of Pennsylvanian Marine Shale Beds from the Central Appalachian and Eastern Interior Basins
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1 Comparative 2014 Eastern Unconventional Oil and Organic Gas Symposium - November 5-7, 2014 in Petrography Lexington, Kentucky, USA of Pennsylvanian Marine Shale Beds from the Central Appalachian and Eastern Interior Basins Cortland F. Eble Stephen F. Greb Kentucky Geological Survey University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky USA
2 Investigation Goals Evaluate the organic composition of Pennsylvanian age marine shale units that occur in the Central Appalachian and Eastern Interior (Illinois) Basins. Total organic matter (TOC) content Maceral composition Level of thermomaturation Comment on the similarities and differences in shale bed composition from these two areas. Special Thanks! Alliance Coal LLC USGS
3 Eastern Interior (Illinois) Basin Study Areas IL PA IN OH MD WV KY VA NC TN Central Appalachian Basin
4 Basin Structure IL KY Illinois Basin Western Kentucky Coal Field IN IN IL KY aa aa aa scale 20 mi 30 km N OH KY bb OH WV Eastern Kentucky Coal Field WV VA Springfield coal structure elevation (m) > to to -150 < to -300 KY TN Fire Clay coal structure elevation (m) VA bb bb Central Appalachian Basin From Greb et al (2002)
5 Basin Structure Illinois Basin Central Appalachian Basin W E NW SE aa aa aa bb bb bb Caseyville Fm Tradewater Fm Carbondale Fm McLeansboro Group Conemaugh Fm Princess Fm Four Corners Fm Hyden Fm Pikeville Fm Corbin Ss Grundy Fm WS RCFS 150 m 500 ft 40 mi 60 km Bee Rock Ss Sewanee Ss WF IPFS Warren Point Ss Alvy Creek Fm Bottom Creek Fm Stephanian Westphalian D Bolsovian (Wes. C) Duckmantian (Wes. B) Langsettian (Wes. A) Namurian B/C EKS Langsettian/Namurian quartzarenites Pocahontas Fm From Greb et al (2002) Illinois Basin is a cratonic interior sag basin Central Appalachian Basin is part of a foreland basin
6 Central Appalachian Basin Core Location KY WV VA CBM Test Well 26 samples Shale Sample Well 11 samples TN
7 Lower Pennsylvanian Series Pocahontas Formation Pocahontas Formation Lee Formation New River Formation Bottom CrK. Formation Alvy Crk. Fm Core Interval Norton Formation 1000 m in SWVA Wise Fm Kanawha Formation (part) Grundy Formation SWVA SWV EKY SW Virginia S. West Virginia Eastern Kentucky Clintwood Blair Dorchester Gladeville SS Hagy Splash Dam Upper Banner Lower Banner Kennedy Naese SS Bee Rock SS Jawbone Tiller U. Seaboard Greasy Creek M. Seaboard L. Seaboard Upper Horsepen Middle Horspen War Creek Pocahontas #9 Pocahontas #8 Pocahontas #7 Pocahontas #6 Pocahontas #5 Pocahontas #4 Pocahontas #3 Pocahontas #2 Pocahontas #1 Squire Jim Matewan Eagle Bens Creek Little Eagle Lower War Eagle Glenalum Tunnel Gilbert A Gilbert Douglas Nuttall SS (upper) Nuttall SS ( lower) Iaeger Lower Iaeger Castle Sewell B Sewell A Sewell Welch Little Raleigh Beckley Little Fire Creek Pocahontas #8 Pocahontas #7 Pocahontas #6 Pocahontas #5 Pocahontas #4 Pocahontas #3 Pocahontas #2 Pocahontas #1 Squire Jim Clintwood Millard Glamorgan Little Eagle Hagy Splash Dam Elswick Upper Banner Lower Banner Naese sandstone Bee Rock sandstone Tunnel Stearns #3* Stearns #2* Livingston* Cumberland Gap* Section absent in EKY *correlations uncertain
