THE EARTH S SURFACE AND BELOW

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Charlotte Beatrix McCormick
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1 THE EARTH S SURFACE AND BELOW Name: Class:

2 Directions: Match the words with the big ideas by writing the letter beside the idea. Use the same words in the short article below. Use key words and phrases from the article below to help. you. A B A C igneous rock magma eruption nearly, almost top of a volcano liquid rock in the bottom of a volcano D E F G H I J K epicenter seismic wave crater fault lava focus approximately crust rock that comes from a volcano liquid rock that comes from a volcano point of earthquake on the ground invisible wave of energy to explode a break in the earth s plates where earthquake starts underground the outer surface of the earth L mantle inside the crust where magma is The earth s surface is made up of 4 parts: the inner core, outer core, _ and. The mantle is like a jigsaw with plates touching each other. When the plates break apart earthquakes happen. This break is called a _. Where the earthquake starts is called the _. The point directly above it is called the _. An earthquake is invisible waves of energy called. Earthquakes also cause volcanoes to _. The liquid rock inside the volcano is called _. When it comes out the it is called. There are _ 560 active volcanoes around the world. When these erupt _ is made. 35

3 Girls and boys, Did you know the Earth is a rocky planet? It is made up of four sections; the crust, the mantle, the outer core and the inner core. The crust - The first layer consists of about 16km of rock and loose materials scientists call the crust. These rocks are the same as the rocks we see every day. Underneath the continents, the crust is almost three times as thick as it is under the Oceans. The mantle - Traveling beyond the Earth s crust, we next encounter the mantle. The mantle extends to a depth of approximately 2897km, and is made of a thick, solid, rocky substance that represents about 85% of the total weight and mass of the Earth. The first 80km of the mantle are believed to consist of very hard, rigid rock. The next 240km or so are believed to be super- heated solid rock that due to the heat energy is very weak. Below that for the next several hundred kilometers, the Earth's mantle is believed to once again be made up of very solid and sturdy rock materials. The outer core - Traveling still deeper within the Earth, we next encounter the Earth s outer core. This extends to a depth of around 4828km beneath the surface. It is believed that this outer core is made up of super-heated liquid molten lava. This lava is believed to be mostly iron and nickel. 36

4 The inner core - Finally, we would reach the Earth s inner core. The inner core extends another 1448km toward the center of the Earth. It is believed that this inner core is a solid ball of mostly iron and nickel. Label the different parts of the Earth Did you know? The Earth is approximately 6,400 kilometers from surface to center. 37

5 Girls and boys, Did you know the in order to be considered active; a volcano must have erupted within the last few thousand years. On the Earth today there are around 560 active volcanoes. Each week of these volcanoes will erupt. Each year two or three volcanoes erupt that were previously thought to be dead. What is a volcano? A volcano is a mountain that opens downward to a pool of molten rock below the surface of the earth. When pressure builds up, eruptions occur. Gases and rock shoot up through the opening and spill over or fill the air with lava fragments. Eruptions can cause lateral blasts, lava flows, hot ash flows, mudslides, avalanches, falling ash and floods. Volcano eruptions have been known to knock down entire forests. An erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis, flash floods, earthquakes, mudflows and rock falls. How are volcanoes made? Volcanoes are made when magma from within the Earth's upper mantle works its way to the surface. At the surface, it erupts to form lava flows and ash deposits. Over time as the volcano continues to erupt, it will get bigger and bigger. Why do volcanoes erupt? The Earth's crust is made up of huge slabs called plates, which fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. These plates sometimes move. The friction causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions near the edges of the plates. 38

6 Parts of a volcano Color and label the volcano below. Magma chamber - Main vent - Side vent - Crater - Lava - Smoke and ash - 39

