STUDY GUIDE CHAPTERS 12 & 13 GEOLOGIC TIME CHAPTER 12 SECTION 12.1

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1 NAME PERIOD DATE STUDY GUIDE CHAPTERS 12 & 13 GEOLOGIC TIME CHAPTER 12 SECTION WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIFORMITARIANISM PUT FORWARD BY JAMES HUTTON IN THE LATE 1700 s? 2. HOW DID UNIFORMITARIANISM CHANGE MAN S THINKING OF HOW THE EARTH WAS VIEWED? 3. WHAT IS RELATIVE DATING AND WHAT DOES IT TELL US? 4. DEFINE AND DESCRIBE THE FOLLOWING PRINCIPLES OF RELATIVE DATING. LAW OF SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE OF ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY PRINCIPLE OF CROSS-CUTTING RELATIONSHIPS INCLUSION UNCONFORMITY ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY DISCONFORMITY NONCONFORMITY

2 5. WHAT IS INVOLVED IN CORRELATION OF ROCK LAYERS? SECTION WHAT ARE FOSSILS? 7. WHAT ARE 2 CONDITIONS THAT FAVOR THE PRESERVATION OF FOSSILS? A) B) 8. DESCRIBE THESE TYPES OF FOSSILS. PETRIFIED MOLDS, CASTS AND IMPRESSIONS CARBONIZATION TRACE FOSSILS INDEX FOSSILS 9. EXPLAIN THE PRINCIPLE OF FOSSIL SUCCESSION. SECTION THE FORCES THAT BIND PROTONS AND NEUTRONS TOGETHER IN THE NUCLEUS ARE USUALLY STRONG. IN SOME ISOTOPES, THE FORCES BINDING THE PROTONS AND NEUTRONS TOGETHER ARE NOT SUFFICENTLY STRONG ENOUGH AND THE NUCLEI ARE. WHEN NUCLEI ARE UNSTABLE, THEY SPONTANEOUSLY BREAK APART OR, IN A PROCESS CALLED. 11. WHAT IS HALF-LIFE? 12. HOW LONG DOES A RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE CONTINUE TO DECAY?

3 13. EXPLAIN THE RADIOMETRIC DATING PROCESS. 14. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT THAT THE PARENT ISOTOPES REMAIN IN A CLOSED SYSTEM IF A CORRECT DATE IS TO BE ACHIEVED? 15. COMPARED TO THE RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES LISTED IN TABLE 1 ON PAGE 349, WHAT MAKES CARBON 14 DIFFERENT AND THUS VERY USEFUL IN DATING ITEMS? 16. WHAT IS THE SOURCE OF CARBON 14 AND HOW IS IT FORMED? SECTION IN THE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE, EONS REPRESENT THE GREATEST EXPANSE OF TIME. EONS ARE DIVIDED INTO, WHICH ARE SUBDIVIDED INTO, WHICH ARE FURTHER DIVIDED INTO. 18. TAKE TIME TO SEE HOW THE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE IS DIVIDED ON FIGURE 17 ON PAGE 353. WHY DOES THE DETAIL IN THE TIME SCALE BEGIN AT THE CAMBRIAN PERIOD? 19. WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WITH DATING SEDIMENTARY AND METAMORPHIC ROCK? 20. HOW CAN SCIENTISTS OVERCOME THE PROBLEM OF DATING SEDIMENTARY ROCK? CHAPTER 13 SECTION 13.1 PRECAMBRIAN HISTORY 21. PRECAMBRIAN HISTORY ACCOUNTS FOR 88% OF ALL OF THE EARTH S HISTORY. IT COVERED FROM 4.56 BILLION YEARS AGO TO MILLION YEARS FROM PRESENT (MYFP) 22. FOR THE LISTED MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRECAMBRIAN ERA, GIVING AS MUCH INFORMATION AS YOU CAN. A. EARTH FORMS

4 B. ATMOSPHERE EVOLVES C. PRECAMBRIAN ROCKS FROM CONTINENTAL SHEILDS D. PRECAMBRIAN ROCK FOSSILS E. PROKARYOTE TO EUKARYOTE CELL EVOLUTION SECTION 13.2 PALEOZOIC ERA (540 MYFP TO 248 MYFP) 23. COMPLETE THE CHART WITH AS MUCH INFORMATION AS YOU CAN. EARLY PALEOZOIC CONTINENTAL POSITIONS PLANT LIFE ANIMAL LIFE LATE PALEOZOIC 24. WHAT LIFE FORMS DOMINATED THE EARLY PALEOZOIC ERA? WHAT LIFE FORMS DOMINATED THE LATE PALEOZOIC ERA? 25. WHAT ALLOWED AMPHIBIANS TO FLOURISH ON LAND? 26. EXPLAIN WHAT THE GREAT PALEOZOIC EXTINCTION WAS AND WHAT CAUSED IT?

5 SECTION 13.3 MESOZOIC ERA (248 MYFP TO 65 MYFP) 27. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING CHART WITH AS MUCH INFORMATION AS YOU CAN FOR THE MESOZOIC ERA. CONTINENTAL POSITIONS PLANT LIFE ANIMAL LIFE 28. WHAT ADVANTAGES ALLOWED BOTH REPTILES AND GYMNOSPEREMS TO DOMINATE AS LIFE FORMS IN THE MESOZOIC ERA? 29. WHAT EVENT CAUSED THE EXTINCTION OF THE DINOSAURS AND BROUGHT TO A CLOSE THE MESOZOIC ERA? SECTION 13.4 CENOZOIC ERA (65 MYFP TO PRESENT) 30. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING CHART WITH AS MUCH INFORMATION AS YOU CAN FOR THE CENOZOIC ERA. CONTINENTAL POSITIONS PLANT LIFE ANIMAL LIFE

6 31. WHAT CAUSED THE ANGIOSPERMS TO SURPASS THE SUCCESS OF THE GYMNOSPERMS? 32. HOW DID MAMMALS REPLACE REPTILES AS THE DOMINANT LIFE FORMS? 33. EXPLAIN THE DEMISE OF THE DINOSAURS ON PAGE 385. REFERENCE CHART NUMBER OF HALF LIVES FRACTION OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES REMAINING 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/32 1/64 1/128 PERCENTAGE OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES (PARENTS) REMAINING 50% 25% 12.5% 6.25% 3.12% 1.56%.78% PERCENTAGE OF STABLE ISOTOPES (DAUGHTERS) DECAYED 50% 75% 87.5% 93.75% 96.88% 98.44% 99.22%