Higher Level Geography JC-Learn. JC-Learn. Geography Higher Level 2012 Exam Answers

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1 JC-Learn Geography Higher Level 2012 Exam Answers 1

2 Section 1 1. (i) Granite (ii)an igneous (iii)wicklow 2. (i) Focus (ii) Tsunami (iii) Richter/ Mercalli/ MMS 3. X Y A 4 B 3 C 2 D 1 4. (i) True (ii) False (iii) True 5. Bakery, factory worker, cabinet maker, brewer 6. (i) Warm (ii) Cold (iii) North Atlantic Drift 7. 1, 3, 5 8. Oxbow - C Waterfall - D Floodplain - A 9A. Tombolo, Spit, Bar OR 9B. Eskers, moraines, drumlins 10A. (i) True (ii) True (iii) False 2

3 OR 10B. (i) 2007 (ii) 2008 (iii) 5.4M 11A. 2, 3, 5 OR 11B. A - terraced B - detached C - semi detached 12. Birth and death rates are high 13. Cutting silage, milking, ploughing 14. Graph completed March to 8, June to 12, August to , 4, (i) Push (ii) Pull (iii) Pull 17. North west 18. X Y A 2 B 3 C 4 D Agricultural 20. M 936/7 993/4 3

4 Section 2 Question 1 A. (i) The type of rainfall shown in the diagram is convectional rainfall. (ii) This is caused by the sun heating the earth s surface. Warm air rises as it is less dense. The rising warm air, which contains water vapour, cools and condenses to form clouds. If the air is hot enough, it rises quickly and can cause thunderstorms. B. (i) An example of a volcano is Mt. St Helens (ii) As we can see in the diagram above, the plates are seperating and something is preparing to come up through the cracks. When plates are separating, volcanic mountains may form. Magma moves up through the earth through a vent. When magma moves out of volcano, it does so through the crater The magma reaches surface and cools, becoming lava 4

5 When a volcano erupts, other material can be ejected (like ash, steam, rock bombs etc.). Over time, the lava flows build-up to form a cone-shaped volcanic mountain. C. Freeze-thaw action Weathering by frost is freeze-thaw action. It is most evident in areas that experience frequent temperature changes and a plentiful supply of water. How freeze-thaw action weathers rock: 1. By day, water seeps into cracks in rocks of a mountainous area. 2. By night, when temperature drops below 0 degrees Celsius, the water freezes and expands in volume. This puts pressure on the surrounding rock. 3. After some time, the continual temperature changes exert pressure on the rock surface. Eventually the rock crumbles and breaks down. The shattered rock is known as scree, and this falls to the base of the mountain. 5

6 Question 2 A. Waterfalls Waterfalls are created where a layer of hard rock lies over a layer of soft rock. When the water flows down the slope, the soft rock erodes faster than the hard rock. The soft rock is worn away underneath the hard rock creating an overhang. The water now falls rather than flows and the force of the falling water creates a plunge pool. Example of waterfall is Torc Waterfall (Killarney). B. (i) Irrigation (ii) Central Valley Project in California 6

7 (iii) This project generates hydroelectric power, which is used to pump water through canals to the San Joachin Valley - this is clearly a huge advantage as it supplies water to a large area. (iv) Temperatures here in California are very high, which results in high rates of evaporation. Because of this, the irrigated water that is left has a very high salt content, which can poison crops. C. (i) Killybegs and Kilmore Quay are two fishing ports in Ireland. (ii) Overfishing is occurring for many reasons; two of which are due to technology and the increased demand from consumers. Technology - In the past, fishing boats were mainly small and often used fishing nets made of natural fibres that fish could see. Nowadays: Large modern fishing boats (super trawlers) are often accompanied by factory boats (which process and freeze fish caught at sea). Improved sonar and radar equipment is used to locate fish. Large nets can catch many fish. Motorised winches are used to pull the fish on board the boat. Refrigeration has also improved at port facilities. Demand from consumers Fish is now seen as an important part of a healthy diet. It is a major source of protein and of healthy fats. This has increased the demand for fish. (iii) The following two measures would conserve fish stocks - Fishing quotas could be set. These place a limit on amount of fish each country may catch every year. You could also introduce minimum net mesh sizes, meaning younger, smaller fish can easily swim through. 7

