5.2 APPENDIX D2 Geotechnical Report

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5 5.2 APPENDIX D2 Geotechnical Report

6 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development ILINGE AND LESSEYTON CEMETERY DEVELOPMENT - GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER 2014 Prepared for: Lukhanji Municipality Private Bag X 7111 Queenstown 5320 Tel: agaji@lukhanji.co.za Prepared by: Jeffares and Green (Pty) Ltd 1 st Floor, Block 5 Greenacres Office Park Second Avenue, Newton Park 6045 PO Box 27308, Greenacres 6057 Tel: Fax: parfittl@jgi.co.za PM/TS 3524 ILLINGE AND LESSEYTON CEMETERY DEVELOPMENT_Final September 2014

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8 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page i Table of Contents 1 Introduction and Scope of Report Scope of Work Available Information Site Description General Site Description Regional Geology Site Drainage Climatic Conditions Fieldwork Results Ilinge Site Profile Summary Lesseyton Site Profile Summary Laboratory Testing Soil Testing Cemetery Site Selection Criteria Site Topography Soil Excavatibility Site Drainage Soil Permeability Positioning in Respect of Domestic Water Supplies Positioning in Respect of Drainage Features Basal Buffer Zone Grave Stability Soil Workability Cemetery Size Conclusions General Selected Bibliography Appendices Appendix A.: Figures Appendix B.: Trial Pit Profiles Appendix C.: Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Results Appendix D.: Laboratory Results PM/TS 3524 ILLINGE AND LESSEYTON CEMETERY DEVELOPMENT_Final September 2014

9 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 2 1 Introduction and Scope of Report Jeffares & Green Pty (Ltd) were appointed by the Lukhanji Local Municipality (Lukhanji) to conduct geotechnical investigations to determine the suitability of two sites for proposed cemetery developments. The sites are located near the villages of Illinge and Lesseyton, near Queenstown. The proposed Illinge cemetery site is located west of the village on Erf No. 218 and has a footprint of m 2. The proposed Lesseyton cemetery site is located adjacent to the National Route N6 on Erf No. 100 and has a footprint of m 2. The following report presents the finding of the invasive geotechnical investigation and laboratory testing conducted in July, August and September 2014, attempts to classify the site in terms of suitability for the proposed cemetery developments. 2 Scope of Work The following work was completed during the geotechnical investigation for the proposed Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemeteries: Test Pits o o A total of ten test pits, labelled ITP1 to ITP10, were excavated to depths ranging between 1.30m and 3.50m below natural ground level, at selected locations across the Municipal site near Illinge using a TLB; A total of five test pits, labelled LTP1 to LTP5, were excavated to depths ranging between 3.00m and 3.20m below natural ground level, at selected locations across the Municipal site near Lesseyton using a TLB Laboratory Testing o Six (6No.) and three (3No.) representative, disturbed subsoil samples were retrieved from the test pits excavated across the Municipal sites at Illinge and Lesseyton, respectively, and were submitted to LABCO Material Investigations Laboratory in Port Elizabeth for the following laboratory testing and analysis: Particle Size Distribution; Atterberg Limits Determination; and Potential Expansiveness Testing. Modified AASHTO California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014

10 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 3 3 Available Information The following information was used during the compilation of this report: 1: scale 3125 Geological Map Sheet for Queenstown 1: scale 3127CC Topographical Map Sheet for Queenstown; 1: scale 3126DD Geotechnical Map Sheet for Queenstown; The document entitled Geotechnical Investigation Guidelines for Cemetery Site Selection drafted by the Council for Geosciences in 2004 (Richards and Croukamp, 2004). 4 Site Description 4.1 General Site Description Illinge: The proposed Municipal Cemetery site under investigation are located within the village of Ilinge, which lies approximately 20km south-east of Queenstown City Centre. At present this site is of open fields and are surrounded by sparse semi-rural residential dwellings. Short grass and abundant ant heaps dominate the study area. The site is accessed via the Ilinge village turnoff from the National Route N6. There after site access is gained via a farm gate onto the proposed gravesite. The site is buffered by a mountain range in the north and tar road in the south. The elevation at site ranges from 1169mamsl (meters above mean sea level) to 1175mamsl (Google Imagery, 2014). Lesseyton: The proposed Municipal Cemetery site under investigation are located within the village of Lesseyton, which lies approximately 15km north-west of Queenstown City Centre. At present this site is of open fields and are surrounded by sparse semi-rural residential dwellings. Short grass, shrubs and trees dominate the study area. The site is accessed via the Lesseyton village turnoff from the National Route N6. There after site access is gained from the unsurfaced road onto the proposed gravesite. The site is buffered by a stream to the north and tar road in the south. The elevation at site ranges from 1111mamsl (meters above mean sea level) to 1113mamsl (Google Imagery, 2014) Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014

11 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page Regional Geology According to the 1: Queenstown scaled Geological Map Sheet, the site is underlain by the Burgersdorp Formation (Trb). This formation is represented by brownish, red and grey mudstone and sandstone. The Burgersdorp Formation has since be intruded numerous times by post-karoo dykes and sills (Jd). A Geological map is provided in Figure 3, Appendix A. 4.3 Site Drainage Illinge: No major surface water bodies were noted within the site boundary during the geotechnical investigation. However, a stream was identified during the investigation which lies approximately 100m east. Lesseyton: No major surface water bodies were noted within the site boundary during the geotechnical investigation. However, a perennial river was identified during the investigation which lies approximately 150m to the north. 4.4 Climatic Conditions Table 4-1 below indicates the general climatic conditions experienced within the Queenstown area. Table 4-1: Climatic Data for Queenstown Month Average Rainfall Average Maximum Average Minimum Temperature (mm) Temperature (ºC) (ºC) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Information extracted from saexplorer.co.za Annual average midday temperatures ranging from 16.8ºC to 27.6ºC have been recorded within the Queenstown area. The area experiences the coldest temperatures during July with an average night temperature of 2ºC Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014

12 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 5 In general the Queenstown area receives approximately 399mm of rainfall per annum with the highest rainfall recorded during the summer months. On average the lowest rainfall of approximately 3mm is recorded July which are considered the dry months while the highest rainfall value of 67mm is recorded in March. 5 Fieldwork Results 5.1 Ilinge Site Profile Summary A summary of the subsoils encountered within the investigation site has been described in the table below, with the detailed field logs presented in Appendix B of this report. The approximate locations of the test pits excavated are shown in Appendix A, Figure 1. Table 5-1: Ilinge Site Condensed Log Trial Pits ITP1 Silty Sand sis Sandy silt ssi Sandy Clay scl Silty Clay sicl Depth (m) Description T sis C sis ITP2 R scl H sicl R scl ITP3 T sis R cls H sis ITP4 T sis C cls MW Mudrock ITP5 T sis R scl SW Mudrock R sis THICKNESS OF SOIL LAYERS (m) TOPSOIL T / COLLUVIUM C / HILLWASH H / RESIDUAL R Clayey Sand cls ITP6 T sis R scl R MW Mudrock ITP7 T sis R scl MW to SW Mudrock R scl ITP8 T cls HW Dolerite R cls R scl ITP9 T sis R scl CW Dolerite ITP10 T sis R cls R scl Clayey Silt clsi Gravelly Clay ROCK SW - Slightly Weathered / MW - Moderately Weathered / HW - Highly Weathered / CW - Completely Weathered Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014

