Overview of Uranium Geology and Production in Wyoming
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1 Overview of Uranium Geology and Production in Wyoming University of Wyoming, School of Energy Resources Forum on In Situ Uranium Recovery August 4, 2010 Robert W. Gregory Geologist, Uranium & Industrial Minerals Wyoming State Geological Survey
2 Historic Uses Coloring agent (glass) Research on radioactivity (pitchblende) Led to discovery of Po, Ra Half-lives Atomic structure Protons, Neutrons, Electrons Theories on nuclear energy Electricity Weapons Uses for Uranium
3 The Uranium Industry The Manhattan Project Germany was pursuing nuclear weapons FDR authorized the Project with cooperation between: Government Military Academia Private Industry Results: End of WW II Basics of infrastructure for nuclear power industry
4 Valuable properties of Uranium Radioactive Isotopes: 238 U % of naturally-occurring U 235 U % 234 U % Spontaneous fission Ł neutrons & gamma radiation Chain reactions Ł nuclear-powered electricity Dense metal
5 Uses for Uranium Radioactivity-based applications: Nuclear weapons Nuclear power for naval vessels Ł technology for nuclear-powered civilian electricity Medicine TEM Staining viruses, organelles & macromolecules Geochronolgy Density-based applications: Shielding Armor Radioactivity containment (depleted uranium) Projectiles Armor-piercing bullets, etc. Ballast
6 History of Uranium discoveries in Wyoming ~ 1918 Radium ore (research) Silver Cliff Mine, Lusk, WY 1930: Minnie McCormick found a yellow mineral in the Lost Creek area north of Wamsutter (Schröeckingerite) 1949: North of Sundance, WY, in Cretaceous sandstones 1951: Uranium found in Tertiary sandstone at Pumpkin Buttes (J.D. Love) 1953: Uranium discovered in Tertairy sandstone at Gas Hills, Wind River Basin (Neil McNeice) 1953: Crooks Gap 1955: Uranium discovered in Shirley Basin by Teton Exploration 1956: Little Mountain, northern Bighorn Range
7 Radiation Uranium (Physics and Radioactivity) Transfer of energy as waves or particles Radioactivity Measurement of radiation Radioactive decay Nuclear Radiation Produced by radioactive decay
8 α Alpha (particle) 2 protons 2 neutrons Nuclear Radiation Can be stopped by sheet of paper or plastic wrap β Beta (particle) 1 electron Relatively low energy Can penetrate ~ 1 of wood (very low mass) γ Gamma (wave) Electromagnetic radiation, similar to X-rays High energy (v. small wavelength) Can penetrate ¼ of lead or 3 of concrete
9 Nuclear Radiation Fission of Uranium releases: Particles Gamma Critical mass of 235 U Chain reaction one fission releases particles which then initiate more fission Controlled Chain Reaction creates the energy to fuel nuclear power plants 3% 235 U in nuclear fuel rods ( 85% 235 U in nuclear weapons)
10 Geology of Uranium Deposits Granite Concentration Of Uranium Granite 2 nd generation melt melting fractionation Basalt fractionation melting Mantle Time
11 Geology of Uranium Deposits
12 Conglomerate Deposits (paleoplacers) Concentrations of heavier sediments in an oxygen-free environment Most are derived from Archaean & Paleoproterozoic granitic orogenies Sediments transported from highlands to alluvial fans, stream beds, basins Examples: Elliot Lake, Blind River, Ontario Witwatersrand, S.Africa
13 Unconformity Deposits Highest grade Occur at boundary between basin sediments and underlying basement rocks 3 main deposition events ~ Ma ~ Ma ~ 380 Ma Examples Athabaska Basin (Rabbit Lake, McArthur River, Cigar Lake, etc., etc., etc., Saskatchewan/Alberta, Canada) Aligator River, Jabiluka, etc., N.T., Australia
14 Sandstone-hosted Uranium Deposits Very high tonnage but lower grade (compared to unconformity type) U transported by ground water U deposited as water encounters a reducing environment (organic matter or gas, sulfide minerals) Drop in ph results in precipitation of U minerals in pore spaces.
15 Prerequisites for a Sandstone U Deposit 1) Source of U - Precambrian basement rocks? - Tertiary volcanic ashes and tuffs? - Combination? 2) Coarse sands with good porosity and permeability 3) Ground water flow (naturally oxygenated) ideally channelized, high rate of flow 4) Reduction zone heavy mins., organic matter
16 Uranium Deposit host Rocks Wasatch Formation - PRB
17 Fort Union Formation - PRB
18 Wind River Formation, Puddle Springs Member Gas Hills
19 Wind River Formation Shirley Basin
20 Battle Spring Formation Great Divide Basin
21 Roll Front Ore Deposit Development
22 Geography of U Deposits - globally
23 Geography of U Deposits USA States with mineable resources States currently producing U 3 O 8
24 Geography of major U Deposits USA
25 Wyoming Uranium Districts
26 Wyoming Uranium Deposits (historic production)
27 Possible Future Production (in various stages of permitting)
28 Uranium Mining Methods 1. Surface Pit 2. Underground 3. In-situ Recovery (ISR)
29 ISR Header House INJECTION (H 2 O + CO 2, O 2 ) PRODUCTION (H 2 O + U) To ion exchange facility and mill
30 ISR yellowcake processing Ion exchange columns (+ soda ash) Resin recharge (+ salt) Elution tanks (add acids, hyd perox) Precipitation (adjust ph to precip)
31 ISR yellowcake processing Settling tank Filter press Dryer Loaded barrels ~ 700 lb
32 Thank You
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