Ocean Observatories: Evolution and Future Directions Steven G. Ackleson Consortium for Ocean Leadership Washington, DC
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1 Ocean Observatories Initiative Ocean Observatories: Evolution and Future Directions Steven G. Ackleson Consortium for Ocean Leadership Washington, DC
2 O cean Ob serv a to ry (oh-shuh'n uh'b-zur-vuh-tawr-ee) Complex, interdisciplinary set of observations Continuous presence of robotic, autonomous systems Broad range of temporal and spatial scales Free and timely access to data 2
3 Ocean Observing Time Series Activities 1884 Western Channel Biological Observations English Channel 1980 Western Channel Observatory 1931 Continuous Plankton Recorder Surveys North Sea and North Atlantic 1948 Ocean Weather Station Mike N. Atlantic CalCOFI Surveys Southern California Coast 1949 Ocean Weather Station Papa / Line P N. Pacific Hydrostation S Bermuda, Western Atlantic 1954 Helgoland Road Time-Series Station North Sea 1962 Ocean Observing Satellites Global Ocean 1967 Pilot Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA) Tropical Atlantic 1977 Tropical Atmosphere Ocean Array (TAO/TRION) Tropical Pacific 1984 Bermuda Atlantic Time Series (BATS) N. Atlantic Gyre 1988 Hawaiian Ocean Time Series (HOTS) Central N. Pacific 1988 Dynamics of Atmospheric Fluxes in the Mediterranean Sea (DYFAMED) Ligurian Sea 1988 Ocean Acquisition System for Interdisciplinary Science (OASIS) E. Pacific/Monterrey Bay 1989 Porcupine Abyssal Plain(PAP Site) N. Atlantic 1989 Cariaco Time Series Project Caribbean Sea 1995 OceanSITES Global Profiling Float Array (Argo) - Global 2000 Irish Sea Coastal Observatory Irish Sea 2001 Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) Tropical Atlantic 2001 Line W/Station W N. Atlantic 2001 Central Irminger Sea N. Atlantic 2002 E2-M3A Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean 2002 Gulf of Oman Cabled Observatory Gulf of Oman 2005 Tropical Eastern North Atlantic Time Series Observatory (TENATSO) Tropical E. Atlantic 2006 Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) US Coastal 2007 Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) - Australia 2007 Poseidon E1-M3A Aegean Sea/ Mediterranean Sea 2007 Monterrey Accelerated Research System (MARS) Monterrey Bay, CA Neptune Canada Juan De Fuca Ridge Dense Ocean-floor Observatory Network for Earthquakes and Tsunamis (DONET) NW Pacific Floor Tasman Bay (TASCAM) New Zealand Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) US Coastal & Global Arrays
4 Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) 4 Local science questions drive engineering design, deployment, and sampling approaches Four high latitude sites Ocean Station Papa (NW Pacific) Irminger Sea (North Atlantic) Argentine Basin Southern Ocean Two coastal ocean networks Endurance Array (Oregon & Washington) Pioneer Array (North Atlantic Bight) Regional scale array Axial Seamount (Juan De Fuca Plate) Fixed Moorings and Mobile Platforms By The Numbers: $386M Construction Project (MREFC) 6 Regional Arrays 48 Instrument Types 764 Simultaneously Deployed Instruments 78 Data Products Year Operational Lifetime
5 Emerging Relationships and Governance GEOSS CalCoFi GOOS ARGO NEPTUNE OceanSITES IOOS US Coastal Ocean Observing Systems OOI MARS HOTS EU Ocean Observing Systems TAO IMOS Satellites 5 EuroSITES BATS Connectivity Standards Coordination
6 Stephen Johnson, 2010, "Where Good Ideas Come From" Individual Printing Press Lithography Vulcanized Rubber Market-Driven Double-Entry Bookkeeping Steam Engine 1800-Present 135 Airplane Network Ball Bearings Laws of Motion Natural 40 Selection 50 New Knowledge Microscope Ocean Tides Internet 6
7 Authorship Trends in Oceanographic Journals Authors/Paper JPO JGR L&O Year 7
8 Authorship Trend Factors 8
9 Future Ocean Observatories Trends Networked approaches International standards Quantity and complexity of observations will increase Increased system autonomy UNOLS Operating Costs Days 9
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