13 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page Lesseyton Site Profile Summary A summary of the subsoils encountered within the investigation site has been described in the table below, with the detailed field logs presented in Appendix B of this report. The approximate locations of the test pits excavated are shown in Appendix A, Figure 2. Table 5-2: Trial Pits Lesseyton Site Condensed Log THICKNESS OF SOIL LAYERS (m) TOPSOIL T / ALLUVIAL A Silty Sand sis Clayey Sand cls Sandy silt ssi Sandy Clay scl LTP1 T sis A cls A cls LTP2 T sis A cls A sis LTP3 T ssi A cls A cls LTP4 T ssi A cls A cls LTP5 T ssi A cls A sis 6 Laboratory Testing 6.1 Soil Testing The tables below display the results of the soil testing that was conducted on six subsoil samples retrieved from the test pits excavated within the Illinge Cemetery site boundary and three subsoil samples retrieved from the Lesseyton Cemetery site boundary. The laboratory test results obtained during testing have been summarised below. A full set of results has been included in Appendix D of this report Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014

14 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 7 Table 6-1: Foundation Indicator Results Soil Mortar Analysis (%) Atterberg Limits (%) Sample Trial Potential Depth (m) Description Coarse Medium Fine Passing GM No. Pit No. Coarse Expansion Fine Fine Fine LL PI LS Sand sand Sand Sand mm Illinge ITP1 ITP Silty Sand LOW ITP2 ITP Sandy Clay LOW ITP5 ITP Sandy Clay LOW ITP6 ITP Gravelly Clay LOW ITP7 ITP Sandy Clay LOW ITP10 ITP Sandy Clay LOW Lesseyton LTP1 LTP Silty Clayey Sand LOW LTP4 LTP Silty Clayey Sand LOW LTP5 LTP Silty Clayey Sand LOW According to the soil mortar analysis the Sediments passing <0.075mm form the bulk components of soils retrieved from the trial pits at both the Illinge and Lesseyton Cemetery sites (49 66 %). The clay (< mm diameter) component ranged between 4 10 % at the Illinge site and between 3 5 % at the Lesseyton site. The sampled material had Plasticity Index (PI) values of % and 6 8 % with Linear Shrinkage (LS) values of % and % for the Illinge and Lesseyton sites, respectively. These soil parameters suggest a low potential for expansion and moisture-related shrinkage for the samples. Table 6-2: MoD/CBR Results Maximum CBR Swell Sample No. Trial Pit No. Depth (m) Description MDD kg/m 3 OMC % 90% 93% 95% 98% 100% MAASHTO % TRH 14 Classification Illinge ITP1 ITP Silty Sand <G10 ITP2 ITP Sandy Clay <G10 ITP5 ITP Sandy Clay <G10 ITP6 ITP Gravelly Clay <G10 ITP7 ITP Sandy Clay <G10 ITP10 ITP Sandy Clay <G10 Lesseyton LTP1 LTP Silty Clayey Sand <G10 LTP4 LTP Silty Clayey Sand <G10 LTP5 LTP Silty Clayey Sand <G10 Where: MDD is maximum dry density Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014

15 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 8 OMC is optimum moisture content CBR is California bearing ratio The results from the MOD/ CBR tests are fairly conclusive in their representation of in situ materials sampled from the investigation sites. The classification of materials reflects the composition and strengths of the in situ soil. The materials on both the Illinge and Lesseyton sites are of a very poor (>G10) quality according to TRH 14 (1985). The very poor quality material is not suitable for use as fill and/ or in layerworks, and should be spoiled. All material classifications were assessed in accordance with TRH 14 (1985). 7 Cemetery Site Selection Criteria 7.1 Site Topography Site observations along with the topographic data reviewed indicates that both the Illinge and Lesseyton Cemetery sites generally exhibit consistent topography. The Illinge site generally dips gently towards the south-east at a slope of approximately 5. The site is located at the foot of a mountain. The Lesseyton site is generally flat with minor ridges evident on the site. Richards and Croukamp (2004) classifies the slope categories for cemetery site selection as follows: Most Suitable/Favourable: Less than 6. Intermediate: Between 6 and 9 Unsuitable/ Unfavourable: More than 9 Using the above slope categories the Illinge and Lesseyton Cemetery sites have been evaluated in terms of the suitability of the topography for a cemetery development below: Illinge Site o The Illing Cemetery site is dominated by favourable topography i.e. gentle topography with slope angles of less than 6 ; o The proposed site is located at the foot of a mountain. Unsutable/ Unfavourable topography is located immediately to the north of the site i.e. moderate to steep topography with slope angles in excess of 9. Lesseyton Site o The Lesseyton Cemetery site is dominated by favourable topography i.e. gentle topography with slope angles of less than Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014

16 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page Soil Excavatibility Whilst a TLB was used during the excavation of the test pits during the geotechnical investigation, according to Richards and Croukamp (2004) the ease of excavation for a cemetery should be defined by in terms of ease of excavation by manual methods due to the difficulty associated with obtaining machinery for grave excavation. Excavation depths of at least 1.8m are considered suitable for cemetery site selection however depths of at least 3.0m are preferred to ensure that an adequate soil horizon is present below the graves to act as an aeration zone (Richards and Croukamp, 2004). This impedes groundwater pollution, and enables the possibility of duplex or multiple graves as required by certain religious sects or as a space saving measure in city cemeteries. The ease with which the soil and/or rock materials encountered across the sites can be excavated are largely dependent on their consistencies and the presence and size of rock boulders within a subsoil horizon. The consistencies of the materials observed during the profiling of the test pits within the Illinge and Lesseyton Cemetery site boundaries have been summarised in Table 7-1 below. Table 7-1: Soil and Rock Materials and Relative Consistencies Encountered Across the Cemetery Study Areas Test Pit Reference Depth (m) Soil Type Consistency Illinge Cemetery Site Excavation Class ITP Silty SAND: Topsoil Silty SAND: Colluvium Dense Loose to Medium Dense Soft Silty CLAY: Hillwash Firm ITP CLAY: Residual Firm Soft Sandy CLAY: Residual Soft to Firm Silty SAND: Topsoil Medium Dense ITP Silty SAND: Hillwash Loose to Medium Dense Soft Clayey SAND: Residual Medium Dense Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014

