2010 Exam + Answers Geography Exam Answers JC-Learn. JC-Learn. Geography. Higher Level Exam. 1 P a g e

Transcription

1 JC-Learn Geography Higher Level 2010 Exam 1 P a g e

2 Section A 1. THE EARTH S CRUST The map shows some of the earth s crustal plate boundaries. Circle the correct option in each of the statements below. (i) The area at A is a major earthquake zone. True / False (ii) The area at B is known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. True / False (iii) The area at C is known as the Rocky Mountain Fault. True / False 2 P a g e

3 2. SOILS The diagram shows a typical soil profile. Water, washing nutrients down through the soil, out of the reach of plant roots, is known as: Humification Hard pan Leaching Peaty soil Tick ( ) the correct box. Source: Enchanted Learning 3. RAINFALL The type of rainfall shown in the diagram above is: Convectional rainfall Relief rainfall Frontal / cyclonic rainfall Tick ( ) the correct box. Source: wikipedia.org 3 P a g e

4 4. THE EARTH AND ROCKS The picture shows an erupting volcano. Source: minyanville.com Circle the correct option in each of the statements below. (i) The volcano shown is dormant / active. (ii) The rock group formed here is igneous / sedimentary. (iii) The rock type formed is basalt / sandstone. 4 P a g e

5 5. ROCKS The photograph shows rock that has been weathered. Circle the correct option in each of the statements below. Source:wikimedia.org (i) (ii) (iii) This rock is sandstone / limestone. This feature is formed by chemical / mechanical weathering. An example of this rock can be found in the Giant s Causeway / the Burren. 6. WEATHER CHART Examine the weather map below. Source: meteireann.ie In the boxes provided, match each of the letters in Column X with the number of its pair in Column Y. One match has been made for you. Column X Column Y X Y A 1 Depression A 2 B 2 Isobars B C 3 Cold Front C D 4 Warm Front D 5 P a g e

6 7. STATISTICS The chart shows figures for the fishing industry in Ireland. Main Export Destinations for Irish Fish Products Other EU 15% Non EU 12% France 24% Italy 6% UK Germany 18% 7% Spain 18% Source: Eurostat Indicate which of the three statements are correct by ticking ( ) the correct box. 1. The largest percentage exported to any one country is 24%. 2. Equal amounts are exported to the UK and Germany. 3. The smallest percentage is exported to Italy. 4. More fish products are exported to Non EU than to Other EU countries. 5. Over 50% of fish products are exported to France, Spain and the UK combined. The correct statements are: 1, 2, 4 2, 3, 4 1, 3, 5 2, 4, 5 6 P a g e

7 ANSWER EITHER 8A OR 8B 8A. MEASURING WEATHER Several instruments are used to measure elements of the weather. Stevenson screen barometer thermometer anemometer hygrometer Campbell-Stokes recorder Use some of the words from the box above to fill in the blanks in the passage below. Temperature is measured using a using a. Both of these instruments are placed in a and humidity is measured to shade them from direct sunlight. OR 8B. MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS The diagram shows that a factory is a system with inputs, processes and outputs. INPUTS PROCESSES OUTPUTS In the box below, circle three items, which may be factory inputs. Labour Capital Waste material By-products Transport Manufactured products 7 P a g e

8 ANSWER EITHER 9A OR 9B 9A. COASTS Circle the correct answer in each of the following statements: Source: geocities.com (i) (ii) (iii) The feature labelled X in the photograph above is a spit / tombolo. This is a feature of coastal erosion / coastal deposition. Sand moves along the coast by a process called longshore drift / attrition. 9B. GLACIATION OR Circle the correct answer in each of the following statements: Source:geography-site.co.uk (i) (ii) (iii) The feature shown in the diagram is an outwash plain / a drumlin. This is a feature of glacial erosion / glacial deposition. Material carried by moving ice is called moraine / alluvium. 8 P a g e

9 ANSWER EITHER 10A OR 10B 10A. DAYLIGHT TABLE Sunrise and Sunset Table Time of Time of Length of Day in Date Sunrise Sunset hrs. Day 1 05:30 21:34 16: Months 07:58 18:23 10: Months 08:25 16:49 08:24 Use the table to answer the questions below: Source: gaisma.com. (i) (ii) (iii) Day 1 is in the season. In +3 months the time of sunset will be. The length of the shortest day will be. OR 10B. GRAPH DRAWING Origins of Tourists UK 35% Rest of Europe 25% USA 20% Asia 15% Other 5% Use the table to complete the graph below. Origins of Tourists UK Rest of Europe 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Data Source: Eurostat 9 P a g e

