Restraining Thrust Forces. DIPRA Member Companies. DIPRA Website ( DIPRA Computer Programs. AWWA Standards
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1 DIPRA Member Companies 1915 DIPRA Website ( DIPRA Computer Programs Thickness Design of Ductile Iron PIpe Hydraulic Analysis of Ductile Iron Pipe Thrust Restraint Design for Ductile Iron PIpe Design of Ductile Iron Pipe on Supports AWWA Standards ANSI/AWWA C104/A21.4 Cement-Mortar inings ANSI/AWWA C105/A21.5 Polyethylene Encasement ANSI/AWWA C110/A21.10 Ductile-Iron and Gray-Iron Fittings ANSI/AWWA C111/A21.11 Rubber-Gasket Joints ANSI/AWWA C115/A21.15 Flanged Ductile-Iron Pipe ANSI/AWWA C116/A21.16 Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coatings for Fittings ANSI/AWWA C150/A21.50 Thickness Design ANSI/AWWA C151/A21.51 Ductile-Iron Pipe, Centrifugally Cast ANSI/AWWA C153/A21.53 Ductile-Iron Compact Fittings ANSI/AWWA C600 Installation of Ductile-Iron Water Mains Restraining Thrust Forces AWWA Manual M41 Ductile-Iron Pipe and Fittings 1
2 Forces Causing Thrust Thrust Force Static forces (Internal pressure) Dynamic forces (Fluid velocity) Straight Run PA PA Thrust Force Bend Resultant Thrust: 90 Bend Restraining Techniques Pressure at 150 psi Nominal Thrust Pipe Size Force (in) (lbs) 6 7, , , , , ,506 Thrust blocks Restrained joint system Tie rods Combined systems 2
3 Types of Thrust Blocks Bearing Thrust Block Bearing Undisturbed Soil Bearing Area Gravity Bearing Area (ft 2 ) = Safety Factor Thrust Force (lbs) Bearing Capacity of Undisturbed Soil (lbs/ft 2 ) Soil Bearing Strength S B Bearing Thrust Block Soil S B (lb/ft 2 ) Muck 0 Soft clay 1,000 Silt 1,500 H t Sandy silt 3,000 Sand 4,000 T h Sandy clay 6,000 Hard clay 9,000 A = hb = T S B (S f ) h 1/2H t Bearing Block Construction Right Wrong T T 3
4 Thrust Restraint Gravity Thrust Block Gravity Block Gravity Block Size (ft 3 ) = Safety Factor Thrust Force (lb) Density of Block Material (lb/ft 3 ) Restrained Joint Force System PA = PA Tan(/2) + ½ PA Sin(/2) [ + ½ ]Cos(/2) 4
5 Restrained Joints Mechanical Joint Retainer Glands Set-Screw Mechanical Joint Retainer Gland Wedge-action Mechanical Joint Retainer Gland Restrained Joints 5
![characteristics aying conditions Soil Designation Clay 1 Coh-gran Sand Silt Good Sand Soil Description Clay of medium to low plasticity, <50, <25% coarse particles [C & C-M] Cohesive granular soils,](/docs-images/76/73150578/images/6-1.jpg "> 50% coarse particles [GC & SC] Sand or gravel w/silt, > 50% coarse particles [GM & SM] Clean sand, >95% coarse particles, [SW & SP] (deg) Consult Table 3 of thrust brochure for pertinent notes.")
6 Designing Thrust Systems Restrained Joint Force System Thrust Restraint Brochure PA = PA Tan(/2) + ½ A brochure outlining design theory and a design aid of restrained joint systems for ductile iron pipe. PA Sin(/2) [ + ½ ]Cos(/2) Restrained ength Dependant Upon Suggested Values for Soil Properties and Reduction Constant Pipe size Type of fitting Internal pressure Depth of cover Soil characteristics aying conditions Soil Designation Clay 1 Coh-gran Sand Silt Good Sand Soil Description Clay of medium to low plasticity, <50, <25% coarse particles [C & C-M] Cohesive granular soils, > 50% coarse particles [GC & SC] Sand or gravel w/silt, > 50% coarse particles [GM & SM] Clean sand, >95% coarse particles, [SW & SP] (deg) Consult Table 3 of thrust brochure for pertinent notes. f C s (psf) f c γ (deg) K n A21.50 aying Condition 2* aying Conditions Thrust Restraint - Research 12 MJ Pipe and fittings with DI retainer glands Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Railroad Cross Tie Bulkhead Movement sensing probes Measurement Trench Measuring Frame Probe Backfilled Approximately 3 of cover Type 4 Type 5 Section A-A Bedding compaction varied during test 6
7 Designing Thrust Systems Table B-5 Thrust Restraint Computer Program Soil Type: Coh-gran Soil Parameters = 20 degrees C s = 200 psf = 90 pcf A21.50 aying Conditions f f c K n A computer program to aid in the design of restrained joint systems for ductile iron pipe. t i Size (in) Depth (ft) A21.50 aying Conditions Restrained ength (ft) Restrained ength (ft) Restrained ength (ft) Restrained ength (ft) (112) 69 (79) 56 (62) 50 (55) (105) 65 (74) 52 (58) 47 (51) (93) 57 (65) 46 (51) 41 (45) (76) 46 (52) 37 (41) 33 (36) (64) 38 (44) 31 (34) 28 (30) (56) 33 (38) 26 (30) 24 (26) Horizontal Bend Multiplier Vertical Down Bend /2 Tan(/2) F s ½ ¼ PA Tan(/2) = S f F s Tee Extend Restrained Joints at: PA b Casings Bridge crossings r Aboveground applications b b = S f PA b -1/2 r Poor soil conditions ( ) b Closely located fittings b ( ) b 7
8 Combined Horizontal Bends Vertical Offset 2PA Tan(/2) 2 = S f - +1/2 1 2 Known Known 1 1 2PA Tan(/2) 1 = S f - 2PA Tan(/2) 1 = S f - +1/2 Combined Vertical Equal Angle Offsets Ff 1 1 2PA Tan(/2) 1 = S f - 8
9 Thrust Restraint - Closures 2 Closure 2 Closure 1 1 Thrust Restraint Deflected Joints Horizontal Bend / Vertical Up Bend Second unrestrained joint begin deflect PA = S f PA Tan(/2) + ½ PA Sin(/2) First unrestrained joint do not deflect [ + ½ ]Cos(/2) Tie Rods 9
10 Calculating Number of Tie Rods F = SA Where: S f T (X or Y) N = F F = Force Developed per Rod (lbs.) S = Tensile Strength of Rod Material (psi) A = Cross Sectional Area of Rod (in. 2 ) N = Number of Rods Required T (X or Y) = Thrust Force Component (lbs.) S f = Safety Factor (usually 1.5) Combined Systems Installation DUCTIE IRON PIPE THE RIGHT DECISION 10
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