Students will distinguish the characteristics and components of radioactivity.

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1 Students will distinguish the characteristics and components of radioactivity. A. Differentiate among alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. B. Differentiate between fission and fusion. C. Explain the process of half life as related to radioactive decay. D. Describe nuclear energy, its practical application as an alternative energy source, and its potential problems.

2 Radioactivity Radioactive decay is when the nucleus of an atom changes, producing a new kind of atom; a new element. It is also called transmutation.

3 Radioactivity Radioactivity is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus emits charged particles and energy. Any atom with an unstable nucleus is called a radioisotope. What are the 3 subatomic particles? Which ones are found inside the nucleus? Radioisotopes spontaneously change into other isotopes over time. This process is called nuclear decay. During nuclear decay, atoms of one element can change into atoms of a different element.

4 Describe nuclear energy, its practical application as an alternative energy source, and its potential problems. Nuclear energy is an option for creating electricity. We get 20% of our electricity from nuclear power plants. We have a nuclear power plant in Georgia, Plant Vogel, south of Carrollton.

5 Advantages and Disadvantages of nuclear radiation (video) Advantages Disadvantages Efficient- one power plant can generate huge amounts of electricity Clean (low levels of greenhouse gases ) Technology is available Video clip- CBS news --Terrorists- would be catastrophic for the entire world --Meltdown- high risk --Nuclear waste- can be used to make weapons; it is dangerous to store --Uranium is a scarce resource

6 What is a meltdown? Nuclear fission involving Uranium produces large amounts of heat. The Uranium gets so hot that it can burn holes in materials used to produce nuclear energy. This can cause explosions.

7 Past meltdowns Chernobyl, Russia (video) Three Mile Island, New York/New Jersey, U.S. Fukushima, Japan

8 Problems disposing of nuclear waste Very small volumes of waste, compared to coal powered plants. However, it is much, much more dangerous. It takes 10,000 years for it to decay enough to be considered safe. So where do you put it while it decays?????

9 Some say Yucca Mountain is the answer. Yucca Mountain is in Nevada. It is dry, desert. Remote Very few people live there. It is far from any populated areas (about 100 miles from Las Vegas.) It is made of rock, which is difficult to penetrate. Videos: Nuclear Power Debate

10 Fusion vs. Fission Nuclear Fusion the nuclei of 2 atoms combine to form a larger nucleus. A small fraction of mass is converted into energy. Fusion occurs everyday on the sun when 2 H atoms come together to make He. Nuclear Fission The splitting of an atomic nucleus into two smaller parts. Tremendous amounts of energy can be produced from very small amounts of mass. This can be used to produce electricity.

11 Half Life Half life is the it takes for one half of the sample to decay. Half life is measured in units of, such as seconds, minutes, hours, days, years, etc. To see how much of a sample remains, divide the amount of time that has passed by the half life. Divide the grams of sample IN HALF(divided by 2) that many times. Half life elapsed= total time of decay half life

12 Example Suppose you have a 2 gram sample of Iridium-182, which undergoes beta decay to form osmium-182. The half-life of iridium-182 is 15 minutes. How much iridium-182 is left after 45 minutes? # half lives= 45/15 = Divide amount of sample in half 3 times. 1 st time: 2/2= 2 nd time: 1 / 2 = 3 rd time: (½) /2 = Answer:

13 Radioactivity 3 types of radiation Radioactivity is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus emits charged particles and energy. Type Symbol Energy Level Stopped by Alpha, ά 4 He 2 low Piece of paper or clothing Beta, β 0 e- -1 medium Thin sheet of metal Gamma, γ (wave of energy not a particle) high Lead or several meters of concrete

14 Types of Nuclear Radiation Alpha decay (ά)- a positive charged particle made up of 2 protons and 2 neutrons. Symbol: Subtract 2 protons (2 from atomic number) and 2 neutrons (total of 4 from mass number). Least penetrating; can only travel only a few cm in air. Can be stopped by a piece of paper or by clothing.

15 Beta decay-(β)releases an electron. (has an atomic number of -1) Symbol: Add one to atomic number, mass number stays the same. Electrons have no mass. Neutron becomes a proton. More penetrating than alpha particles because of smaller size and faster speed. Pass through paper, but stopped by thin sheet of metal.

16 Gamma decay-(γ)-a penetrating ray of energy emitted by an unstable nucleus. No mass and no charge. Same gamma rays as EM spectrum. Mass number and atomic number stay the same, but energy decreases. Usually paired with alpha or beta. Most penetrating. Requires several cm of lead or several meters of concrete.

17 Practice What is formed when Ra-222 undergoes alpha radiation? What is formed when U-238 undergoes beta radiation?

Ch Radioactivity. Henry Becquerel, using U-238, discovered the radioactive nature of elements in 1896.

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