Table of Contents. Sample file

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1 Table of Contents How to use this book...1 Lesson 1 Introduction...2 Quiz 1 Pretest...4 Looking at Earth s Rocks...5 Lesson 2 Inside the Earth...10 Quiz Earth Cookie...13 Lesson 3 Earth s Tectonic Plates...15 Quiz Spreading Ridges...18 Lesson 4 Igneous Rocks...21 Quiz Lava Eruptions...24 Lesson 5 Sedimentary Rocks...27 Quiz Creating Caves...30 Lesson 6 Metamorphic Rocks...33 Quiz Earth Science Rock Mobile...36 Lesson 7 Minerals...38 Quiz Building Crystals...41 Lesson 8 Volcanoes...44 Quiz Frothy Magma...47 iii

2 Lesson 9 Earthquakes...50 Quiz Wave Watching...53 Lesson 10 Oceans...56 Quiz Testing for Calcite...59 Lesson 11 Layers of the Atmosphere...61 Quiz Earth Science Links...64 Lesson 12 Earth Science Review...66 Quiz 12 Posttest...69 Concept Map...70 Answer Key...73 Glossary...74 Bibliography...80 Books by Myrna Martin...81 Copyright...82 iv

3 How to Use This Book Earth Science Level 1 is designed for students in the elementary grades. The book contains 12 lessons, 12 quizzes and 12 hands-on activities. The lessons will take approximately one hour to complete. You will need a set of rocks for students to use when completing the lessons in this book. You can use rocks you already have or purchase a set of rocks. We sell a set of rocks for this unit that you can purchase on our website at: These are the twelve rocks used in the lessons and activities. Lava rock Intrusive rock Plutonic rock Tephra Welded tuff Beach rock Petrified wood Coal Chemical limestone (oolitic limestone) Schist Serpentinite Marble Students should take the Pretest in Lesson 1 prior to studying the book or doing the activity in Lesson 1. The answer to the quiz is found in the Answer Key at the back of the book. This Pretest gives students an idea of how much they know about Earth Science before they start the unit. Students should watch the video lesson (optional), read the textbook, complete the quiz and do the hands-on activity for the rest of the lessons in the textbook. Students should be able to finish Earth Science Level 1 in one month if they complete three lessons per week. It will take six weeks to finish the unit if they complete two lessons per week. 1

4 Introduction Lesson 1 E arth science combines information from geology, oceanography, meteorology, biology, chemistry and physics in the study of our planet. Earth scientists are especially important in the twenty-first century as more and more people use the limited resources found on our planet. Today we use an enormous amount of fossil fuels that come from resources created over a long period of time. Supplementing these fossil fuels are alternative forms of energy such as solar energy, hydrothermal power, and wind power. The procurement and use of these types of fuel are a direct result of research by Earth scientists. Scientist sampling gases to determine if there are changes in gas emissions on a volcano. Photo by Bea Richie USGS The eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 alerted the nation to the fact that the continental United States is home to many active and dormant volcanoes. Volcanologists working around the clock to monitor the volcano had no idea of the immensity of the coming eruption. Two geologists were flying above the summit crater of the mountain at the exact moment the eruption began. The pilot and the geologists survived because the pilot was able to fly out of the crater before the exploding volcanoes ash cloud reached them. Volcanologists along with millions of people were able to watch the eruption on their television sets. They were able to see destructive power of a volcanic eruption. Information gained from the Mount St. Helens eruption led to the savings of thousands of lives in the Philippines twelve years later. Thousands of people evacuated the area around Mount Pinatubo before the volcano erupted. Only a few people lost their lives in the second largest eruption of the twentieth century when they refused to leave their homes. Today volcanologists are monitoring volcanoes so they can predict when an eruption is imminent. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory on the island of Hawaii monitors the activity of Kilauea constantly. Many of the tools used to monitor volcanoes worldwide were developed by scientists studying volcanoes in Hawaii. 2