10 11. POPULATION DENSITY IN HONG KONG Indicate which three statements below are correct by ticking ( ) the correct box. 1. Hong Kong has a low population density. 2. Air pollution from traffic is a big problem. 3. The harbour waters are heavily polluted. 4. Hong Kong has plenty of open spaces. 5. Many of the people live in high-rise apartments. 1, 3, 4 1, 4, 5 2, 3, 5 3, 4, POPULATION MOVEMENT In the boxes provided, match each of the letters in Column X with the number of its pair in Column Y. One match has been made for you. Column X Column Y X Y A Emigrant 1 Religious or political persecution. A B A Push factor 2 A person who migrates into an area. B C Immigrant 3 A person who migrates out of an area. C D A Pull factor 4 A promise of freedom. D 4 10 P a g e

11 13. PRIMARY ACTIVITY The graph below shows the percentage of EU spending by farm sector. % of EU Spending by Farm Sector 45% 40% 40.0% 35% 30% 28.4% 25% 20% 18.0% 15% 10% 5% 5.4% 4.6% 3.6% 0% Beef Olive Oil Dairy Arable Fruit and Veg Other Source: Eurostat Use the graph to answer the questions below: (i) On which sector does the EU spend most? (ii) Calculate the total percentage spent on pastoral farming. (iii) Name one type of arable farming. 14. SOURCES OF ENERGY Name three sources of renewable energy. (i) (ii) (iii) 11 P a g e

12 15. REGIONAL INEQUALITIES The map shows the percentage of population that are undernourished throughout the world. Write down the percentages of population that are undernourished in the following countries. (i) (ii) (iii) In Ireland In Brazil In Mali 16. TYPES OF SLOPES Use some of the words in the box below to write the correct name of each slope in the space provided under each diagram. concave slope convex slope even slope compound slope stepped slope (i) (ii) (iii) 12 P a g e

13 17. ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP Study the Ordnance Survey map supplied. In the boxes provided, match each of the grid references in Column X with the number of its pair in Column Y. One match has been made for you. Column X Column Y X Y A S Railway Station A 4 B S Castle B C S Megalithic Tomb C D S Golf Course D 18. ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP Use the Ordnance Survey map supplied to complete the statement below. The R696 enters Carrick-on-Suir from a direction. 19. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH This bridge is shown in the aerial photograph accompanying this paper. Give the location of this bridge using the usual notation (right background, centre middleground, left foreground etc.) Location 13 P a g e

14 20. ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH This castle is shown in the aerial photograph accompanying this paper. Find this castle on the Ordnance Survey map and write down its location, using a six-figure grid reference. Location 14 P a g e

15 1.THE EARTH S SURFACE A. Mass Movement (ii) (i) Name one type of mass movement. Explain how this type of mass movement occurs. (2) (8) B. Weathering The diagrams show one type of weathering. (i) (ii) Name the type of weathering shown in the diagrams. Explain how this type of weathering occurs. Source: (2) (8) C. The Earth s Crust The world s plates collide and separate. (i) Name one feature formed where plates collide. (ii) Name one feature formed where plates separate. (iii)with the aid of a diagram, explain how one of the features named is formed. (10) 15 P a g e

16 2. CLIMATE A. (i)name one hot climate. (ii)name one temperate climate. (iii)name one cold climate. B. Select one climate and describe it in detail referring to temperatures and precipitation. (6) (12) C. Factors affecting climate include: Latitude Distance from the seas and oceans Prevailing winds Altitude Relief Aspect. Select any three of these factors and explain how each one affects climate. (12) 3. ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES A. Fishing The table shows fish catches (tonnes) in the Celtic Sea. Plaice Cod Herring ,212 12,035 18, ,356 10, ,287 8,268 (i) Describe the trend indicated by the figures in the table. (ii) (ii) Explain the term overfishing. (iii) Explain two reasons why overfishing occurs in Irish waters. (10) B. Secondary Industry (i) Name one manufacturing industry you have studied. (ii) Describe this industry referring to its inputs, processes and outputs. (10) C. Ordnance Survey Map and Tourism Using the ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP provided, explain two reasons why tourists might go to Carrick-on-Suir on their holidays. (10) 16 P a g e