7 Use yeast, hydrogen peroxide, food coloring and water to make a volcanic eruption Step 1. Put about 100ml of hydrogen peroxide into the pet bottle. Step 2. Put a teaspoon of yeast into a beaker. Step 3. Put 2 tablespoons of water into the yeast and mix Step 4. Put two drops of dishwashing soap into the bottle. Step 5. Put 5 drops of food coloring into the bottle. Step 6. Add the liquid yeast to the bottle and watch. Conclusion: What happened to your volcano? Use lego blocks to make a cross-section view of a volcano. Explain to your class the different parts. 40

8 Unscramble the words to find the secret sentence. 41

9 Girls and boys, Igneous means made from fire or heat. When volcanoes erupt and the liquid rock comes up to the earth's surface, then new igneous rock is made. There are 2 kinds of igneous rock. The first is intrusive and these are found inside mountains. The second are extrusive and these are found on the earth s surface. There are 5 kinds of intrusive igneous rock. 1. Granite contains quartz, feldspar & mica Granite is an intrusive rock. Most mountains are made of granite. It cools very slowly and is very hard. 2. Diorite contains feldspar and one or more dark mineral. Feldspar is dominant. Diorite is an intrusive rock that is called salt and pepper rock because of its black and white color. 42

10 3. Gabbro contains feldspar & one or more dark mineral. The dark minerals are dominant. Gabbro is an intrusive rock. It means that it formed as magma cooled slowly in the crust. 4. Peridotite contains iron and is black or dark. Peridotite is an intrusive rock that makes up a large part of the Earth s mantle. 5. Pegmatite is coarse-grained granite with large crystals of quartz, feldspar and mica. Pegmatite is an intrusive rock that is formed just before magma flows out of a volcano. It contains many crystals that no other rock contains. 43

11 There are 6 kinds of extrusive igneous rock. 1. Andesite forms into thick lava flows. Andesite is the volcanic equivalent of diorite. Andesite is an intrusive rock. The word andesite is derived from the Andes Mountains in South America, where andesite is common. 2. Basalt is dark in colour, and comparatively rich in iron and magnesium Basalt is an extrusive rock. It is the bedrock of the ocean floor and also occurs on land in extensive lava flow. 3. Obsidian is usually black in color, although it can also often be found in shades of brown and green. Obsidian is an extrusive rock. It forms when molten rock cools rapidly and forms into a glass like rock. 44

12 4. Pumice resembles a sponge because it consists of a network of gas bubbles frozen amidst fragile volcanic glass and minerals. Pumice is an extrusive rock. It forms during explosive volcanic eruptions. 5. Rhyolite is fine-grained light-colored acidic volcanic rock. Rhyolite is an extrusive rock. It flows slowly, like tooth paste squeezed out of a tube, and tends to pile up and form lava domes. 6. Scoria is dark colored volcanic rock that may or may not contain crystals. Scoria is an extrusive rock. It is a type of volcanic rock that is full of tiny holes formed by bubbles of gas. 45

13 Use a magnifying glass and a ruler to study some igneous rocks and classify by color shape and appearance Step 1. Study each rock carefully. Use a magnifying glass to look for small details. Step 2. Measure each rock to the nearest centimeter or millimeter. Step 3. Record what you see for each rock in the table on the next page Step 4. Circle all the describing words that apply. Step 5. Draw a color picture of your rock. 46

14 Complete the table. Do your best work. Rock 1 # Length: Width: Colors: rough smooth heavy light glassy sharp layered lined sandy crumbly twinkling smelly Rock 2 # Length: Width: Colors: rough smooth heavy light glassy sharp layered lined sandy crumbly twinkling smelly Rock 3 # Length: Width: Colors: rough smooth heavy light glassy sharp layered lined sandy crumbly twinkling smelly Rock 4 # Length: Width: Colors: rough smooth heavy light glassy sharp layered lined sandy crumbly twinkling smelly Rock 5 # Length: Width: Colors: rough smooth heavy light glassy sharp layered lined sandy crumbly twinkling smelly 47

