Applications of Cabled Observatories to Earthquake and Tsunami Research and Early Detection: Experience from Canada and Europe.

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1 Applications of Cabled Observatories to Earthquake and Tsunami Research and Early Detection: Experience from Canada and Europe. Dr. Mairi Best, Founding Associate Director Science, NEPTUNE Canada Ocean Observing Consultant to EMSO

2 The last century of oceanography is marked most by the degree of undersampling Walter Munk (2001)

3 Temporal and Spatial Scales 10 4 yr magma chambers mantle convection 1000 yr 100 yr climate change basin scale variability 10 yr 1 yr hydrothermalism geodetic spreading Rossby waves El Ni ño & NAO Seasonal cycles 1 mon 1 wk Organisms = mesoscale physical and biological interactions eddies & fronts coastal upwelling barotropic variability 1 h internal tides surface tides 1 d 1 min vertical turbulent mixing internal waves & inertial motions Geohazards Ruhl et al., s capillary waves surface gravity waves EQ fault 0.1 s molecular processes 1 mm 1 cm 10 cm 1 m 100 m 1 km 10 km 100 km 10 3 km 10 4 km 10 5 km Spatial scale

4 Catastrophic Episodicity aoml.noaa.gov

5 Challenges range of spatial and temporal scales at which processes occur their complex interconnectedness, and in many cases their catastrophic episodicity.

6 The last century of oceanography is marked most by ( 2001 ) the degree of undersampling Walter Munk cabled ocean observatories offer: > 24/7/365/25 presence, variety of sensors, selected locations > Sampling frequencies of subseconds for most parameters > Real-time multidisciplinary, interactive experiments All this is possible with: > Abundant power (up to 9kW) and high bandwidth (up to 4 Gb) > Remote control of observatory network and instruments > Real-time high data/imagery return > A vast interactive data archive

7 Cabled Ocean Observatories around the World: Power and Internet to the deep sea

8 OCEAN NETWORKS CANADA EXPLORATION INNOVATION ACTION For a Changing Planet A University of Victoria Initiative Ocean Networks Canada

9 Enabling Science Climate & Marine Biota Ecosystems Seafloor processes Coastal Processes Earthquake dynamics Technology

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11 Internet controlled mobile seafloor observations on temporal and spatial variations around gas hydrates Thomsen, Barnes, Best, Chapman, Pirenne, Wagner and Vogt 2012 Internet controlled mobile seafloor observations on temporal and spatial variations around gas hydrates, Geophysical Research Letters.

12 COVIS Grotto Vent, Endeavour Ridge Rona, Peter, Russ Light, (and Team) Sonar Images Hydrothermal Vents in Seafloor Observatory, Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 92, Number 20, 17 May 2011,

13 Earthquakes in western Canada

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15 NEPTUNE Canada online since 2009 VENUS NEPTUNE Canada

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18 Power Spectral Density of Land vs. Seafloor Seismometers

19 Calm vs. Stormy

20 Tsunamis Thomson et al Samoan tsunami

21 Chilean Tsunami and Seismic waves on NC BPR sensors RABINOVICH, A.B., R.E. THOMSON, and I.V. FINE The 2010 Chilean Tsunami Off the West Coast of Canada and the Northwest Coast of the United States. Pure Appl. Geophys.

22 Realtime crustal fluid changes, Abyssal Plain (ODP 1Hz Tides: hr period Tsunamis: 15 min period Infragravity waves: 2 min period Ocean surface waves: 7 s period Earl Davis et al.

23 Info available though oceannetworks.ca and ibook Data available publicly through ONC Oceans 2.0 and IRIS

24 EMSO, an ESFRI Research Infrastructure EMSO, a Research Infrastructure of the ESFRI Roadmap, is the European network of fixed seafloor and water column observatories constituting a distributed infrastructure for long-term monitoring of environmental processes, including geo hazards. I

25 EMSO ERIC The EMSO-ERIC (European Research Infrastructure Consortium) will be the legal entity in charge of coordinating the distributed research infrastructure.

26 EMSO nodes: present status

27 EMSO nodes: present status i

28 EMSO nodes: present status Nice slope is planned to be cabled in 2014, Var canyon will be monitored by stand alone stations again in 2013

29 EMSO nodes: present status LNS-INFN Catania SN1 20 km OνDE

30 EMSO nodes: present status

31 EMSO nodes: present status Istanbul Sea of Marmara

32 Example: Western Ionian Sea (East-Sicily) Core infrastructures realised by INFN Funds by EU, Regione Sicilia and MIUR Catania Test Site: 25 km East offshore the Catania harbour, > 2000-m depth EMSO module Capo Passero Site: 85 km South East offshore Capo Passero, 3500-m depth

33 SN1 Upgrade Cable interface 3-C current meter ADCP OAS hydrophone Broad-band seismometer APG CTD Gravity meter SMID hydrophone Bioacoustic bentosphere Autonomous data Real-time data transmission Scalar &Vectorial magnetometers module

34 Pressure (dbar) Conductivity Temperature ( C) MSO data examples Western Ionian Sea /6 9/6 9/6 9/6 9/6 10/6 10/6 10/6 X [nt] Fluxgate Data from 8.00 of 9 jun to 7.59 of 10 jun 2012 (24h) :00 10:00 14:00 18:00 22:00 02:00 06:00 10:00 Regional Event (M 6.0) 10/06/ Greece Y [nt] 12/06/ /06/ /06/ /06/ Temperature Jun Jun 14 Jun 15 Jun Jun Jun 14 Jun 15 Jun Conductivity Pressure 12 Jun 13 Jun 14 Jun 15 Jun Date CTD 12-14/06/ Z [nt] Vect. magnetometer 10/06/2012 (24h) :00 10:00 14:00 18:00 22:00 02:00 06:00 10:00 Hour (UTC) Local event (M 2.2) 20/06/ Ionian Sea

35 SN1 1 st stand-alone experiment East Sicily seismicity not-recorded inland 213 events Mt. Etna bilateral eruption Southern Calabria Continentocean boundary Malta Escarpment ( ) Deep Ionian Basin (subduction) Sgroi et al., 2007

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37 Real Challenge Integrating Hardware Software and People Networks