17 4. GEOGRAPHICAL MIX Answer any three of the following questions 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D. 4A. An Unequal World Examine the map of the world. Source: wikimedia.org (i) Which area is more developed, the North or the South? (ii) Briefly explain why child mortality is higher in the South. (iii) Explain one reason why people might migrate from the South to the North. (2) (4) (4) 4B. Functional Zones in Cities Cities have different functional zones including: The Central Business District (CBD) Shopping areas Industrial areas Residential (housing areas) Open spaces. Explain the location of any two functional zones in a city you have studied. (10) 17 P a g e

18 4C. Population Examine the population pyramid for Ireland in Age Groups Ireland Males Females % of Total Population Source:US Census Bureau (i) What percentage of the population will be in the 80 + age group in 2050? (ii) Explain why life expectancy will be longer in (iii) Name two ways in which governments use population pyramids. (2) (4) (4) 4D. Rivers Name one feature formed by rivers and with the aid of a labelled diagram, explain how it was formed. (10) 18 P a g e

19 5. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH AND ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP A. Examine the AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH provided. Draw a sketch map of the photograph. On your sketch map show and label each of the following features: The river A recreational area A castle A church. (10) B. Examine the ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP provided. (i) Identify and give grid references for two rural settlement patterns shown on the map. (ii) Explain why one of the settlement patterns has developed at the location you have given. (12) C. Using the ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP provided explain two reasons why coniferous plantations are located north of Northing 27. (8) 19 P a g e

20 JC-Learn Geography Higher Level 2010 Exam Answers 20 P a g e

21 Section A 1. (i) True (ii) True (iii) False 2. Leaching 3. Relief Rainfall 4. (i) Active (ii) Igneous (iii) Basalt 5. (i) Limestone (ii) Chemical (iii) The Burren 6. B=3, C=4, D= ,3,5 8.A. Thermometer/Hygrometer/Stevenson Screen Or 8B. Labour/ Capital/Transport 9A. Tombolo/Coastal Deposition/Longshore Drift Or 9B. Drumlin/ Glacial Deposition/Moraine 10 A. (i) Summer (ii) 18:23 (iii) 8:24 Or 10.B. USA (4 sections) Asia (3 sections) Other (1Section) 11. 2,3, A=3, B=1, C=2 13. (i) Arable (ii) 22.6% (iii) Any Valid 14. Any Valid 15. (i) <2.5% (ii) 5-19% (iii) 20-34% 16. (i) Even (ii) Convex (iii) Concave 17. B=3, C=1, D=2 18. North West 19. Left Background 20. S 404/5 216/7 21 P a g e

22 Section B 1. A. (i) One type of mass movement is a landslide. (ii) A landslide is a rapid type of mass movement. Earth and rocks move down the slope at high speed under the influence of gravity. Landslides occur when the regolith (loose material) on the slope becomes unstable. Landslides can be caused by heavy rainfall but can also be caused by human activity. Human activities such as road building, quarrying or mining can under-cut the base of the slope making it unstable. B. (i) This is freeze-thaw action, which is a type of mechanical weathering. (ii) Weathering by frost is freeze-thaw action. It is most evident in areas that experience frequent temperature changes and a plentiful supply of water. How freeze-thaw action weathers rock: 1. By day, water seeps into cracks in rocks of a mountainous area. 2. By night, when temperature drops below 0 degrees Celsius, the water freezes and expands in volume. This puts pressure on the surrounding rock. 3. After some time, the continual temperature changes exert pressure on the rock surface. Eventually the rock crumbles and breaks down. The shattered rock is known as scree, and this falls to the base of the mountain. 22 P a g e

23 C. (i) Fold mountains, e.g. Himalayas. (ii) Mid-ocean ridges, e.g. Mid-Atlantic Ridge. (iii) Mid-ocean ridges This is a series of mountains that form on the ocean floor as a result of volcanic activity. In the Atlantic Ocean, there is a chain of mountains known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which formed because the American plate is moving away from the Eurasian and African plates. As the two plates separate, magma from the mantle is forced up through the gap between the plates. This magma cools and hardens forming a ridge of mountains This movement released magma, which formed a series of mountains on the ocean floor. This is known as a constructive plate boundary because two plates separate. 23 P a g e