8 Question 3 3A. (i) Ireland (ii) Brazil (iii) Pyramid B (Brazil) has a wider base than pyramid A (Ireland) for a few reasons. Pyramid B has a wide base and this tells us that birth rates are high here, in comparison to the low birth rates of pyramid A. Birth rates may be high in pyramid B due to a lack of family planning, traditional role of women in society, children are needed to look after their parents in old age, and children work from an early age to help the family. (iv) They provide us with the two following pieces of information: 1. Percentage of females and males of total population 2. Number of people in different age groups Both of these pieces of information represent a separate use of the population pyramid as they are each used in different ways. 3B. (i) I would locate the hotel on the large derelict site in the centre of the photograph. (ii) The first reason why this site is suitable for the location of a hotel is that this is a large level site. This would be ideal for the construction of the hotel and would also provide space for car parks and the provision of other recreational facilities, e.g. a swimming pool. Secondly, this location is easily accessible with access to major roads for anybody wishing to stay at the hotel. It is also accessible to other 8

9 amenities in Carrick-on-Shannon including the marina in the right background of the aerial photograph. 3C. (i) The type of climate at A is the Tundra climate. The type of climate at B is the Hot Desert climate. The type of climate at C is the Equatorial climate. (ii) The climate I have studied is the Equatorial climate. Location - It is mainly found between 8 north and 8 south of the equator. Examples of regions with an equatorial climate are the Amazon Basin in Brazil and Malaysia. Temperature - The temperature here is hot throughout the year, with an average of 28 C. There is a low range of temperatures, from 25 C to 28 C. The greatest range occurs between night and day. It is a oneseason climate. Rainfall - It has a convectional type of rainfall, which is heavy due to high level of humidity. Humidity is high due to high temperatures and evaporation rates. The region s annual precipitation often reaches more than 2,000mm.Thunderstorms can occur every day. Soil - Soil type is tropical red soil, which is not very fertile as a result of intense weathering. The heavy rainfall leaches out the nutrients from the soil, especially when the natural vegetation of the area has been removed. Flora - The natural vegetation of this area is the rainforest or jungle. Rainforests are dense with hardwood trees such as ebony, teak and mahogany. 9

10 A canopy (roof) is formed by the tops of the trees. The trees can block out the light to the forest floor. The taller tree (emergent layer) sticks up above canopy. The area between canopy and forest floor is the understorey. Fauna - The equatorial rainforests have a lot of different fauna., including snakes, monkeys and parrots. These animals all adapt to their environment. Monkeys can move through the trees easily and snakes can move around the thick undergrowth. Human Activity - The traditional way of life for people in these rainforests depended much on the flora and fauna of the area. The tribes adapted to the habitat and respected the environment. Large areas of the rainforest have been cleared (deforestation) to make room for cattle ranching, mining etc. Trees are burned to clear areas or cut down to become timber. The removal of vegetation means soil gets damaged, soil runs off into rivers and causes problems for boats, and the climate of the area becomes drier. 3D. (i) Hydroelectric energy (ii) The first natural factor required for the generation of hydroelectric power is an adequate supply of running water. Hydroelectric power captures the energy released from falling water and converts this energy into useful electricity, e.g. Ardnacrusha. The second natural factor that is required is suitable bedrock. Dams are heavy structures; therefore, they place great pressure on the underlying geology. The bedrock needs to be impermeable under the reservoirs. (iii) An advantage of renewable energy is that it will never run out; therefore, renewable energy sources such as wind energy and geothermal energy are sustainable. 10