17 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 10 Test Pit Reference Depth (m) Soil Type Consistency Excavation Class ITP Silty SAND: Topsoil Clayey SAND: Colluvium Loose Loose to Medium Dense Soft MUDROCK: Burgersdorp Fm Soft to Medium Hard Rock Hard Silty SAND: Topsoil Medium Dense Silty SAND: Residual Loose to Medium Dense Soft ITP Sandy CLAY: Residual Firm to Stiff MUDROCK: Burgersdorp Fm Soft Rock Hard Silty SAND: Topsoil Dense Sandy CLAY: Residual Firm Soft ITP Gravelly CLAY: Residual Firm MUDROCK: Burgersdorp Fm Medium Hard Rock Hard Silty SAND: Topsoil Medium Dense Sandy CLAY: Residual Firm Soft ITP Sandy CLAY: Residual Soft to Firm MUDROCK: Burgersdorp Fm Medium Hard Rock Hard Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014

18 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 11 Test Pit Reference Depth (m) Soil Type Consistency Excavation Class Silty Clayey SAND: Topsoil Medium Dense to Dense ITP Clayey SAND: Residual Sandy CLAY: Residual Medium Dense Soft to Firm Soft DOLERITE: Intrusive Soft to Medium Hard Rock Intermediate to Hard ITP Silty SAND: Topsoil Sandy CLAY: Residual Dense to Very Dense Soft to Firm Soft DOLERITE: Intrusive Soft Rock Intermediate to Hard ITP Silty SAND: Topsoil Clayey SAND: Residual Dense Medium Dense Soft Sandy CLAY: Residual Firm to Stiff Intermediate Lesseyton Cemetery Site Silty SAND: Topsoil Medium Dense LTP Clayey SAND: Alluvial Dense Soft Clayey SAND: Alluvial Medium Dense to Dense Clayey Silty SAND: Topsoil Medium Dense LTP2 Soft Clayey Silty SAND: Alluvial Dense Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014

19 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 12 Test Pit Reference Depth (m) Soil Type Consistency Excavation Class (Refusal) Silty Clayey SAND: Alluvial Medium Dense to Dense Sandy SILT: Topsoil Soft LTP Silty Clayey SAND: Alluvial Medium Dense to Dense Soft Silty Clayey SAND: Alluvial Medium Dense to Dense Sandy SILT: Topsoil Firm LTP Clayey SAND: Alluvial Medium Dense Soft Clayey SAND: Alluvial Medium Dense to Dense Sandy SILT: Topsoil Firm LTP Silty SAND: Alluvial Medium Dense Soft Silty Clayey SAND: Alluvial Medium Dense to Dense Illinge Cemetery Site Table 7-1 indicates that the material consistencies were generally consistent across the site with refusal by means of mechanical excavation occurring from a depth of 1.30m to a depth of 2.90m below natural ground level. Refusal of the TLB was encountered within test pits ITP4 through ITP7 as a result of the presence of MUDROCK. Near refusal was encountered in residual dolerite at trial pit ITP10, at a depth of 2.90m. Trial pits ITP8 and ITP9 indicated the presence of DOLERITE, however no excavation refusal was encountered to depths of 3.10m. No excavation refusal was encountered within test pits ITP1 through ITP3 and ITP8 and ITP9 to depths of m. The following excavation classes in terms of ease of Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014

20 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 13 excavation by manual means for the materials present across the Illinge cemetery site have been defined below: o o o Topsoil, Colluvium, Hillwash and Residual material: Soft Excavation Class Materials; Dolerite (soft to medium hard rock): Intermediate to Hard Excavation Class Materials; and Mudrock: Hard Excavation Class Materials. Residual dolerite, as exhibited at ITP10, may require excavation techniques utilised for Intermediate Excavation Class Materials. Lesseyton Cemetery Site Table 7-1 indicates that the material consistencies were fairly consistent across the site. No refusal by means of mechanical excavation was encountered. No excavation refusal was encountered at the site to depths of m. The following excavation classes in terms of ease of excavation by manual means for the materials present across the Lesseyton cemetery site have been defined below: o Topsoil and Alluvial material: Soft Excavation Class Materials; 7.3 Site Drainage It is imperative that adequate site drainage measures be implemented to assist in the removal of excess surface water and storm water run-off within a cemetery site to prevent the following: Rapid erosion which may result in the degradation of the overall appearance of the cemetery; Excessive ponding of water and ingress into the subsoil thereby causing groundwater pollution; and The flooding of grave sites which would in turn result in the destabilisation of the grave sides. While no specific hydrological study has yet been conducted for the Illinge and Lesseyton cemetery sites, the observations made during the geotechnical investigations have been used to determine the possible factors that could affect site drainage within these sites. It should be noted that while significant rainfall has been recorded within this area during the summer months i.e. November to December and January to February, the geotechnical investigation was conducted during what is considered to be the dry season and therefore the presence of storm water and surface water could not be significantly commented on Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014

21 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 14 During the geotechnical investigation conducted in July 2014 the moisture content of the soils present within the study areas were slightly moist across the Illinge site and predominantly dry to slightly moist in sections across the Lesseyton site. No groundwater seepage was encountered in any of the test pits profiled on either of the sites. The abundance of clay horizons within the subsoil profile together with the shallow depth of mudrock at the Illinge site could result in the formation of a perched water table during elevated rainfall conditions. The location of the Illinge site at the foot of a mountain could inturn result in increased surface run-off during seasonal rainfall. A suitable drainage system will be a pre-requisite to ensure minimal damage to the proposed Illinge cemetery. The generally flat topography encountered at the Lesseyton site could result in poor drainage conditions and the subsequent ponding of surface water during seasonal rainfall. It is thus recommended that a suitable drainage system be installed to minimalize any potential damage to the proposed Lesseyton cemetery. The presence of shallow mudrock and dolerite bedrock encountered within the Illinge cemetery site is also a cause for concern as this indicates that the buffer zone or zone of aeration is negligible. This increases the potential for groundwater pollution as a result of the concentration of pathogens and other pollutants in the discontinuities of the bedrock materials (Richards and Croukamp, 2004). The areas of the site in which the mudrock and dolerite bedrock were encountered at shallow depths are therefore considered to be unsuitable for cemetery development and should be avoided. The presence of mudrock and dolerite indicates a geological contact zone on the site. The older Triassic aged mudrock was intruded by the younger Jurassic aged dolerite, forming a natural conduit along which pollutants can freely enter the groundwater. The areas of the site where the contact between the mudrock and dolerite was encountered are therefore considered to be unsuitable for cemetery development and should be avoided. 7.4 Soil Permeability The permeability of the soil and or rock materials present across the site proposed for cemetery development is imperative in determining the suitability of the site for this land use. According to Richards and Croukamp (2004) the permeability of the soils must fall within a predetermined range in order to be suitable for cemetery site development, namely from a minimum of 1x10-7 cms -1 to a maximum of 5x10-5 cms -1. These minimum and maximum permeability values not only ensure that microbial pollutants are adequately contained but also serve to inhibit dispersion of waste products into the soil, thereby preventing the creation of an anaerobic environment which reduces the rate of decomposition Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014

