyl ester of fluazifop; subsequent metabolism within the plant changes it to the herbicidally active form LIPID BISYNTHESIS INHIBITRS F 3 F 3 N H H 3 H Metabolism in plants H (H 2 ) 3 H 3 butyl ester thers: Aryloxyphenoxy propionates: (= Fops ) -Diclofop-methyl HELN -Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl SILVERAD -Quizalofop-p-ethyl ASSURE II yclohexanediones: (= Dims ) -Sethoxydim PAST -lethodim SELET N H 3 6

7 Broadleaf plants have an Aase enzyme that is relatively insensitive to fops and dims ; Some species metabolize these herbicides. 7

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