15 Rock 6 # Length: Width: Colors: rough smooth heavy light glassy sharp layered lined sandy crumbly twinkling smelly Rock 7 # Length: Width: Colors: rough smooth heavy light glassy sharp layered lined sandy crumbly twinkling smelly Rock 8 # Length: Width: Colors: rough smooth heavy light glassy sharp layered lined sandy crumbly twinkling smelly Rock 9 # Length: Width: Colors: rough smooth heavy light glassy sharp layered lined sandy crumbly twinkling smelly Rock 10 # Length: Width: Colors: rough smooth heavy light glassy sharp layered lined sandy crumbly twinkling smelly Conclusion: What was your favorite rock? Why? 48

Girls and boys, Earthquakes are the shaking, rolling or sudden shock of the earth s surface. They are the Earth's natural means of releasing stress.

Earthquakes cannot be predicted - although scientists are working on it! What causes earthquakes?

16 Girls and boys, Earthquakes are the shaking, rolling or sudden shock of the earth s surface. They are the Earth's natural means of releasing stress. More than a million earthquakes rattle the world each year. Earthquakes can be felt over large areas although they usually last less than one minute. Earthquakes cannot be predicted - although scientists are working on it! What causes earthquakes? There are about 20 plates along the surface of the earth that move continuously and slowly past each other. When the plates squeeze or stretch, huge rocks form at their edges and the rocks shift with great force, causing an earthquake. Parts of an earthquake Color and label the different parts of an earthquake. 49

17 1. Fault - 2. Seismic waves - 3. Focus - 4. Epicenter - What things do earthquakes cause? Apart from making a lot of damage to buildings and being dangerous for people, earthquakes are also responsible for erupting volcanoes and tsunamis. As the plates rub against each other and the earthquake happens, magma deep in the earth s mantle is forced out of the volcano. As the ocean bottom pushes up Tsunami is made. The waves move away from the epicenter and grow higher as they move towards land. 50

Design and color an Earthquake Safety poster for

what you should do if we have an earthquake.

As a group you will brainstorm the things you

Step 4. You will then plan your poster. Step 5.

18 Design and color an Earthquake Safety poster for the school. Use color pens and markers. Do your best work Step 1. In your group you are going to make earthquake safety poster for the school. Step 2. The poster should use words and pictures to show what you should do if we have an earthquake. Step 3. As a group you will brainstorm the things you must do if an earthquake happens Step 4. You will then plan your poster. Step 5. You must show your teacher the finished plan. Step 6. Try to do your best work as your poster will be displayed around the school. 51

19 Plan your poster. 52

20 k c k p b p y s v m b j t r s a e f c c s m o k e a n d a s h n b e m n t a d a f f k a p r e t o r e n v b a d i u m d w z o h e t i b l v h a q m n e n l a i a j j c i r s d n a w z g a t s a t h a e j d r u i u i o c s z i h l i r h i j j z o x d s a p i t x a s c e t g r i h w i v i m m l m t c i m b a v e o a i n d u a x e d s e r i z t j m u c h n l n s n a k e i c a e r o g e g s k n a g b e u b m e s t r t e u n r a m e v o w z v t o s c e e t n c b m q m r a t w l r y o i e r o y h e i e r o c r e t u o s p n l t n r c q c m b s o t s u n a m i k d o c a g s u i u i r s i d e v e n t t r q z a m i a p p e t i l o y h r a m c r u s t n g k e l b o r b b a g g m s y b b e y x o e f c i s h k b z h g h w a b v p c j u i p k g t x q y x f l m r q b d l q k h n v a m m b m t o z f f q andesite fault gabbro granite basalt focus igneous inner core crater lava magma chamber main vent crust outer core obsidian mantle diorite pegmatite peridotite pumice earthquake rhyolite seismic waves scoria epicenter side vent smoke and ash tsunami eruption volcano 53

What Do You See? Learning Outcomes Goals Learning Outcomes Think About It Identify classify In what kinds of environments do igneous rocks form?

Section 2 Igneous Rocks and the Geologic History of Your Community What Do You See? Learning Outcomes In this section, you will Goals Text Learning Outcomes In this section, you will Identify and classify