22 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 15 The permeability for the soils present throughout the Illinge and Lesseyton cemetery sites were assessed using the results obtained by conducting in-situ percolation tests during the geotechnical investigation. The classification of the site in terms of suitability for the proposed development is based on the permeability. Illinge: Two in-situ percolation tests, IPT01 and IPT02, were conducted on the Illinge cemetery site. Table 7-2 indicates the positions of the two percolation tests. The tests were conducted at approximately 1.0 m below natural ground level and carried out in accordance with the standard test procedure, as specified in SANS P:2010. The permeability rate at IPT01 was 6.86E -03 cm/sec and 1.03E -02 cm/sec at IPT02. The tested permeability rates exceeded the maximum recommended soil permeability. The tests were conducted at a depth of 1.00m. Soils encountered at depths exceeding 1.00m were typically sandy CLAY/ clayey SAND. These soil types typically exhibit permeability ranges of 5.00E -05 to 1.00E -08 cm/sec. These are suitable ranges for cemetery sites. Table 7-2: In-situ Percolation test co-ordinates Test X co-ordinate Y co-ordinate IPT01 E S IPT02 E S Lesseyton: Two in-situ percolation tests, LPT01 and LPT02, were conducted on the Lesseyton cemetery site. Table 7-3 indicates the positions of the two percolation tests. The tests were conducted at approximately 1.0 m below natural ground level and carried out in accordance with the standard test procedure, as specified in SANS P:2010. The permeability rate at LPT01 was 4.12E -02 cm/sec and 3.43E -02 cm/sec at LPT02. The tested permeability rates exceeded the maximum recommended soil permeability. The tests were conducted at a depth of 1.00m. Soils encountered at depths exceeding 1.00m were typically clayey SAND. These soil types typically exhibit permeability ranges of 5.00E -05 to 1.00E -08 cm/sec. These are suitable ranges for cemetery sites. Table 7-3: In-situ Percolation test co-ordinates Test X co-ordinate Y co-ordinate LPT01 E S LPT02 E S Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014

23 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page Positioning in Respect of Domestic Water Supplies Richards and Croukamp (2004) emphasise the importance of ensuring that cemetery site development occurs at a safe distance away from potable domestic water sources. This safe distance should be more or less conservative as the factors controlling the dispersion of pathogens within the subsoil tends to be variable and are based on the permeability of the soils present across the study area. A minimum safety factor of 150m is always maintained thereby ensuring a minimum safe distance of 150m from any domestic water supply in all instances. Table 3 after Fisher (2001) in the document entitled Geotechnical Investigation Guidelines for Cemetery Site Selection provides recommended distances to domestic water sources based on permeability values of the subsoil materials present across both the Illinge and Lesseyton cemetery sites. These minimum distances are inclusive of the minimum safety factor. According to visual observations during the field investigation two agricultural production supply boreholes and associated reservoirs were located within approximately 300m of the proposed Illinge site, while a community borehole was located with 1km of the proposed Lesseyton site. The permeability rates obtained from the percolation tests and the expected rates of the soils profiled within the proposed Illinge cemetery site range from 1.03E -02 to 1.00E -08 cm/sec indicating that the minimum safe distance from the cemetery to this water source would be in the range of 150m to 465m. The current position of the Illinge cemetery is therefore potentially not suitable in terms of its distance away from a known domestic water supply. The permeability rates obtained from the percolation tests and the expected rates of the soils profiled within the proposed Lesseyton cemetery site range from 4.12E -02 to 1.00E -08 cm/sec indicating that the minimum safe distance from the cemetery to this water source would be in the range of 150m to 465m. The current position of the Lesseyton cemetery site is therefore suitable in terms of distance away from a known domestic water supply source. It is important to note that the safe distances recommended above should not be regarded as absolute and should only be used as a preliminary guideline during the cemetery site selection Positioning in Respect of Drainage Features It is imperative that a cemetery be located a safe distance away from natural drainage features (e.g. oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, gullies, wetlands and marshes) to ensure that these surface water bodies do not become polluted from cemetery leachate and to reduce the probability of flooding of the cemetery. According to the visual observations during the field investigation a stream was identified approximately 100m east of the proposed Illinge Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014

24 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 17 site and a perennial river was identified approximately 150m north of the proposed Lesseyton site. Table 4 after Fisher (2001) included in the document entitled Geotechnical Investigation Guidelines for Cemetery Site Selection recommends minimum safe distances from a cemetery development to drainage features. Using the permeability values of the soils located in close proximity to the identified drainage features the minimum safe distances between the cemetery sites and the drainage features have been established. Based on the permeability values alone, the stream identified to the east of the Illinge cemetery site should be located at a minimum distance of 100m to 415m from the proposed Illinge site. Similarly the perennial river identified to the north of the Lesseyton cemetery site should be located at a minimum distance of 100m to 415m from the proposed Lesseyton site. According to the safe distance specified the position of both the Illinge and Lesseyton cemetery sites are potentially unsuitable in respect of the identified drainage feature. Further to permeability values five additional factors have been listed to determine the most suitable position of a cemetery in respect with drainage features. However, according to Richards and Croukamp (2004) these have not yet been quantified and as a result the soil type is used to quantify these safe distances. Table 7-4 below indicates the minimum safe distances between a cemetery and drainage feature as per the nature of the soil types present. Table 7-4: Recommended Safe Distances to Drainage Features based on Soil Type. Recommended Safe Distances to Drainage Features (m) Soil Type 150 Cohesive soils with a high clay content and an intact structure. 250 Moderately cohesive soils with a high silt content. 400 Relatively cohesionless soil with a high sand 500 Cohesionless soil with a high sand and gravel content. Based on these values and the subsoil materials encountered across both sites a minimum safe distance of at least 150m to 500m is to be maintained at all times between a cemetery development and a drainage feature. The proposed sites are therefore unsuitable for cemetery site development based on this parameter Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014

