Fossils. Presented by Kesler Science

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1 Presented by Kesler Science

2 Essential Questions: 1. What are fossils? 2. What are some different types of fossilization? 3. What is the difference between relative and absolute age? 4. What does the fossil record tell scientists? 5. What organisms today have similarities to organisms or the past?

3 What are fossils? Preserved remains or traces of animals, plants, and other organism from the past Found in sedimentary rock layers Can be as small as bacteria or as giant as a dinosaur Paleontology is the study of fossils.

4 Condition for forming fossils? Quick burial of organism Layers of sediments build up over the organism Left for a long period of time Most fossil remains are from hard structures such as bones and teeth. Erosion and uplifting exposes them to the Earth s surface. Soft structures decay or are eaten by scavengers and not usually fossilized.

5 Sedimentary Rocks Formed in layers by the deposition of weathered rocks Sediments are pressed and cemented together. Fossils are found here because sedimentary rocks form at low temperatures and pressure. Fossils and the rock layer in which they are found are approximately the same age.

6 Law of Superposition Geologists assume the newest rock layers are on top of the older ones, unless some type of disturbance occurs. This law helps scientists determine the age of fossils, relatively speaking. They can say one fossil is older than another because of the layer of rock in which it was found.

7 Fossil Record History of life as documented by fossils Tells us when organisms lived and how they changed over millions of years (evolved) Can also give us a clue as to the environment at that time Recorded on the Geologic Time Scale

8 Quick Action Fossils Draw a window pane with four panes. In each pane put a title as shown. Then write a phrase or draw a picture to help you remember these four ideas. Fossils Sedimentary Rocks Law of Superposition Fossil Record

9 Types of Fossilization Petrification Replacement Permineralization Molds and Casts Carbonization Fossil Resin (amber) Tar and Ice Trace Fossils

10 Quick Action INB Template Fossils INB Template 1. Cut out the template along the outside solid line. 2. Glue it into your INB. Use your teacher s INB as a reference. 3. Wait for further instruction.

11 Petrification Two types Replacement and Permineralization Both result in organic material converting into stone or a similar substance Petrified wood is the most well known example of this process.

12 Here pyrite (fool s gold) replaced the ammonite tissue. Replacement Happens when water dissolves the original solid material and replaces them with mineral matter such as calcite, silica, pyrite and hematite Happens slowly Bones, shells, and wood are often fossilized in this manner.

13 Permineralization Groundwater carries dissolved minerals into the pores and cavities of bone, wood, or shells. The original material is preserved rather than replaced. Bones, teeth, and shells can be preserved this way.

14 Quick Action Fossils With a partner discuss your understanding of the two types of fossilization that are both considered a type of petrification. What types of organisms are usually fossilized with these two methods? 1. Replacement 2. Permineralization

15 Cast Mold Molds and Casts Mold organism dies and there is no filling of the cavity with minerals Cast organism dies and the cavity fills with minerals, maybe sand or clay Many times shells are fossilized through these processes.

16 Carbonization The process by which all substances of plants and animals decay, except carbon. This leaves a carbon film on the sedimentary rock. This process particularly occurs in plants and fish.

17 Fossil Resin Resin is excreted from certain plants, which is thought to protect them from insects and seals off plant injuries. The sticky resin captures insects and other invertebrates. It hardens and they are preserved in the resin including their DNA. Fossil resin is known as amber.

18 Tar and Ice An animal can become trapped in tar and the whole body can be preserved. An example is the La Brea Tar Pits L.A. Freezing can also trap whole animals. Mammoth s bodies have been found with skin, hair and even organs.

19 Trace Fossils Provides indirect evidence of life in the past rather than the body of the animal itself. Examples of trace fossils Footprints Burrows Feces Borings

20 Quick Action Fossils Count off the class from 1-7 until everyone has a number. Get with the person/s that have the same number/s as you. That number corresponds with the types of fossilization below. Take 3-5 minutes and come up with a way to teach that concept to the class. You have only 1 minute to present your knowledge, so make it creative and memorable. 1. Molds 2. Casts 3. Carbonization 4. Fossil Resin (amber) 5. Tar 6. Ice 7. Trace Fossils

21 Which organism would make a good index fossil? Index Fossils Special fossils called index fossils indicate to geologists the boundaries in geological time. This is a tool to determine the age of rocks. Characteristics of Index Fossils Easily recognizable Abundant Wide geographic distribution Lived a short period of geological time

22 Fossil Record and Rock Strata Index fossils are used to correlate the age of the rock strata. If two different rock strata in different areas on Earth contain the same index fossils, then the strata are probably the same age. Also called relative age Which organism would make the best index fossil?

23 Absolute Age Determining something s exact age. Radiometric dating is the most accurate method of dating ancient objects. Uses the decay of radioactive elements to find the absolute age of a rock or fossil. This relies on the property of half life, which is the predictable time an element takes to decay.

24 This shows how uranium breaks down into lead. The time it takes to do this is predictable. Absolute Age Geologists tend to mix and match relative age and absolute age dates to piece together a geologic history. Like saying you are 12 years old and your grandfather is 72 (absolute) instead of you are younger than your grandfather (relative).

25 Quick Action Geologic Time Scale With a partner discuss your understanding of relative age vs. absolute age.

26 Stomatolites Rock like structures built by bluegreen algae. First forms of life on Earth - oldest known fossils (3.5 b.y.) Still found in some remote areas of the world today

27 Fossil Record By using relative and absolute dating scientists are able to put together the Earth s geologic history. The Geologic Time Scale is a chronological representation of Earth s geologic history going back 4.6 billion years until present day. Through fossils scientists can see changes in organisms over time.

28 Quick Action Fossils Give an example of relative age vs. absolute age. Your example does not need to be about fossils or rocks but about something in your life. Example: My bike is older than my scooter. Example: My bike is 3 years old and my scooter is 5 years old. A few of you read your examples to the class and have them determine if it s an example of relative or absolute time.

29 Environment Fossils can tell us something about the environment at the time the organism died. Many times marine fossils are found on mountain tops. When continental plates collide, it causes uplift. Finding buried marine fossils suggests the rock layers were once covered by water.

30 Environment Fossil evidence helps support the Theory of Continental Drift. Fossils of the same plants and animals were found on different continents now separated by oceans. These organisms had no way of traveling those distances. Concluding that the continents were once one supercontinent

31 Fossils Compared to Organisms Today

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35 Check for Understanding Can you 1. Identify fossils as evidence of past living organisms? 2. Classify different types of fossilization? 3. Differentiate between relative and absolute age? 4. Explain what the fossil records tells about organism using the Geologic Time Scale? 5. Distinguish similarities between organisms of today with those of the past?

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