Attention Parents & Teachers Front cover Textbooks and teacher s manuals by Myrna Martin Hands-on activity books by Myrna Martin Copyright

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1 Attention Parents & Teachers The National Science Education Standards have established a set of goals for all children. The goals include focusing on student understanding and use of hands-on activities that teach the inquiry process. Lessons and activities in this manual are designed to meet these National Science Education Standards for Earth Science. The publisher and author have made every reasonable effort to ensure that the experiments and activities in this book are safe when conducted as instructed. Front cover The cover photo is a cove on the island of Maui. The picture was taken on the road to Hana, Hawaii. Textbooks and teacher s manuals by Myrna Martin Earth Science Student textbook Level 1 & 2 Earth Science Teacher s manual Level 1 & 2 Earthquakes Student textbook Level 1 & 2 Earthquakes Teacher s manual Level 1 & 2 Igneous Rocks Student textbook Level 1 & 2 Igneous Rocks Teacher s manual Level 1 & 2 Metamorphic Rocks Student textbook Level 1 Minerals Student textbook Level 1 Oceans Student textbook Level 2 Rock and Mineral Identification Field Guide Rock Cycle Student textbook Level 1 & 2 Rock Cycle Teacher s manual Level 1 & 2 Sedimentary Rocks Student textbook Level 1 Space Student textbook Level 2 Volcano Student textbook Level 1 & 2 Volcano Teacher s manual Level 1 & 2 Hands-on activity books by Myrna Martin Dinosaur Hands-on Activities Earth Science Hands-on Activities Earthquake Hands-on Activities Rock Cycle Hands-on Activities Volcano Hands-on Activities Copyright 2004 Ring of Fire Science Company LLC Revised ebook edition Revised printed books 2005, 2007, 2010 and All pictures in this book are by the author or her son Brett Martin unless otherwise noted. The copyrighted pictures by Myrna and Brett Martin are the property of Ring of Fire Science Company LLC. Notice Permission is hereby granted to the individual purchaser to reproduce student materials in this book for non-commercial individual or classroom use only. No part of this publication may be reproduced for storage in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means - electronic, mechanical, and recording, etc. - without written permission of the publisher. Reproduction of these materials for an entire school or school system is strictly prohibited. Published by Ring of Fire P.O. Box 489 Scio, Oregon USA Office: (503) Fax: (503) Catalog/Orders myrna@ringoffirescience.com Website: Website:

2 Table of Contents How to use this book...1 Lesson 1 Introduction...2 Quiz Earth s Rocks...6 Lesson 2 The Earth...11 Quiz Pizza of the Earth...15 Lesson 3 Plate Tectonics...17 Quiz Magnetic Seafloors...21 Lesson 4 Igneous Rocks...24 Quiz Magnetic Cereals...28 Lesson 5 Sedimentary Rocks...31 Quiz Coarse Look at Sand...35 Lesson 6 Metamorphic Rocks...38 Quiz Modeling Gneiss...42 Lesson 7 Minerals...45 Quiz Crystal Mobile...50 Lesson 8 Volcanoes...53 Quiz Volcanic Eruptions...57 Lesson 9 Volcanoes Worldwide...60 Quiz Pyroclastic Eruptions...64

3 Lesson 10 Earthquakes...67 Quiz Fault Blocks...71 Lesson 11 Seismic Waves...73 Quiz P waves & S waves...77 Lesson 12 The Oceans...79 Quiz Tsunami Waves...83 Lesson 13 Marine Habitats...86 Quiz Earth Science Links...90 Lesson 14 The Atmosphere...92 Quiz Layers of the Atmosphere...96 Lesson 15 Storms...98 Quiz Barometer Lesson 16 Earth Science Review Quiz Earth Science Map Answer Key Glossary Bibliography Books by Myrna Martin About the Author...125