25 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 18 It is important to note that the safe distances recommended above should not be regarded as absolute and should only be used as a preliminary guideline during the cemetery site selection. 7.5 Basal Buffer Zone Richards and Croukamp (2004) describe the basal buffer or attenuation zone as an approximately 2.5m or greater (depending on the soil permeabilities) vertical succession of soil beneath the deepest point (i.e. at 2.0m below natural ground level) within any grave and the watertable and, should have an ideal permeability value of 1x10-5 cm/s -1. The buffer zone acts as a zone of aeration and filtration thereby preventing the pollution of the watertable from cemetery leachate. The absence of a watertable or it s occurrence at a greater depth during the dry season should also be taken into consideration as has been done in this assessment of the presence of a basal buffer zone. It should be noted that the watertable was not intersected during the excavation and profiling of test pits across both the Illinge and Lesseyton cemetery sites. Illinge: According to Table 7-1 refusal and near refusal of the TLB was encountered within test pits ITP4 through ITP7 and ITP10 on mudrock and residual dolerite. Refusal by mechanical means was observed from depths of 1.30m to 2.90m below natural ground level. At ITP8 and ITP9 the trial pits were excavated to maximum depths of 3.10m, the trial pits were terminated in soft to medium hard rock dolerite. The maximum grave depth could not be reached at ITP6 and ITP7 as a result of the unsuitable soil and rock conditions as listed above and it is therefore safe to assume that no buffer zone exists below these refusal depths. Although maximum grave depth of 2.00m was encountered at ITP4, ITP5, ITP8, ITP9 and ITP10, a suitable 2.50m vertical buffer zone does not exist as refusal or near refusal was encountered shallower than 4.50m. While the maximum grave depth of 2.0m was reached in test pit ITP1 through ITP3 the watertable was not intersected due to the TLB only being able to excavate to a maximum depth of 3.50m below natural ground level. The absence of the watertable at the depth excavated to could be as a result of this subsurface drainage feature being lower than normal during the dry season. The presence of a perched watertable during the wet season should also be taken into consideration due to the clay content of the subsoil profile. A further hydrological assessment will be required to confirm these. Lesseyton: No refusal was encountered during the excavation of the trial pits at the proposed Lesseyton site. While the maximum grave depth of 2.0m was reached in test pits the watertable was not Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014

26 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 19 intersected due to the TLB only being able to excavate to a maximum depth of 3.20m below natural ground level. The absence of the watertable at the depth excavated to could be as a result of this subsurface drainage feature being lower than normal during the dry season. A further hydrological assessment will be required to confirm this. The permeability values obtained for certain soil and rock subsoil materials within both the Illinge and Lesseyton cemetery sites suggest that these are potentially unsuitable as a basal buffer zone. 7.6 Grave Stability Richards and Croukamp (2004) describe the term grave stability as the competency of the grave sidewalls and the grave verge or lip. Emphasis should be placed on grave stability as a result of the following factors: The stand-up time of a grave i.e. the period of time that a grave can remain open and unsupported after excavation; Soil disturbance - Which may be a result of movement around the grave site and thereafter result in grave collapse ; and Excessive crumbling of the excavation verge or lip - Which may promote difficulties when lowering coffins into graves. The stability of a grave site is generally assessed in terms of the consistency of the subsoil materials present below natural ground level. Where a medium dense/firm to dense/stiff soil is anticipated to provide adequate grave stability. The consistencies of the soils encountered within the Illinge and Lesseyton cemetery sites have been included in Table7-1 above. Based on these consistencies grave stability across both the sites will be slightly variable. In areas comprising soils of loose/soft soils graves are likely to collapse while in areas comprising subsoils with medium dense/firm, dense/stiff and very dense/very stiff consistencies grave stability will not be threatened. 7.7 Soil Workability The ease with which a grave can be excavated and reinstated or the workability of a soil is generally dependent on the consistency of the subsoil materials or the presence of bedrock materials. Dense/stiff or very dense/very stiff soils along with completely to highly weathered bedrock fragments will generally be difficult to excavate and reinstate. Slumping of grave fill materials during precipitation along with groundwater pollution is likely, should a subsoil material exhibit poor workability Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014

27 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 20 According to the soil consistencies observed during the geotechnical investigation for both the Illinge and Lesseyton cemetery sites certain alluvial soil horizons, the residual soils and the mudrock or dolerite bedrock horizons that were encountered across the sites will prove difficult in terms of soil workability. 7.8 Cemetery Size The size of a cemetery is generally dependent in the suitability of an area for the proposed development. The size of the cemetery required is generally dependant on the size of the community it will service i.e. the total population of the community, the anticipated mortality rate and the projected growth rate of the community. Based on the geotechnical evaluation and the factors mentioned above the Department of Development Planning will determine an appropriate cemetery size for both the Private and Municipal Cemeteries. 8 Conclusions Based on the information gathered during the geotechnical field and laboratory investigations the following have been concluded: Graves should be placed with their long axis parallel to the slope direction i.e. with their long axis parallel to the contours and should be staggered and spaced on a diagonal grid system particularly in areas with steeper slopes ranging between 6 and 9 and where contours are roughly parallel resulting in a reduction in erosion and internal water drainage through the cemetery; In low gradient areas i.e. areas with slope angles of less than 2 surface drainage is insufficient and therefore an alternative, more suitable drainage system may need to be designed and installed; The excavatibility of the soil materials present across both the Illinge and Lesseyton cemetery sites is variable and the following classes have been defined for the subsoil or rock materials encountered during the geotechnical investigation. The areas underlain by Intermediate to Hard and Hard Excavation Class materials are considered unsuitable for cemetery development; o o o Topsoil,Colluvium, Hillwash, Alluvial and Residual Soils: Soft Excavation Class Materials; Dolerite (soft to medium hard rock): Intermediate to Hard Excavation Class Materials; and Mudrock: Hard Excavation Class Materials Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014

28 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 21 The areas within Illinge cemetery site are underlain shallow bedrock horizons and steep slopes to the north of the site and as a result these portions of the sites are not considered ideal for cemetery site development. The Lesseyton cemetery site is generally flat and has a potential for surface ponding of water. These however can be overcome by firstly, establishing the depth to the groundwater table which was not intersected within any of the test pits during the geotechnical investigation that was conducted in July 2014 i.e. during the dry season and secondly, by implementing an adequately designed drainage system. Permeability values of the subsoil materials encountered across the Illinge and Lesseyton cemetery sites were generally variable and ranged from 1.03E -02 to 1.00E - 08 cm/sec for the Illinge site and 4.12E -02 to 1.00E -08 cm/sec for the Lesseyton site. The rates indicated from shallow percolation tests exceed the maximum permeability rates recommended, however the overall site may be suitable; Based on the permeability values it was also concluded that the Illinge cemetery site is potentially not suitably located in respect to the location of a domestic water supply source while the Lesseyton site was suitably located. In respect to the sites locations to drainage features, both the Illinge and Leseyton sites are unsuitably located; Basal buffer zones were either absent or negligible in certain areas within the Illinge cemetery sites and as such these areas were considered unsuitable for cemetery site development. The areas that were excavated to at least 3.0m below natural ground level i.e. areas with a buffer zone, no watertable was encountered. Additional hydrological assessments are recommended to determine the suitability of the site. Both grave stability and soil workability varied across both the Illinge and Lesseyton cemetery sites depending on the consistencies of the subsoil horizons. Certain areas within both the sites were delineated as suitable or unsuitable with regards to the grave stability and soil workability Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014