11 Question 4 A. (i) Kolkata (Calcutta), India (ii) Overcrowding This is a major problem, putting pressure on available services and resources. There are also migrants who do not even have a bustee dwelling to call home and they live on the streets (pavement dwellers). This is clearly a huge problem as many people die regularly because they have no dwelling/ sufficient dwelling. Shortage of clean water Basic services are often lacking in this city. Availability of clean water is in short supply, especially in the bustees. People often use unfiltered water for cooking and drinking. Sanitation facilities are also very poor. This is clearly a huge problem as many people die regularly because of this lack of clean water. B. (i) One impact of industrial activity on the environment is acid rain. Acid rain causes damage to trees such as needle loss and root damage. Damaged trees die from diseases. Acid rain also causes damage to fish. Fish eggs are damaged when the ph of lake water falls below 4.3. (ii) The role of women in industry has changed over time in both developing and developed countries. The role of women in industry in Ireland has changed over time. One hundred years ago women in Ireland were tied to the traditional role of wife and mother and very few women worked outside the home. Women in general did not practise family planning. However, since the 1970s many changes have occurred. Free secondary education was introduced in 1967 and this increased education levels. As a result many women entered third level education and joined the 11

12 workforce with degrees. Gender equality laws were passed, which gave women equal pay and equal status in the workplace. As a result of these changes many women chose to work outside the home and were less tied to traditional roles. C. (i) The first reason why the level of economic development is lower in the south is colonialism. European countries have colonised the south for hundreds of years, e.g. Britain colonised India, and Spain and Portugal colonised Latin America. The colonisers exploited the resources and people of these countries, e.g. cotton from India was exported to Britain. In this way the colonisers became very wealthy while the colonies remained very poor. A second reason why the level of economic development is lower in the south is corruption. In many countries in the south money that should be spent on education and health care is spent on arms and war, e.g. Sudan. This lack of spending on healthcare and education prevents many countries in the south from developing. A third reason why the level of economic development is lower in the south is debt. Many countries in the south are in debt to foreign banks as a result of spending by corrupt governments. Foreign banks charge high interest on loans. Less developed countries find it harder to pay back even the interest on these loans. This increases the debt on the developing countries. (ii) Two ways in which this can be addressed is to implement fairer trading practices between the richer countries of the north and the poorer countries of the south and also to restrict developed countries interference in the national policies of countries in the south. 12

13 Question 5 A. 13

14 B. The first evidence of historic settlement on the map of Carrick-on- Shannon is Stone Age settlement. This is the earliest historic settlement dating from 4000 BC. There are a number of megalithic tombs in the area. These large monuments were burial tombs for Stone Age people. A megalithic tomb is evident at G This megalithic tomb is located on gently sloping land close to Lough Eidin. There is also a standing stone on the map extract of Carrick-on-Shannon at M , which also dates from Stone Age times. Christian settlement is also evident on the map extract of Carrick-on- Shannon. Christian settlement dates from between 500 A.D and 1300 A.D. There are a number of early Christian churches in the area at G and M These churches are located in low-lying accessible areas. The holy well at G provides further evidence of Christian settlement. C. The first reason why Carrick-on-Shannon and the surrounding area is an important tourist destination is because it is an area of natural scenic beauty. Carrick-on-Shannon is built on the River Shannon. The River Shannon is evident in the background of the photograph. This would attract tourists interested in outdoor activities such as fishing and water sports. Boating activities are indicated on the Ordnance Survey map at M The presence of a marina in the right background of the aerial photograph suggests the importance of the river as a tourist attraction in the region. Lough Eidin at G provides further opportunities for boating and fishing. The second reason why Carrick on Shannon and the surrounding area is an important tourist destination is because it has many features of historical interest. The Ordnance Survey map provides evidence of a wide variety of historical attractions, which would attract tourists interested in history. There is a high density of ring forts, which date 14

15 from Celtic times in the area, e.g. M and M The moated site on Lough Eidin at G is also an important tourist attraction. The third reason why Carrick-on-Shannon and the surrounding area is an important tourist destination is because it has many amenities for tourists. There is a tourist information office in the town of Carrick-on- Shannon at M , which provides information for tourists on the local area. Recreational facilities include the golf course at G Hotels are evident along the banks of the river in the centre background of the aerial photograph. 15