5 Most of the water on Earth is located in the oceans. People have used the oceans as a food source, to dump their waste, and to travel from one place to another. Oceanographers study the oceans and their resources. They are working to understand and maintain the great resources found in the oceans. The supply of fish living in the oceans on our planet has significantly declined due to over fishing. Some areas where coral reefs were decimated by pollution and over fishing are recovering due to scientific research. Other oceanographers are searching for new mineral resources in the oceans using mini-submarines. Enough clean water for people to drink is becoming more difficult to obtain as the world population increases. The job of many hydrologists is to find and maintain water resources so we will have a sustainable amount of water in the future. Farmers need water to irrigate their crops and businesses require to produce the goods we use in our everyday life. Monitoring lava dome on Mount St. Helens Photo by USGS Meteorologists study weather patterns daily using satellite images and computer drawings to predict floods, hurricanes, tornadoes and blizzards. Doppler radar has increased the accuracy of forecasts by meteorologists on when and where thunderstorms may occur. Information supplied by meteorologists give people additional time to prepare for hurricanes before they make landfall. The nation needs more Earth scientists to carry on the research that is being conducted everyday to keep our planet a healthy place to live. Earth scientists using field research, data visualizations, computers, and satellite photography are working to make our planet a safe and productive place to live. Lesson summary Earth science combines information from geology, oceanography, meteorology, biology, chemistry and physics in the study of our planet. The eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 alerted the nation to the fact that the continental United States is home to many active and dormant volcanoes. Oceanographers are working to understand and maintain the great resources found in the oceans. Enough clean water for people to drink is becoming more difficult to obtain as the world population increases. 3

6 Name Date Quiz 1 Earth Science Pretest Fill in the blanks using words from the Word Bank 1. A crystal has flat sides that meet in sharp edges and corners. 2. Most lava has a thick pasty consistency and cools underground as granite. 3. Great mountain chains circle the globe like seams on a deep in the ocean. 4. The major habitats in the oceans are the, the continental slope and the deep sea. 5. Rocks between two converging continental plates create mountains like the Himalayas. 6. Most earthquakes occur at plate and are the result of plate movement. 7. The three major groups of rocks are clastic, chemical and organic. 8. Earthquakes alert scientists that is on the move beneath a volcano and an eruption may occur. 9. Many meteors burn up in the mesosphere and are the trail of hot glowing gases of a meteoroid burning up. 10. The crust, the and the core are the three major layers of the Earth. Word Bank baseball folded boundaries perfect magma sedimentary rhyolite shooting stars mantle seashore 4

7 Looking at Earth s Rocks Activity 1 Introduction Igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks are the three main groups of rocks that cover the surface of the Earth. In this activity you are studying and learning to identify twelve rocks commonly found on our planet. Materials Lava rock Intrusive rock Plutonic rock Tephra Welded tuff Beach rock Petrified wood Coal Chemical limestone Schist Serpentinite Marble Directions 1. First, read the information about the twelve rocks in your set on the next three pages. 2. After reading about the rocks take out each rock and examine it carefully 3. Write down facts about each rock on the page titled Notes on the Lesson 4. Here are some things you should include in Cathedral Rock, John Day Oregon your notes after examining each rock. a. Is the rock rough or smooth when you run your fingers over the it? b. When you picked up the rock, did it feel heavy or light c. Is the surface of the rock shiny or dull? Lesson and Activity Notes Follow the steps below to record information on the Notes on the Lesson pages at the end of each lesson. 1. Write down the date and lesson title at the top of the Notes on the Lesson page. 2. Summarize information you learned in the lesson beneath the title. 3. Write the title of the activity beneath the lesson summary. 4. Write down information about the activity you would like to remember. Below are websites that sell a variety of rock kits on their website

