GEOMAGNETISM, PALEOMAGNETISM, MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY
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1 GEOMAGNETISM, PALEOMAGNETISM, MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY
2 defini&ons Geomagne7sm studies the current magne&c field of Earth Paleomagne7sm studies the ancient magne&c field of Earth, as recorded in rocks Magne7c Stra7graphy takes advantage of magne&c proper&es of rocks to subdivide the rock record in dis&nct stra&graphic units
3 Geomagne&sm (a quick review) Studied when discussing Plate Tectonics Core, mantle, crust Outer core is made of spinning liquid iron: metallic bond electrons in mo&on generate electric current electric current generates electromagne&c field
4 Earths magne&c field today
5 The magne&c field can be recorded in rocks Best record is in extrusive, Fe-rich igneous rocks Many rocks contain minerals that are naturally magne&c, such as magne&te (Fe 3 O 4 ) hema&te (Fe 2 O 3 )
6 Magne7c proper7es recorded in rocks Every single point on Earth is characterized by its own specific magne&c proper&es, which can be recorded in rocks Declina&on angle between the true north (that is, the NP) and the magne&c North (NMP). Inclina&on angle between the direc&on of the magne&c field and the horizontal surface Intensity how strong the field is in a rock
7 The North Magne&c Pole (NMP) does not coincide with the geographic North Pole (NP) The posi&on of the NMP varies yearly
8 Inclina&on
9 Declina&on
10 When minerals become oriented in the direc&on of the magne&c field of the &me, they are said to have acquired a PERMANENT MAGNETIZATION In general, there are three different ways in which permanent magne&za&on can be obtained: Thermal Remanent Magne&za&on (TRM) Detrital Remanent Magne&za&on (DRM) Chemical Remanent Magne&za&on (CRM)
11 TRM During the process of igneous rocks solidifica&on, magma (or lava) cool to a solid state Every mineral solidifies at its own temperature AXer solidifica&on, cooling may con&nue below a threshold value, called the Curie Point In the interval between the solidifica&on temperature and the Curie Point, magne&za&on can be changed Below the Curie Point, it becomes permanent
12 temperature of solidification melt (magma or lava) solid rock (magnetization is not fixed) solid rock (magnetization is permanent) Curie Point in a mafic igneous rock, crystals (such as amphiboles and pyroxenes) will orient themselves in the direc&on of the magne&c field upon cooling when temperature drops below the Curie Point, that is it: magne&za&on is LOCKED in the crystal
13 TRM is very important in basal&c lavas because: they are rich in iron that means a lot of magne&c indicators they cool quickly that means that the &me frame is very short
14 DRM Sedimentary rocks can acquire a DRM when magne&c grains (for instance, sand grains of magne&te) are eroded, transported and then deposited for instance, in a river bar, grains of magne&te can be realigned in the direc&on of the magne&c field DRM is always weaker than TRM
15 CRM When hema&te is deposited as a cement or is moved around during metamorphism, it can acquire the direc&on of the magne&c field No&ce that in this case, the CRM belongs to the cement, and not the original sediment (or rock)
16 While the NMP oscillates around the NP, sta&s&cally (on a geological &me scale) it can be said that the two coincide But, the magne&c field flips the NMP switches with the SMPO, and viceversa the needle of a compass would point South instead of North
17 Today, the compass needle points North we call this a Normal Magne&c Field At &mes in the past, the compass needle pointed South we call this a Reverse Magne&c Field
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19 Reversal are of great u&lity in geology because: they are synchronous they happen at the same &me at all loca&ons they are global the whole world is affected at the same &me
20 As such, reversals are a great tool for CORRELATION A geomagne&c scale has been established The basic unit is called a Chron Chron starts form today (Chron 1 Normal, or C1N) and go back in &me
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Q. How do we know about the Earth s history? A. The ROCKS tell us stories Q. What happened here? Q. What happened here? Q. What happened here? Vocabulary word: Uniformitarianism the scientific rule that