29 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 22 9 General For excavations over 3m the slope stability should be analysed by an engineering geologist or geotechnical engineer; and All data used as source material plus the text, tables, figures, and attachments of this document have been reviewed and prepared in accordance with generally accepted professional engineering and environmental practices. Selected Bibliography Chief Directorate Surveys and Mapping, 1: Topo-Cadastral Map 3127CC. Government Printer (1975). Chief Directorate Surveys and Mapping, 1: Topo-Cadastral Map 3126DD. Government Printer (1975). Geological Survey, Extract of 1: Geological Map Sheet 3126 for Queenstown, Government Printer, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa, (1982). Department of mineral and energy affairs, Extract of 1: Topograhical Map Sheet 2730 for Vryheid, Government Printer, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa, (1988). South African Institute of Engineering Geologists, South African Institute of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Division, 2 nd Impression. Guidelines for Soil and Rock Logging in SA. (2002). SANS 1200D: Standardized Specification for Civil Engineering Construction (All Parts). South African Bureau of Standards, (1988). SANS The Application of the National Building Regulations, Part P: Drainage, South African Bureau of Standards, (2010). Richards, N.P and Croukamp, L, Geotechnical Investigation Guidelines for Cemetery Site Selection. The Council for Geociences, (2004) Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014

30 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 23 Appendices Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014

31 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Appendix A.: Figures Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014

32 EXTRACT OF 1: TOPO-CADASTRAL SERIES 3127CC N Legend Trial Pit and DCP test positions GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION FOR ILINGE AND LESSEYTON CEMETERIES NEAR QUEENSTOWN, EASTERN CAPE ILINGE SITE LOCALITY PLAN SCALE Not to scale Figure 1

33 EXTRACT OF 1: TOPO-CADASTRAL SERIES 3126DD N Legend Trial Pit and DCP test positions GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION FOR ILINGE AND LESSEYTON CEMETERIES NEAR QUEENSTOWN, EASTERN CAPE LESSEYTON SITE LOCALITY PLAN SCALE Not to scale Figure 2

34 EXTRACT OF 1: GEOLOGICAL SERIES 3126 QUEENSTOWN N LESSEYTON INVESTIGATION SITE ILINGE INVESTIGATION SITE LEGEND GROUP SUBGROUP FORMATION Alluvium Dolerite Beaufort Tarkastad Burgersdorp GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION FOR ILINGE AND LESSEYTON CEMETERIES NEAR QUEENSTOWN, EASTERN CAPE GEOLOGICAL PLAN SCALE not to scale Figure 3

35 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Appendix B.: Trial Pit Profiles Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014

36 LUKHANJI MUNICIPALITY ILLINGE AND LESSEYTON CEMETERIES, GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION HOLE No: ITP 1 Sheet 1 of 1 JOB NUMBER: 3524 Scale 1: Slightly moist, dark brown, dense, intact, silty fine SAND: Topsoil (Transported). Slightly moist, dark brown with sparse white patches, loose to medium dense, intact, coarse sand sized (black), feruginised nodules in a silty fine to medium SAND matrix: Colluvium (Transported). ITP NOTES 1) No refusal. 2) No groundwater seepage 3) Sample taken from ITP m. 4) No sidewall collapse. 5) Topography - gentle dipping slope. MACHINE : PROFILED BY : JCB 3CX K SINGH TYPE SET BY : M RICHARDS SETUP FILE : TP-JG-A4.SET D06C JGI DATE : 30/07/2014 DATE : 15/09/ :43 TEXT :..TS\3524TP1TP10ILINGE.TXT X-COORD : Y-COORD : 31d S 27d E HOLE No: ITP 1 dotplot 7016 PBp7

37 LUKHANJI MUNICIPALITY ILLINGE AND LESSEYTON CEMETERIES, GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION HOLE No: ITP 2 Sheet 1 of 1 JOB NUMBER: 3524 Scale 1: Slightly moist, dark brown, firm, fissured, Silty CLAY: Hillwash Slightly moist, dark brown, firm, fissured, coarse sand sized feruginized nodules in a CLAY matrix: Residual dolerite. Slighlty moist, dark brown banded white, soft to firm with depth, micro-fissured, fine to coarse Sandy CLAY: Residual dolerite. ITP NOTES 1) No refusal. 2) No groundwater seepage. 3) Sample taken from ITP m. 4) No sidewall collapse. 5) Topography - gently sloping, abundant surface boulders. 6) Koalinizized layers at (white), Iron and Manganese replacement, between horizon. MACHINE : PROFILED BY : JCB 3CX K SINGH TYPE SET BY : M RICHARDS SETUP FILE : TP-JG-A4.SET D06C JGI DATE : 30/07/2014 DATE : 15/09/ :43 TEXT :..TS\3524TP1TP10ILINGE.TXT X-COORD : Y-COORD : 31d S 27d E HOLE No: ITP 2 dotplot 7016 PBp7

38 LUKHANJI MUNICIPALITY ILLINGE AND LESSEYTON CEMETERIES, GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION HOLE No: ITP 3 Sheet 1 of 1 JOB NUMBER: 3524 Scale 1: Slightly moist, dark brown, medium dense, intact, Silty fine SAND: Topsoil. Slightly moist, dark red-brown, loose to medium dense, intact, Silty fine to medium SAND with sparse coarse gravel sized dolerite fragments: Hillwash (transported) Slightly moist, dark reddish brown, medium dense, fissured, coarse sand sized ferruginized nodules in a clayey fine SAND matrix: Residual dolerite. NOTES 1) No refusal. 2) No groundwater seepage. 3) No samples taken. 4) No sidewall collapse. 5) Topography - gently sloping. MACHINE : PROFILED BY : JCB 3CX K SINGH TYPE SET BY : M RICHARDS SETUP FILE : TP-JG-A4.SET D06C JGI DATE : 30/07/2014 DATE : 15/09/ :43 TEXT :..TS\3524TP1TP10ILINGE.TXT X-COORD : Y-COORD : 31d S 27d E HOLE No: ITP 3 dotplot 7016 PBp7

39 LUKHANJI MUNICIPALITY ILLINGE AND LESSEYTON CEMETERIES, GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION HOLE No: ITP 4 Sheet 1 of 1 JOB NUMBER: 3524 Scale 1: Slightly moist, dark brown, loose, intact, Silty fine SAND: Topsoil. Slightly moist, dark orangy brown, loose to medium dense, fissured, coarse sand sized ferruginized nodules in a Clayey fine to medium SAND matrix ( m sparse cobbles and boulders of dolerite are present): Colluvium (Transported) Dark purplish pink, moderately weathered, very fine grained, closely jointed, soft to medium hard rock strength, MUDROCK: Burgersdorp Formation NOTES 1) Refusal on mudsrock. 2) No groundwater seepage. 3) No samples taken. 4) No sidewall collapse. 5) Topography - flat lying, gently dipping. MACHINE : PROFILED BY : JCB 3CX K SINGH TYPE SET BY : M RICHARDS SETUP FILE : TP-JG-A4.SET D06C JGI DATE : 30/07/2014 DATE : 15/09/ :43 TEXT :..TS\3524TP1TP10ILINGE.TXT X-COORD : Y-COORD : 31d S 27d E HOLE No: ITP 4 dotplot 7016 PBp7

