FUNDAMENTALS OF SEQUESTRATION IN COAL & SHALE

Transcription

1 FUNDAMENTALS OF SEQUESTRATION IN COAL & SHALE Dr. Jack Pashin Geological Survey of Alabama CAS/SME Fall 2010 Short Course 10/15/2010 Lexington, KY

2 MAJOR TOPICS What are coal and shale? Fundamental reservoir properties Petroleum and sequestration systems Basin evaluation

3 MAJOR U.S. Coal capacity ~65 COAL BASINS p y g Coal capacity ~ Gt CO 2 Shale capacity being assessed Williston Powder River Michigan Piceance Uinta San Juan Green River Denver Raton Eastern Interior Gulf of Mexico Illinois Black Warrio r Appalachian

4 WHAT IS COAL? Rock with > 50% organic matter by wt. Macerals Liptinite (type I, II organic matter) Vitrinite (type III organic matter) Inertinite (type (yp IV organic matter) Mineral matter Quartz Carbonates Clay minerals Sulfides

5 WHAT IS COAL? Proximate Analysis Moisture Volatile Matter Ash Fixed Carbon Ultimate Analysis C, H, O, N, S (pyritic, organic, sulfatic) Trace elements Petrologic Analysis Maceral analysis Vitrinite reflectance Gas adsorption (isotherm analysis) Desorption testing

6 WHAT IS COAL? Rank thermal alteration, calorific value Lignite Subbituminous Bituminous (hv A, hv B, hv C, mv, lv) Anthracite (semi anthracite anthracite, meta anthracite) anthracite) Grade purity Ah Ash content t Sulfur content Type composition ii Banded (bright, dull, bimacerite, trimacerite) Cannel Boghead

7 WHAT IS SHALE? Rock composed mainly of clay size particles (< mm) Mineral constituents Clay minerals Quartz Carbonates Sulfides Kerogen Types I IV IV Organic matter (typically % of rock by weight)

8 WHAT IS SHALE? Tight Rock Analysis Bulkand grain density Porosity Permeability Fluid saturation Petrologic Analysis Mineralogical analysis (XRD, SEM, thin section) Kerogen analysis Vitrinite reflectance Gas adsorption (isotherm analysis) Desorption testing

9 DUAL Cleated coal POROSITY Fractures Facilitate Flow Sheared coal

10 MOLECULAR MODEL - SORBED CO 2 courtesy Jonathan Mathews

11 SEM IMAGE, DEVONIAN SHALE Platy illite Illite lath Porosity of 1-3% typical; ~half gas-filled Framboidal pyrite

12 CO 2 PHASE RELATIONSHIPS Pashin and McIntyre, 2003)

13 GAS STORAGE SORPTION AND TEMPERATURE

14 FLOW IN COAL AND SHALE Darcian Flow Open spaces (Fractures and interstitial pores) Driven by pressure Fickian Flow (Diffusion) i Organic matrix/microporous framework Driven by concentration gradients

15 PETROLEUM AND SEQUESTRATION SYSTEMS Stratigraphy and sedimentation Structural t geology and tectonicst Burial history, thermal maturation Hydrocarbon generation Gas storage Basin hydrodynamics

16 PEAT SWAMPS

17 COAL AND CBM THROUGH TIME Pashin (1998)

18 POTTSVILLE CYCLE STACKING Pashin (1994)

19 CROSS-STRATA STRATA IN SHALE Core diameter = 4

20 Burrows Distal mudflows DEVONIAN SHALE Onlapped tilt block Overturned folds Core width = 4 in

21 BIOGENIC SILICA (RADIOLARIA)

22 DEVONIAN EUXINIC BASIN Pashin and Ettensohn (1995) NW SE

23 FAULTING AND FRACTURING Pashin et al. (2004)

24 FOLDS AND JOINTS IN DEVONIAN SHALE Core width = 4 in

25 GADSDEN CROSS SECTIONS Thomas and Bayona (2005)

26 SEQUATCHIE STRUCTURE OAK GROVE FIELD Pashin (2005)

27 ANTICLINE, FRYING PAN FIELD, VIRGINIA courtesy Matt Conrad (2005)

28 FACE-CLEAT APERTURE 50 m 3 k = a3 12s 100 md 0 10 md 1 md 0.4 mm V.E. = 5x 0.00 Pashin et al. (2008)

29 TRANSIENT PERMEABILITY after Palmer and Mansoori, 1997

30 ROCK CREEK PRESSURE BUILDUP TEST RESULTS PRATT COAL BLACK CREEK COAL Koenig (1989)

31 Alginite (Tasmanites) asmanites) Vitrinite (gray) Liptinite (dark) Inertinite (light)

32 VAN KREVELEN DIAGRAM

33 THERMOGENIC GASES Humic and Sapropelic sources

34 LOPATIN MODEL Eastern Gulf of Mexico Basin Pashin (2008)

35 THERMOGENIC AND BIOGENIC GAS

36 ADSORPTION ISOTHERM Langmuir isotherm V P = P V LP P L +P Pashin (2008)

37 ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS after Laxminarayana and Bustin (2005)

38 ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS Devonian shale Bayne Etheridge 36-9#1 Pashin et al. (2010)

39 Mineral matter matters! Pitman et al. (2003) COAL QUALITY Macerals matter, too!

40 SORPTION-RANK RANK RELATIONSHIP t lf Coas on, Gul Willisto er Powd der Riv Illinois i Appalachian Black Warrior San Juan

41 PRESSURE-DEPTH RELATIONSHIPS

42 CBM HYDRODYNAMICS Pashin (2008)

43 SHALE HYDRODYNAMICS Pashin (2009)

44 CONASAUGA SHALE ASSESSMENT Shale isopach CO 2 capacity Sorbed = 76 Gt Free = 68 Gt Total = 144 Gt Grace and Pashin (2010)

45 NET COAL ISOLITH BLACK WARRIOR BASIN Pashin et al. (2009)

46 MARY LEE RANK Pashin et al. (2009)

47 CO 2 CAPACITY Upper Pottsville 350 PSI Pashin et al. (2009) CAPACITY > 342 MT

48 CUMULATIVE GAS PRODUCTION Pashin (2009)

49 Acknowledgement SECARB Ed is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy s (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of ining.html The Southern States Energy Board is the Principal Contractor of SECARB Ed to DOE. ed.org/

50 Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United dstates t Government. Neither Nith the United dstates t Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United dstates Government or any agency thereof.