8 1 Lava rock (LAH-va) All rocks that form when molten rock flows out of a fissure in the Earth and forms a lava flow are lava rocks. The rocks can be light, dark or intermediate in color depending on the type of rock in the lava flow. The crystals that form in a lava flow are microscopic in size. The rock on the right is andesite. Andesite was named for the Andes Mountains in South America. 2 Intrusive rock Magma, molten rock, inside volcanoes sometimes cools before it can erupt on the surface of the Earth. The magma breaks apart older rock and seeps into the cracks and crevices where it cools. Small crystals grow in the magma as it cools. Small crystals are visible to the unaided eye. They look like spots of color scattered throughout the rock. 3 Plutonic rock (ploo-ton-ik) Plutonic rocks cool deep under the surface of the Earth. Over time the rocks are exposed above ground when the rocks above erode away. Rocks that cool deep underground cool very slowly allowing the crystals to grow large. Look at the rock specimen on the right. Notice the different colors that make up this plutonic rock. Each color represents a different mineral that formed as the rock cooled. Black chunky minerals are hornblende. Smokey gray crystals are quartz. Compare the size of the plutonic rock crystals with the size of the intrusive rock crystals. 4 Tephra (TEPH-ra) Tephra is a term first coined by Aristotle to describe all volcanic material blown into the air during an eruption. During violent volcanic eruptions great blocks of rock are sometimes broken off the throat of a volcano. The force of the eruption hurls these rocks into the air above the volcano. This sample of tephra was blown out of Mount Mazama during the formation of Crater Lake in southern Oregon. 6

9 5 Welded tuff (WELL-did TOUGH) Welded tuff is a product of pyroclastic flows hot enough to fuse or weld hot ash and pumice into a layer of rock. Glass fragments that make up much of the erupted ash deform readily and their curving shapes flatten and deform during the welding process. The Rattlesnake Ash-Flow Tuff in the picture formed during a volcanic eruption that covered over 18,000 square miles with welded tuff. Other names for welded tuff are ignimbrite and ash-flow tuff. 6 Alaskan beach rocks The rock in this picture was collected on a beach near Kenai, Alaska. Rocks on many beaches in Alaska are made of quartz because quartz is a hard mineral that resists weathering. The rocks break off older rocks forming new rocks with sharp edges. Rolling around in rivers and on the seashore the sharp edges break off to form smooth rounded rocks. The small chunks of quartz that broke off this rock formed grains of sand. 7 Petrified wood Petrified wood is a fossil wood that forms when wood is buried under sediment. All the organic material in the wood has been replaced with minerals while retaining the original structure of the wood. The plant s cells decay as mineral rich water flows through the sediment covering the wood. The water deposits minerals in place of the cells in the wood. The wood is preserved as a mineralized fossil. The process preserves the original structure of the wood in all its detail. Notice the grain of the wood in the picture. 8 Coal Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground in open pit mines or in underground coal mines. It burns readily and is black or brownish-black in color. Bituminous coal and lignite coal are sedimentary rocks that are softer forms of coal. Coal is primarily made of carbon and other elements. Higher grades of coal contain more carbon than lower grades. Anthracite coal, a metamorphic rock, is almost pure carbon. Coal is the largest single source of fuel for the generation of electricity through out the world. Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of burning coal. Global warming has been linked to the burning of this fuel. 7

10 9 Limestone Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of the mineral calcite. The oolitic limestone in this set is a chemical limestone rock. The word oolite is derived from an ancient Greek word for egg. The rocks reminded people of fish eggs. The individual grains form around a tiny particles of sand. The sand particles roll around in areas of high tides where the seas are supersaturated with calcite. Layers of calcite build up on the sand particles forming small spheres. Oolitic sand is often used in fish tanks to cover the bottom of the aquariums. 10 Schist (SHIST) Schists are medium-grade metamorphic rocks. They contain at least 50% flat and elongated minerals. The individual grains in the rocks are large enough to be seen by the unaided eye. Schist is a foliated rock with grains that split off into flakes or slabs. Schist is part of a series of rocks that are created when minerals in the rocks recrystallize due to increasing heat and pressure when crustal plates collide. 11 Serpentinite (SUR-pen-tin-ite) Peridotite in the Earth s upper mantle transforms into serpentine minerals. Serpentinite is a rock made from one or more serpentine minerals. The geological process that transforms peridotite into serpentinite uses large quantities of water that destroys the original structure of the rock. Serpentinite is a low grade metamorphic rock that forms in the ring of subduction zones surrounding the Pacific Ocean. 12 Marble Marble is a metamorphic rock that forms when plates collide. Limestone turns into marble when enough heat and pressure exerted on the rocks causes them to recrystallize without melting. Pure limestone changes into white marble. Swirls and veins in colored marble form when clay, silt, sand, iron oxides and chert are present in the limestone. Serpentine gives marble a green color. 8