40 LUKHANJI MUNICIPALITY ILLINGE AND LESSEYTON CEMETERIES, GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION HOLE No: ITP 5 Sheet 1 of 1 JOB NUMBER: 3524 Scale 1: Slightly moist, dark reddish brown, medium dense, intact, silty fine to medium SAND (sparse nodules): Topsoil (transported). slightly moist, dark red-brown, loose to medium dense, intact, silty fine to medium SAND: Residual dolerite. ITP Slightly moist, dark brown, firm to stiff, fissured, coarse sand sized ferruginized nodules in a fine to coarse sandy CLAY matrix: Residual dolerite. Light brownish pink, slightly weathered, very fine grained, closely jointed, soft rock strengh, MUDROCK: Burgersdorp Formation NOTES 1) Refusal on soft mudstone. 2) No groundwater seepage. 3) Sample taken from ITP m. 4) No sidewall collapse. 5) Topography - gentle dipping, situated on a ridge. MACHINE : PROFILED BY : JCB 3CX K SINGH TYPE SET BY : M RICHARDS SETUP FILE : TP-JG-A4.SET D06C JGI DATE : 30/07/2014 DATE : 15/09/ :43 TEXT :..TS\3524TP1TP10ILINGE.TXT X-COORD : Y-COORD : 31d S 27d E HOLE No: ITP 5 dotplot 7016 PBp7

41 LUKHANJI MUNICIPALITY ILLINGE AND LESSEYTON CEMETERIES, GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION HOLE No: ITP 6 Sheet 1 of 1 JOB NUMBER: 3524 ITP6 Scale 1: Slightly moist, brown, dense, intact sparse rootlets silty fine to medium SAND: Topsoil. Slightly moist, reddish brown speckled black, fissured, coarse sand sized ferrugnized noduls in a sandy CLAY matrix: Residual dolerite. Slightly moist, purplish brown, firm, fissured, fine to coarse gravelly mudrock fragments in a CLAY matrix: Residual mudrock. Dark purple, moderately weathered, very fine grained, very closely jointed, medium hard, MUDROCK: Burgersdorp Formation NOTES 1) Refusal on mudsrock. 2) No groundwater seepage. 3) Sample taken from ITP m. 4) No sidewall collapse. 5) Topography - edge of slope, gentle dipping. MACHINE : PROFILED BY : JCB 3CX K SINGH TYPE SET BY : M RICHARDS SETUP FILE : TP-JG-A4.SET D06C JGI DATE : 30/07/2014 DATE : 15/09/ :43 TEXT :..TS\3524TP1TP10ILINGE.TXT X-COORD : Y-COORD : 31d S 27d E HOLE No: ITP 6 dotplot 7016 PBp7

42 LUKHANJI MUNICIPALITY ILLINGE AND LESSEYTON CEMETERIES, GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION HOLE No: ITP 7 Sheet 1 of 1 JOB NUMBER: 3524 ITP7 Scale 1: Slightly moist, dark brown, medium dense, intact, sparse rootlets, clayey silty fine SAND: Topsoil (transported). Slightly moist, dark brown, firm, intact, (slickensided to a degree) fine sandy CLAY: Residual mudrock. Slightly moist, dark brownish purple, soft to firm, fissured, medium to coarse gravelly mudrock fragments in a sandy CLAY matrix: Residual mudrock. Dark brownish purple, moderately to slightly weathered, very fine grained, closely jointed, medium hard rock strength, MUDSTONE: Burgersdorp Formation NOTES 1) Refusal at 1.30m. 2) No groundwater seepage. 3) Sample taken from ITP m. 4) No sidewall collapse. 5) Topography - edge of mountain/foot of slope. 6) Potential expansive horizon m, highly fissured. MACHINE : PROFILED BY : JCB 3CX K SINGH TYPE SET BY : M RICHARDS SETUP FILE : TP-JG-A4.SET D06C JGI DATE : 30/07/2014 DATE : 15/09/ :43 TEXT :..TS\3524TP1TP10ILINGE.TXT X-COORD : Y-COORD : 31d S 27d E HOLE No: ITP 7 dotplot 7016 PBp7

43 LUKHANJI MUNICIPALITY ILLINGE AND LESSEYTON CEMETERIES, GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION HOLE No: ITP 8 Sheet 1 of 1 JOB NUMBER: 3524 Scale 1: Slightly moist, dark reddish brown, medium dense to dense, intact, silty clayey fine SAND: Topsoil. Slightly moist, dark reddish brown, medium dense, intact, clayey fine SAND: Residual dolerite Slightly moist, brown speckled black, soft to firm, fissured, fine coarse sandy CLAY: Residual dolerite Dark grey, stained blackish yellow, highly weathered, medium crystal size closely jointed, soft to medium hard rock strenght, DOLERITE: Intrusive NOTES 1) No refusal. 2) No groundwater seepage. 3) No samples taken. 4) Photo. 5) No sidewall collapse. 6) Topography - gently dipping. MACHINE : PROFILED BY : JCB 3CX K SINGH TYPE SET BY : M RICHARDS SETUP FILE : TP-JG-A4.SET D06C JGI DATE : 30/07/2014 DATE : 15/09/ :43 TEXT :..TS\3524TP1TP10ILINGE.TXT X-COORD : Y-COORD : 31d S 27d E HOLE No: ITP 8 dotplot 7016 PBp7

44 LUKHANJI MUNICIPALITY ILLINGE AND LESSEYTON CEMETERIES, GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION HOLE No: ITP 9 Sheet 1 of 1 JOB NUMBER: 3524 Scale 1: Slightly moist, dark reddish brown, dense to very dense, intact, silty fine SAND: Topsoil (transported). Slightly moist, dark reddish brown, soft to firm, fissured, coarse sand sized ferruginized nodules in a fine coarse sandy CLAY matrix: Residual dolerite Light reddish brown speckled yellow and black, completely weathered, coarse to medium crystals, jointed (closely), soft rock strength, weathered DOLERITE: Intrusive NOTES 1) No refusal. 2) No groundwater seepage. 3) No samples taken. 4) No sidewall collapse. 5) Topography - gently sloping. MACHINE : PROFILED BY : JCB 3CX K SINGH TYPE SET BY : M RICHARDS SETUP FILE : TP-JG-A4.SET D06C JGI DATE : 30/07/2014 DATE : 15/09/ :43 TEXT :..TS\3524TP1TP10ILINGE.TXT X-COORD : Y-COORD : 31d S 27d E HOLE No: ITP 9 dotplot 7016 PBp7

