... (1) The diagram shows how aluminium sheet is rolled to form foil of constant thickness. rollers source of radiation
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1 PACK G QUESTIONS 1. The three main types of radioactive emission are called alpha, beta and gamma. The diagram shows the penetrations of alpha, beta and gamma radiation. thin paper card aluminium lead concrete alpha beta gamma (a) Which type of radiation has the greatest penetration?... (b) The diagram shows how aluminium sheet is rolled to form foil of constant thickness. sheet rollers source of radiation machine to adjust pressure on rollers detector foil of constant thickness Which type of radiation should be used to check the thickness of the foil? Newton International School - Lagoon Campus 1
2 Explain why the other TWO types of radiation are not suitable. (Total 4 marks) 2. The table gives some information about the three main types of nuclear radiation. Use the information in the table to answer the questions that follow. Name Consists of Penetration Alpha ( ) two protons and two neutrons stopped by thin paper or several cm of air Ionising ability Charge: +/ /0 strong... Beta ( ) electron stopped by thick aluminium or thin lead weak... Gamma ( ) short-wavelength electromagnetic radiation reduced by thick lead or concrete very weak... (a) Complete the last column in the table. (3) Newton International School - Lagoon Campus 2
3 (b) Smoke alarms use a source of alpha radiation in a small chamber. The alpha radiation ionises air particles, causing a current between the electrodes. When smoke enters the chamber, the ionisation current stops and the alarm sounds. 9 V battery alpha radiation source alarm chamber electrode electrode State two reasons why alpha radiation is more suitable than either gamma or beta radiation for use in a smoke alarm (Total 5 marks) 3. The table gives information about three isotopes of carbon. Isotope Number of protons Number of neutrons carbon carbon carbon Newton International School - Lagoon Campus 3
4 (a) Use this information to explain the term isotope..... (b) The graph shows the relationship between the number of neutrons and the number of protons in a nucleus. excess neutrons 10 stable isotopes Number of neutrons 5 excess protons Number of protons Use the graph to decide whether each isotope of carbon is stable, has excess neutrons or excess protons. Place a tick ( ) in the correct box for each isotope. Isotope Stable Excess neutrons Excess protons carbon-11 carbon-12 carbon-14 (3) Newton International School - Lagoon Campus 4
5 (c) The diagram represents the -decay of carbon-15 to nitrogen-15. carbon 15 nitrogen 15 + Key neutron proton Complete the table. Nucleus carbon-15 nitrogen-15 Number of neutrons Number of protons Describe what happens to the carbon-15 nucleus in this decay. (Total 9 marks) Newton International School - Lagoon Campus 5
6 4. (a) Trees contain carbon-14 which is radioactive. The graph shows how the activity of 1 kg of wood changes after a tree has died Activity in becquerel Time in thousands of years Use the graph to determine the half-life of carbon-14. What fraction of the original carbon-14 is still present after two half-lives have elapsed since the tree died? Newton International School - Lagoon Campus 6
7 (b) Radio-carbon dating is a method of estimating the age of products made from objects that were once alive. The activity of the carbon-14 can be measured and a graph like that in part (b) used to date the product. Explain why this method cannot be used to date a tree that died less than two hundred years ago. A Roman village is found and excavated. It is thought to have been abandoned two thousand years ago. Seeds, wooden utensils and fragments of building stone are found. Explain whether each of these objects can be dated by measuring the activity of carbon-14. (3) (Total 6 marks) 5. Carbon-14 is an unstable form of carbon. It decays by beta emission into nitrogen. What is meant by the term beta emission? Complete the nuclear equation for this process C N (Total 4 marks) Newton International School - Lagoon Campus 7
8 He represents an atom of helium. What do the numbers represent? (Total 2 marks) 7. Radioactive substances can emit three types of radiation. These are alpha particles ( ), beta particles ( ) and gamma rays ( ). (a) Complete the following sentences. All three types of radiation can be detected using a... An alpha particle is made up of four smaller particles. Two of these are protons. The other two are... A beta particle is an... A gamma ray is a... (4) (b) Which type of radiation travels the furthest in air? Which type of radiation can be stopped by a thin sheet of paper? (iii) Which type of radiation could be used by doctors to trace the flow of blood around a body? (Total 7 marks) Newton International School - Lagoon Campus 8
9 8. (a) What is meant by the term stable isotope? How can an unstable isotope become a more stable isotope? (b) The graph shows the number of neutrons (N) plotted against the number of protons (Z) for stable isotopes. 120 stable isotopes Number of neutrons, N N = Z Line Number of protons, Z 12 How can you tell from the graph that 6 C is a stable isotope of carbon? Newton International School - Lagoon Campus 9
10 Describe how the relationship between N and Z changes for the heavier stable isotopes. (c) 14 6 C is an unstable isotope of carbon and emits particles from its nucleus. Complete the equation for this emission C 14 N Describe what happens in the nucleus when a particle is emitted. (Total 10 marks) U, a radioactive isotope of uranium, decays by -particle emission and has a half-life of years. It decays into a radioactive isotope of thorium (Th). Thorium itself is radioactive, decaying by -particle emission to protactinium (Pa), and has a half-life of 24 days. How would you explain the fact that for equal numbers of atoms of the radioactive isotopes of uranium and thorium, the count rates would be very different? Newton International School - Lagoon Campus 10
11 Explain why more uranium than thorium is found naturally (Total 4 marks) 10. Radioactive materials emit three types of radiation. These are alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays. All these affect photographic film. Workers who may be exposed to radiation wear a film badge. This indicates the levels and types of radiation the worker has been exposed to. plastic case lead shield aluminium shield paper shield film A (a) What will area A of the film detect? Explain your answer (b) Why is it important to check exposure to ionising radiations?.... Newton International School - Lagoon Campus 11
12 (c) Sodium-24 is a radioactive isotope which is used in medicine. The graph shows how the radiation emitted from a sample of sodium-24 changes with time. 200 Count rate in counts per minute Time in hours Why does the radiation emitted decrease? Use the graph to estimate the half-life of sodium (iii) Use your answer to to show on the graph how the count rate changes up to 60 hours. (Total 6 marks) Newton International School - Lagoon Campus 12
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