The History of Life. Section 3-2. The Fossil Record

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1 The History of Life Section 3-2 The Fossil Record

2 The History of Life Draw a line that has as many inches as you have years. Mark the years at every inch. For each year, record at least one major event that occurred, such as starting grade school or learning how to ride a bike. Give a title to the time line you just made. Does Earth have a time line?

3 The History of Life 1. Two dinosaurs are buried by ash from an erupting volcano.

4 The History of Life 2. Minerals gradually replace the remains. Over millions of years, the fossils become buried by sediments.

5 The History of Life 3. Running water cuts through the sedimentary rock layers, exposing the fossils.

6 FIVE MAIN TYPES OF FOSSILS Petrified Fossils Molds and Casts Carbon Films Trace Fossils Preserved Remains

7 PETRIFIED FOSSILS PETRIFIED FOSSIL The Field Museum in Chicago displays a fossil of a Tyrannosaurus rex. The word petrified means turning into stone. Petrified fossils form when minerals replace all or part of an organism. Water is full of dissolved minerals. It seeps through the layers of sediment to reach the dead organism. When the water evaporates, only the hardened minerals are left behind.

8 MOLDS AND CASTS MOLD FOSSIL This mold, or imprint, is of an extinct mollusk called an ammonite. A mold forms when hard parts of an organism are buried in sediment, such as sand, silt, or clay. The hard parts completely dissolve over time, leaving behind a hollow area with the organism s shape. CAST FOSSIL This ammonite cast was discovered in the United Kingdom. A cast forms as the result of a mold. Water with dissolved minerals and sediment fills the mold s empty spaces. Minerals and sediment that are left in the mold make a cast. A cast is the opposite of its mold.

9 CARBON FILMS FERN FOSSIL This carbon-film fossil of a fern is more than 300 million years old. All living things contain an element called carbon. When an organism dies and is buried in sediment, the materials that make up the organism break down. Eventually, only carbon remains. The thin layer of carbon left behind can show an organism s delicate parts, like leaves on a plant.

10 TRACE FOSSILS Trace fossils show the activities of organisms. An animal makes a footprint when it steps in sand or mud. Over time the footprint is buried in layers of sediment. Then, the sediment becomes solid rock. FANCY FOOTWORK This dinosaur footprint was found in Namibia, Africa.

11 PRESERVED REMAINS Some organisms get preserved in or close to their original states. Here are some ways that can happen. Amber An organism, such as an insect, is trapped in a tree s sticky resin and dies. More resin covers it, sealing the insect inside. It hardens into amber. Tar An organism, such as a mammoth, is trapped in a tar pit and dies. The tar soaks into its bones and stops the bones from decaying. Ice An organism, such as a woolly mammoth, dies in a very cold region. Its body is frozen in ice, which preserves the organism even its hair!

12 The History of Life Amber Fossils include Preserved fossils found in Tar Ice Rock fossils include Trace fossils Casts, molds Carbon films Petrified fossils

13 The History of Life

14 The History of Life

15 The History of Life Life s History is divided into Precambrian time Cenozoic era Paleozoic era Mesozoic era

16 The History of Life How do Scientists determine the age of fossils? Relative Dating Compare a fossils age to others around it by how deep or shallow it is Absolute Dating Determining the actual age using radioactive elements and half-lives

17 Evolution Gradualism Slow and steady change Punctuated Equilibria Short periods of rapid change

18 Evolution Process of Evolution Gradualism Punctuated Equilibrium Slow and steady change Intermediate forms become common New species evolve Short periods of rapid change Intermediate forms rare

19 Evolution Section 3-3 Other Evidence for Evolution

20 Evolution Similarities in body structure Similarities in early development Similarities in DNA