24 24 P a g e

25 2. A. (i) Hot Desert Climate (ii) Cool Temperate Oceanic Climate (iii) Tundra Climate B. Equatorial Climate (Hot climate) Location - It is mainly found between 8 north and 8 south of the equator. Examples of regions with an equatorial climate are the Amazon Basin in Brazil and Malaysia. Temperature - The temperature here is hot throughout the year, with an average of 28 C. There is a low range of temperatures, from 25 C to 28 C. The greatest range occurs between night and day. It is a one-season climate. Rainfall - It has a convectional type of rainfall, which is heavy due to high level of humidity. Humidity is high due to high temperatures and evaporation rates. The region s annual precipitation often reaches more than 2,000mm.Thunderstorms can occur every day. C. Latitude Latitude is lines on a map showing distance North or South of the equator. Latitude effects climate. The closer a place is to the equator the warmer it will be and the further a place is from the equator the colder it will be. At the equator the sun s rays are directly overhead so it is hot. Polar regions are far from the 25 P a g e

26 equator and are colder because the sun s rays are at an angle. Distance from the sea and oceans Distance from the sea affects climates. Maritime climates are found beside the sea. The sea heats and cools more slowly than land. The sea takes longer to heat up in summer; therefore, places beside the sea are cooler in summer. In winter the sea cools down more slowly than land; therefore, places beside the sea are warmer in winter. Continental climates are found further inland. In summer land heats up more quickly than the sea making places inland warmer. However, in winter land loses heat more quickly than the sea making places inland colder. Prevailing Winds Prevailing winds describe the most common wind direction in an area. Winds have an influence on the climate of the region over which they blow. Winds influence the temperature of an area. Winds that blow from the equator are hot. Winds that blow over land are dry. Winds that blow over the sea usually bring precipitation. Ireland s prevailing wind is the South Westerlies, which pick up moisture from the Atlantic Ocean. Prevailing winds are also responsible for hot and cold ocean currents. Winds coming from the equator bring warm currents of water, e.g. the Gulf Stream, while winds coming from the poles bring cold currents, e.g. Labrador current. 26 P a g e

27 3. A. (i) The trend indicated by the figures shown in the table is that the numbers of plaice, cod and herring caught in the Celtic sea in the ten year period between 1997 and 2007 have decreased. In 1997, 1,212 tonnes of plaice were caught; this had reduced to 406 tonnes in The numbers of cod caught between 1997 and 2007 reduced by 7748 tonnes. Similarly, herring catches were also lower, dropping from 18,800 tonnes in 1997 to 8,268 tonnes in (ii) The term overfishing means that too many of one species of fish are caught and there are not enough fish left to allow stocks to recover through breeding. This means their numbers will decrease quickly and eventually fish species will disappear. (iii) The size of modern fishing vessels is one reason why overfishing has occurred. When these large fishing trawlers go to sea they are accompanied by factory ships. These factory ships process the fish at sea, which means trawlers can stay at sea for longer periods. A second reason overfishing has occurred is improvements in technology. Modern navigational aids such as echo sounders and sonar equipment are used to locate fish shoals. These fish are then caught by trawling or drift netting. B. (i) One manufacturing industry I have studied is Intel Ireland. Intel is an example of a light industry. A light industry produces light, easily transported products. Intel Ireland produces micro-chips for the computer industry. (ii) This factory may be viewed as a system with inputs, processes and outputs. The inputs include educated workers, water, silicon wafers and micro-technology facilities. Nine million litres of water are 27 P a g e