8 Jawbone 1 Jawbone 3 Tiller Upper Seaboard A? Greasy Creek Lower Seaboard 1&2 Lower Seaboard 1&2 Lower Seaboard 3 Upper Horsepen Upper Horsepen Middle Horsepen War Creek (P11) War Creek (P11) Pocahontas #9 Pocahontas #9 Pocahontas #8 Pocahontas #8, L-1 Pocahontas #8, L 2 Pocahontas #7 Pocahontas #7 Pocahontas #6.5 Pocahontas #6 Pocahontas #5 Pocahontas #4 Pocahontas #4 Leader Pocahontas #3 Pocahontas #2 SW Virginia Core Samples Coal Thickness ft avg. = 1.4 ft max. = 2.2 ft min. = 0.5 ft
9 Coal Beds Jawbone 1 Jawbone 3 Tiller U. Seaboard A Greasy Creek L. Seaboard 1 L. Seaboard 2 L. Seaboard 3 U. Horsepen 1 U. Horsepen 2 M. Horsepen War Creek Pocahontas #9 Pocahontas #9 Pocahontas #8 Pocah. #8 L1 Pocah. #8 L2 Pocahontas #7 Pocahontas #7 Pocahontas #6.5 Pocahontas #6 Pocahontas #5 Pocahontas #4 Pocahontas #4L Pocahontas #3 Pocahontas #2 SW Virginia Coal Samples Maceral Composition COAL % mineral matter-free basis avg. max. min. Vitrinite TV DV + GV Liptinite Inertinite Vitrinite, mmf Liptinite, mmf Inertinite, mmf
10 Coal Bed Jawbone 1 Jawbone 3 Tiller U. Seaboard A Greasy Creek L. Seaboard 1 L. Seaboard 2 L. Seaboard 3 U. Horsepen 1 U. Horsepen 2 M. Horsepen War Creek Pocahontas #9 Pocahontas #9 Pocahontas #8 Pocah. #8 L1 Pocah. #8 L2 Pocahontas #7 Pocahontas #7 Pocahontas #6.5 Pocahontas #6 Pocahontas #5 Pocahontas #4 Pocahontas #4L Pocahontas #3 Pocahontas #2 SW Virginia Coal Samples Ro maximum, % % Ro maximum Average 1.10 Maximum 1.23 Minimum 0.98
11 Coal Beds Jawbone 1 Jawbone 3 Tiller U. Seaboard A Greasy Creek L. Seaboard 1 L. Seaboard 2 L. Seaboard 3 U. Horsepen 1 U. Horsepen 2 M. Horsepen War Creek Pocahontas #9 Pocahontas #9 Pocahontas #8 Pocah. #8 L1 Pocah. #8 L2 Pocahontas #7 Pocahontas #7 Pocahontas #6.5 Pocahontas #6 Pocahontas #5 Pocahontas #4 Pocahontas #4L Pocahontas #3 Pocahontas #2 SW Virginia Coal Samples Gas Content Scf/ton (as-received basis) average 286 maximum 452 minimum 111
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13 Orthoquartzites Breathitt Group Stratigraphy Major marine transgressive cycles Coal-clastic cycles (cycolthem equivalents) Corbin Ss Bee Rock Ss (Pine Creek Ss + Rockcastle Ss) Sewanee Ss Warren Point Ss C BR Se Wp Stoney Fork Magoffin Kendrick Betsie Dave Branch* Hensley* Dark Ridge* Princess Fm. 4 Corners Fm. Hyden Fm. Pikeville Fm. Grundy Fm. Alvy Ck. Fm. Bottom Ck. Fm. Pocahontas Fm. Middle Pennsylvanian Lower Pennsylvanian D C B Westphalian A 1350 m 650 m Laterally extensive marine shales Stratigraphic framework of Chesnut (1988, 1992)
14 Russell County, Virginia Shale Samples Total Organic Carbon, % (ft) Depth Dave Branch Shale Member Hensely Shale Member Dark Ridge Shale Member
15 SW Virginia Shale Samples Maceral Composition Depth (ft) SHALE % mineral matter-free basis avg. max. min. Vitrinite TV DV + GV Liptinite Inertinite Vitrinite, mmf Liptinite, mmf Inertinite, mmf
16 Depth (ft) SW Virginia Shale Samples Ro maximum, % % Ro maximum Average 0.97 Maximum 1.12 Minimum
17 SW Virginia Samples Maceral Comparison Coal N=26 Shale N=11 Vitrinite, mmf Liptinite, mmf Inertinite, mmf Coal N=26 Shale N=11 Telovitrinite Detrovtrinite + Gelovitrinite
18 % Ro Thermomaturation Calculated Ro from Tmax (Tmax * 0.018) 7.16 Calculated Ro maximum (Ro random * 1.07) Measured Ro random (avg. 50/sample) Sample Depth Rock Eval Tmax ( 0 C) Calculated Ro Measured Ro random Calculated Ro max
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23 Eastern Interior Basin Western Kentucky Study Interval
