12.1 The Fossil Record. KEY CONCEPT Specific environmental conditions are necessary in order for fossils to form.

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1 KEY CONCEPT Specific environmental conditions are necessary in order for fossils to form.

2 Fossils can form in several ways. Premineralization occurs when minerals carried by water are deposited around a hard structure. A natural cast forms when flowing water removes all of the original tissue, leaving an impression.

3 Trace fossils record the activity of an organism. Amber-preserved fossils are organisms that become trapped in tree resin that hardens after the tree is buried.

4 Specific conditions are needed for fossilization. Only a tiny percentage of living things became fossils.

5 Radiometric dating provides an accurate way to estimate the age of fossils. Relative dating estimates the time during which an organism lived. It compares the placement of fossils in layers of rock. Scientists infer the order in which species existed.

6 Radiometric dating uses decay of unstable isotopes. Isotopes are atoms of an element that differ in their number of neutrons. A half-life is the amount of time it takes for half of the isotope to decay.

7 KEY CONCEPT The geologic time scale divides Earth s history based on major past events.

8 The geologic time scale organizes Earth s history. The history of Earth is represented in the geologic time scale. Eras last tens to hundreds of millions of years. consist of two or more periods three eras: Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic

9 Periods last tens of millions of years. most commonly used units of time on time scale associated with rock systems. Epochs last several million years.

10 Life moved onto land during the Paleozoic Era. Multicellular organisms first appeared during the Paleozoic era. The era began 544 million years ago and ended 248 million years ago. The Cambrian explosion led to a huge diversity of animal species.

11 Life moved onto land in the middle of the Paleozoic era.

12 Reptiles radiated during the Mesozoic era. The Mesozoic era is known as the Age of Reptiles. It began 248 million years ago and ended 65 million years ago. Dinosaurs, birds, flowering plants, and first mammals appeared.

13 Mammals radiated during the Cenozoic era. The Cenozoic era began 65 million years ago and continues today. Placental mammals and monotremes evolved and diversified. Anatomically modern humans appeared late in the era.

14 Humans share a common ancestor with other primates. Primates are mammals with flexible hands and feet, forward-looking eyes and enlarged brains.

15 Primates evolved into prosimians and anthropoids. Prosimians are the oldest living primates. They are mostly small and nocturnal.

16 Anthropoids are humanlike primates. They are subdivided into the New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and hominoids. Homonoids are divided into hominids, great apes, and lesser apes. Hominids include living and extinct humans.

17 Bipedal means walking on two legs. foraging carrying infants and food using tools Walking upright has important adaptive advantages.

18 There are many fossils of extinct hominids. Most hominids are either the genus Australopithecus or Homo. Australopithecines were a successful genus. The Homo genus first evolved 2.4 million years ago.

19 Modern humans arose about 200,000 years ago. Homo sapiens fossils date to 200,000 years ago. Human evolution is influenced by a tool-based culture. There is a trend toward increased brain size in hominids. Australopithecus afarensis Homo habilis Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens

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