28 required a day for the manufacturing process. This water is sourced from the river Liffey and returned after treatment. The micro-chips are produced on silicon wafers. The manufacture of micro-chips involves using scientific methods; therefore, Intel workers are third level graduates. Over 300 processing steps are involved in the production of micro-chips. Firstly, the micro-chips are produced on silicon wafers using clean room technology. During the production phase, air in the clean room is changed every six seconds and workers wear special clothing to protect the micro-chips from dust. Electric circuits are created on the surface of each wafer using millions of transistors. The micro-chips then go through a series of tests before they are packaged. The outputs are micro-chips for the computer industry, e.g. Pentium 4 processors. These micro-chips are exported to markets all over the world. 25% of Intel s sales are in Europe. C. Historic Attractions Tourists may be attracted to Carrick-on-Suir because of the wide variety of historic attractions in the area. In the centre of the town there is a castle at S There are also the remains of a town wall in Carrick-on-Suir. Other historic features that would attract tourists to the area include megalithic tombs at S and S Recreational facilities Tourists may also be attracted to Carrick-on-Suir because there is a wide range of recreational facilities. The South Leinster Way is a marked walkway that runs along the northern bank of the River Suir and provides scenic walks for tourists to the area. There is a variety of forested areas, e.g. the natural woodland at S This type of forest is ideal for picnics. For tourists interested in outdoor activities there is a golf course at S P a g e

29 4. A. (i) The North is more developed. (ii) There are a number of reasons why child mortality is higher in the South. As a result of poverty children do not have a balanced diet and this leads to malnutrition. Under-nourished children are more at risk of catching disease and often die from measles or whooping cough. The lack of vaccinations in the South makes the situation worse. Another reason child mortality is high is lack of hygiene. A lack of clean water is a big problem in developing countries. Sometimes mothers use unboiled water and children suffer from diseases such as diarrhoea, which lead to dehydration and death. (iii) People may migrate from the South to the North for a better quality of life. Medical systems are much better and children receive vaccinations. In the North there is a higher life expectancy than in the South. People may also migrate to the North in search of educational opportunities. B. The city I have studied is Dublin. The Central Business District (CBD) is in the centre of the city. In Dublin city, the Central Business District stretches from St. Stephen s Green on the South side of the Liffey to O Connell Street on the North side of the Liffey. Shops, banks and offices can be found in the Central Business District, e.g. Bank of Ireland headquarters in College Green. Land values are higher in the Central Business District. Industrial areas are located on the outskirts of the city. Industrial estates locate on the edge of cities in areas with good 29 P a g e

30 access to transport. In Dublin many industrial estates have located beside the M50 motorway, e.g. Ballymount Industrial Estate and Sandymount Industrial Estate. Land is generally cheaper on the outskirts of the city. C. (i) 7.8% of the population will be in the 80+ age group in (ii) Life expectancy will be longer in 2050 because of further improvements in medical technology. New medical treatments are being developed, which will mean that people will live longer. (iii) Governments use population pyramids to help them plan for education. The population pyramid shows the number of children in the country and, therefore, governments will know how many schools and teachers will be required in the future. Population pyramids also help governments to plan for care of the elderly. They allow governments to plan for nursing homes and pension provision. D. The feature I have picked is waterfalls. Waterfalls Waterfalls are created where a layer of hard rock lies over a layer of soft rock. When the water flows down the slope, the soft rock erodes faster than the hard rock. The soft rock is worn away underneath the hard rock creating an overhang. The water now falls rather than flows and the force of the falling water creates a plunge pool. Example of waterfall is Torc Waterfall (Killarney). 30 P a g e

31 31 P a g e

32 5. A. B. (i) A linear pattern of rural settlement is evident on the map in grid square S Houses are built in a line along a third class road. Another example of linear settlement can be seen in grid square S along the R696 Regional road. A nucleated or clustered pattern of rural settlement is also evident on the map. In nucleated settlement, houses are built close together in clusters. A clustered pattern of settlement can 32 P a g e

33 be seen on the map in grid square S41 29 where a number of third class roads meet. Clustered settlement is also evident in grid square S (ii) The linear settlement in grid square S developed here because it is easy to access the town of Carrick- on-suir. The houses are built along a third class road that enters Carrick-on- Suir from a Northerly direction. This linear settlement is approximately 2.0 km from the town of Carrick-on-Suir. These settlements located here to access services such as education services (School S ), administration services (Garda station S ) and transport services (train station S ). People may work in the town of Carrick-on-Suir, meaning these settlements may have a dormitory function. C. Coniferous plantations may be planted North of Northing 27 as this land is not suitable for agriculture. Coniferous forests are planted on the slopes of Curraghadobbin hill S and Carrigadoon hill S39 28 as this is an upland area sloping from 50m to 300m. This region will have poor soils unsuitable for agriculture. Coniferous plantations might also be located in these areas to prevent soil erosion. 33 P a g e

34 34 P a g e