24 Carbondale Formation Carbondale Formation coals tend to occur in vertically repetitive, coarsening-upward sequences, called cyclothems. Cyclothems, which represent parasequences, are usually 50 to 75 ft thick. Carbondale coal beds are usually overlain by black shales. These black shales commonly contain marine fossils, and have high total organic carbon (TOC) contents. (from Greb and others, 1992, KGS Bulletin 2, Fig. 34)
25 Eastern Interior (Illinois) Basin Warrrior Cores
26 cm 37.0 TOC Profiles Western Kentucky Roof Shales WKY # 9 Roof Shale cm WKY # 9 Roof Shale Avg. TOC 18.0 % 34.0 Avg. TOC 20.0 % cm 53.0 WKY # 11 Roof Shale cm 91.0 WKY # 11 Roof Shale Avg. TOC 20.9 % Avg. TOC 16.6 %
27 cm 37.0 Maceral Profiles -- Western Kentucky Roof Shales WKY # 9 Roof Shale cm WKY # 9 Roof Shale Averag e V 7.8 L 55.2 I Averag e V 7.2 L 62.3 I cm 53.0 WKY # 11 Roof Shale cm 91.0 WKY # 11 Roof Shale Averag e V 6.3 L 44.7 I Averag e V 5.3 L 62.5 I
28 % Ro Thermomaturation 0.70 Calculated Ro from Tmax (Tmax * 0.018) Calculated Ro maximum (Ro random * 1.07) Measured Ro random (avg. 50/sample) Tmax Calculated Measured Calculated 0 C Ro Ro random Ro maximum Average Maximum Minimum
29 % Ro 0.70 Thermomaturation Rock Eval Comparison Laboratory A Laboratory B Tmax Ro Tmax Ro KGS KGS KGS KGS KGS Average
30 Colchester CBM Core P-42, Hopkins Co., Kentucky Shale 1.2 ft Coal 1.0 ft Davis Shale 0.3 ft Vitrinite (mmf) Liptinite (mmf) Inertinite (mmf) Coal 2.7 ft %
31 CBM Core P-42, Hopkins Co., Kentucky Roof Shale 1.7 ft % WKY #11 Coal 6.4 ft Vitrinite (mmf) Liptinite (mmf) Inertinite (mmf) Roof Shale 1.9 ft WKY #9 Coal 4.7 ft
32 CBM Core P-42, Hopkins Co., Kentucky Shale 1.2 ft Coal 1.0 ft Colchester Gas Content (scf/ton, as received basis) Shale 0.3 ft Coal 2.7 ft Davis
33 CBM Core P-42, Hopkins Co., Kentucky Roof Shale 1.7 ft WKY #11 Coal 6.4 ft Gas Content (scf/ton, as received basis) Roof Shale 1.9 ft WKY #9 Coal 4.7 ft
34 Roof Shale CBM Core P-42, Hopkins Co., Kentucky WKY #11 WKY #9 WKY #8b-1 WKY #8b-2 Colchester WKY # Vitrinite (mmf) Liptinite (mmf) Inertinite (mmf) WKY #11 WKY #9 WKY #8b-1 WKY #8b-2 Colchester WKY #6 Avg. TOC 25.5 % Avg. Sulfur Content 4.4 %
35 WKY #6 Colchester WKY #8b-2 WKY #8b-1 WKY #9 WKY #11 % Ro Thermomaturation Calculated Ro maximum (Ro random * 1.07) Measured Ro random (avg. 50/sample) Measured Ro bituminite (avg. 50/sample)
36 Telovitrinite Bituminite Bituminite WKY #11 WKY #9 WKY #8b-1 WKY #8b-2 Colchester WKY #6 Gas Content (scf/ton)
37 % Ro 0.70 Thermomaturation Calculated Ro maximum (Ro random * 1.07) Measured Ro random (avg. 50/sample) Measured Ro bituminite (avg. 50/sample) WKY #11 WKY #9 Colchester WKY #6 Tmax Ro Ro Ro calc. rand. bit. WKY # WKY # Colchester WKY #
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42 Summary Central Appalachian Basin Eastern Interior Basin Total Organic Carbon Low (<5 %) High (>15 %) Vitrinite Low (15 to 40 %) Very Low (<25 %) Liptinite Moderate (25 50 %) High (>50 %) Common Macerals Sporinite Bituminite, Bitumen, AOM Inertinite Moderate (25 50 %) Moderate (25 50 %) Common Macerals Fusinite, SF, Secretinite Micrinite Major OM Source Tereestrial Marine Thermomaturation Level Low to High Low to Moderate Reflectance (% Ro) 0.6 to > to 0.8 Tmax ( 0 C) 430 to > to 440
43 Summary Illinois Basin Central Appalachian Basin Marine sources and flooding from west and south Gray shales Black shales Coal Middle Penn Clastic influx from east Coal Lower-Middle Penn Lower subsidence More clays Higher TOCs Higher subsidence More silt Lower TOCs
44 Thank You
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