45 LUKHANJI MUNICIPALITY ILLINGE AND LESSEYTON CEMETERIES, GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION HOLE No: ITP 10 Sheet 1 of 1 JOB NUMBER: 3524 Scale 1: Slightly moist, dark reddish-brown, dense, intact, silty fine SAND: Topsoil (transported). Slightly moist, dark reddish brown, medium dense, intact, clayey fine to medium SAND: Residual dolerite. ITP Dry, dark red-brown, firm to stiff, fissured, coarse sand sized ferruginized nodules in a fine to medium sandy CLAY matrix, clay is stiff - possible intermediate excavation conditions: Residual dolerite NOTES 1) Near refusal at 2.90m. 2) No groundwater seepage. 3) Sample taken from ITP m. 4) No sidewall collapse. 5) Topography - gently dipping. MACHINE : PROFILED BY : JCB 3CX K SINGH TYPE SET BY : M RICHARDS SETUP FILE : TP-JG-A4.SET D06C JGI DATE : 30/07/2014 DATE : 15/09/ :43 TEXT :..TS\3524TP1TP10ILINGE.TXT X-COORD : Y-COORD : 31d S 27d E HOLE No: ITP 10 dotplot 7016 PBp7

46 LUKHANJI MUNICIPALITY ILLINGE AND LESSEYTON CEMETERIES, GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION HOLE No: LTP 1 Sheet 1 of 1 JOB NUMBER: 3524 Scale 1: Dry, light yellowish brown, medium dense, intact, sparse rootlets, clayey silty fine SAND: Topsoil (Transported). Dry, dark brown, dense, intact, silty, clayey fine SAND: Alluvial. LTP Dry, reddish brown, medium dense to dense, potential expansive/shrinking horizon (dense to very dense becoming reddish brown at m), slickensided (clay), silty, clayey fine SAND: Alluvial NOTES 1) No refusal. 2) No groundwater seepage. 3) Sample taken from LTP m. 4) No sidewall collapse. 5) Topography - flat lying adjacent to natural ground level. MACHINE : PROFILED BY : JCB 3CX K SINGH TYPE SET BY : M RICHARDS SETUP FILE : TP-JG-A4.SET D06C JGI DATE : 31/07/2014 DATE : 16/09/ :28 TEXT :..\3524TP1TP5LESSEYTON.TXT X-COORD : Y-COORD : 31d S 26d E HOLE No: LTP 1 dotplot 7016 PBp7

47 LUKHANJI MUNICIPALITY ILLINGE AND LESSEYTON CEMETERIES, GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION HOLE No: LTP 2 Sheet 1 of 1 JOB NUMBER: 3524 Scale 1: Dry, light yellowish brown, medium dense, intact, sparse rootlets, clayey, silty fine SAND: Topsoil (Transported). Dry, dark brown, dense, fissured, clayey, silty, fine SAND: Alluvium Dry, orangy brown, medium dense to dense (dense to very dense m becoming reddish brown), fissured and slickensided, silty clayey fine SAND: Alluvial NOTES 1) No refusal. 2) No groundwater seepage. 3) No samples taken. 4) No sidewall collapse. 5) Topography - flat lying. MACHINE : PROFILED BY : JCB 3CX K SINGH TYPE SET BY : M RICHARDS SETUP FILE : TP-JG-A4.SET D06C JGI DATE : 31/07/2014 DATE : 16/09/ :28 TEXT :..\3524TP1TP5LESSEYTON.TXT X-COORD : Y-COORD : 31d S 26d E HOLE No: LTP 2 dotplot 7016 PBp7

48 LUKHANJI MUNICIPALITY ILLINGE AND LESSEYTON CEMETERIES, GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION HOLE No: LTP 3 Sheet 1 of 1 JOB NUMBER: 3524 Scale 1: Slightly moist, light yellowish brown, soft, intact, sparse rootlets, fine sandy SILT: Topsoil. Slightly moist, dark brown, medium dense to dense with depth, intact, silty clayey fine SAND: Alluvial Slightly moist, dark reddish brown, medium dense to dense, intact, silty clayey fine SAND: Alluvial NOTES 1) No refusal. 2) No groundwater seepage. 3) No samples taken. 4) No sidewall collapse. 5) Topography - flat lying adjacent to natural ground level and stormwater drain +-50m. MACHINE : PROFILED BY : JCB 3CX K SINGH TYPE SET BY : M RICHARDS SETUP FILE : TP-JG-A4.SET D06C JGI DATE : 31/07/2014 DATE : 16/09/ :28 TEXT :..\3524TP1TP5LESSEYTON.TXT X-COORD : Y-COORD : 31d S 26d E HOLE No: LTP 3 dotplot 7016 PBp7

49 LUKHANJI MUNICIPALITY ILLINGE AND LESSEYTON CEMETERIES, GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION HOLE No: LTP 4 Sheet 1 of 1 JOB NUMBER: 3524 Scale 1: Dry, light brown, firm, intact, sparse rootlets, fine sandy SILT: Topsoil. Dry, dark brown, medium dense ( m dense horizon), fissured, clayey fine SAND: Alluvial. LTP Dry, reddish brown, medium dense to dense with depth, slickensided, silty, clayey fine SAND: Alluvial NOTES 1) No refusal. 2) No groundwater seepage. 3) Samples taken from LTP m. 4) No sidewall collapse. 5) Topography - flat lying, situated in thornbush. MACHINE : PROFILED BY : JCB 3CX K SINGH TYPE SET BY : M RICHARDS SETUP FILE : TP-JG-A4.SET D06C JGI DATE : 31/07/2014 DATE : 16/09/ :28 TEXT :..\3524TP1TP5LESSEYTON.TXT X-COORD : Y-COORD : 31d S 26d E HOLE No: LTP 4 dotplot 7016 PBp7

50 LUKHANJI MUNICIPALITY ILLINGE AND LESSEYTON CEMETERIES, GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION HOLE No: LTP 5 Sheet 1 of 1 JOB NUMBER: 3524 Scale 1: Dry, light brown, firm, intact, sparse rootlets, fine sandy SILT: Topsoil. Dry, dark brown, medium dense, intact, clayey, silty fine to medium SAND: Alluvium Dry, reddish-brown, medium dense to dense with depth, slickensided and fissured, silty clayey fine SAND: Alluvial. LTP NOTES 1) No refusal. 2) No groundwater seepage. 3) Samples taken from LTP m. 4) No sidewall collapse. 5) Topography - flat lying adjacent to stream (+-150m). MACHINE : PROFILED BY : JCB 3CX K SINGH TYPE SET BY : M RICHARDS SETUP FILE : TP-JG-A4.SET D06C JGI DATE : 31/07/2014 DATE : 16/09/ :28 TEXT :..\3524TP1TP5LESSEYTON.TXT X-COORD : Y-COORD : 31d S 26d E HOLE No: LTP 5 dotplot 7016 PBp7