4 How to Use This Book Earth Science Level 2 is designed for students in middle school and high school. The book contains 16 lessons, quizzes and hands-on activities. The lessons will take around an hour to complete depending on the time to complete each of the hands-on activities that accompany each lesson. Students that complete three lessons per week and do a final test project will complete the unit in 6 weeks. Students should complete three of these units in a semester for a high school Earth Science semester of credit. Students who complete six units earn a full year of Earth Science credit. Parents with students in several grades can decide if they want a shorter version of this book which is available in Level 1. Level 1 units are designed to be completed in one month. Contact Myrna Martin by for more information. myrna@ringoffirescience.com. Students will be learning about twelve different rocks that are commonly found on our planet. In prior editions, a set of rocks was required to complete the textbook. This ebook has been revised so that students can learn about the rocks discussed in this book and complete all the activities without purchasing a set of rocks. Students should take the Pretest in Lesson 1 before starting the unit on Earth Science. Students are not expected to know the answers to most of the questions in the pretest prior to starting the unit. The answers to the pretest questions are covered in the lessons that follow. The Answer Key is located at the back of the book. After taking the Pretest students should complete the rest of Lesson 1. The rest of the lessons in the book can be completed in the order they are written. Students should be able to finish Level 2 Earth Science in six weeks if they complete three lessons per week. Three units per semester and six units in a year. Each lesson and unit contains stand-alone information. Students may compete the units and the lessons in any other they prefer. 2

5 Introduction Lesson 1 E arth Science is especially important in the twenty-first century because the quality of our life on this planet depends on our understanding of the processes and interactions that can affect life on the planet. Earth science combines information from geology, oceanography, meteorology, biology, chemistry and physics in the study of our planet. The understanding of what has happened in the past will help us in the future. Today we use an enormous amount of energy to sustain our way of life. We derive most of our energy from resources created over a very long period of time. Today we are beginning to use not only fossil fuels, but solar, hydro, and wind power. The procurement and use of these types of fuel are a direct result of research by Earth scientists. Most of the water on Earth is located in the oceans. People use the oceans as a place to obtain food, dump waste and travel from one place to another. Oceanographers are working to understand and maintain the great resources found in the oceans. The great fisheries on our planet have seen significant declines in the number and variety of fish available for food due to over fishing. Through scientific research and planning, some fisheries have recovered allowing commercial fishermen to catch enough fish to meet people s needs. Oceanographers studying black and white smokers located on the ocean floor are finding exotic new sea life. They have also located areas where significant amounts of Jan Morton, an oceanographer, getting ready to enter the Alvin, a submersible that studies the ocean floors. Photo by USGS minerals are located that may be used in the future. Other researchers study coral reefs because the reefs provide important habitat for fish and other marine organisms. Enough clean water for people to drink is becoming more difficult to maintain as the world population increases. Farmers also need water to irrigate their crops so people will have enough food to eat. Manufactures and other businesses require large amounts of water to produce the goods we use in our everyday life. The job of many hydrologists is to find and maintain water resources for each of these vital areas of our life. They are 3

6 constantly monitoring water resources and studying ground water so we will have a sustainable amount of water in the future. Meteorologists daily study weather patterns using satellite images and computer drawings of the Earth to forecast the weather. They are able to predict floods, hurricanes, tornadoes and blizzards with greater accuracy using these maps. Scientists tracking major hurricanes giving people more time to evacuate when a storm is coming ashore. It is especially important to people living in lowing lying areas when a storm surge brings severe flooding. The invention of Doppler radar has given meteorologists a new tool to predict when and where tornadoes occur. Doppler radar helps save lives by warning people of possible bad weather before it happens. They also send out warnings when a tornado touches down and the path it is taking. Prediction of floods and flood controls have helped save people s lives and possessions as meteorologists monitor the weather, rain and snow packs. Scientists use dams to help control floods along rivers. They hold back or release water into rivers depending on the amount of rain that has fallen in the area. Scientists sample fumaroles on Mount Baker to see if there is a change in the gas emissions, which might give a clue to a possible eruption in the future. Photo by CVO/USGS Many geologists spend most of their time studying the rocks on our planet. Knowing the formation and characteristics of rocks helps them find vital natural resources. Geologists drilling for oil study core samples of rocks to determine if there is abundant oil in an area. Minerals used to make computers, cars, telephones and CDs are the direct result of scientists working in the field and laboratories around the world to make our world a better place to live. The manufacture of synthetic minerals is a multibillion-dollar business worldwide. Diamonds and garnets are two minerals synthetically produced in laboratories. Automobile, aerospace and electronics industries use synthetic diamonds drilling bits, diamond saws and sand paper. Computers use silicone-on-sapphire microchips. Lasers use garnets for cutting, drilling and welding. The military uses garnets in rangefinder lasers and target destination lasers. 4