The biota in Icelandic Freshwaters
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- Claribel Hood
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1 The biota in Icelandic Freshwaters Sigurður Guðjónsson, Institute of Freshwater Fisheries Nordic WFD Conference 26. September 2012 Reykjavik, Iceland
2 Aknowledgements Many thanks to my colleagues helping me to put this together Gísli Már Gíslason, Jón S. Ólafsson, Guðni Guðbergsson, Ingi Rúnar Jónsson, Bjarni Kristófer Kristjánsson and others.
3 The habitat types in Icelandic freshwaters are very diverse Different types of bedrock Different climate in different regions Oceanic conditions vary highly around the island Environmental stability of freshwater and ocean habitat is different between regions
4 Ocean currents affect climate
5 Geology of Iceland
6 Hydrogeology of Iceland
7 Vegetation map of Iceland
8 Hydrological map of Iceland
9 Origin of chemicals in water Younger bedrock areas: Chemicals mostly originated from erosion of the bedrock. N- limited primary production. Very siliceous. High ph. Older bedrock areas: Chemicals mostly originated from vegetation and soil. P-limited primary production. Siliceous. Moderate ph. Conductivity (alkalinity) can be used as a coarse measure of the concentration of chemicals in water and in many cases on productivity.
10 Types of catchments Younger bedrock areas. a) Direct runoff rivers. b) Spring fed rivers Older bedrock areas. a) Direct runoff rivers b) Wetland heath rivers Glacier rivers
11
12
13 Run-off pattern of different types of rivers Spring fed river Direct runoff river Glacier river Wetland heath river
14 Spring fed systems Jón S. Ólafsson
15 Some are under a direct influence from geothermal activity Jón S. Ólafsson
16 Direct runoff river in young bedrock area
17 Wetland heath rivers
18 Wetland heath watershed
19 Direct runoff river in old bedrock area
20 Glacier river
21 Glacier river
22 290 km Svalbard 1600 km 970 km 435 km 812 km 460 km Iceland is far away from other islands and mainlands. Isolation for many species
23 There are exceptions There are no large freshwater crustaceans in Iceland In 1998 two new species of freshwater amphipods were found in groundwater springs in Iceland They survived the ice ages in subterranean groundwater systems Crangonyx islandicus Crymostygius thingvallensis
24 Þingvallavatn Vatnsvik Grímsnes Nautavakir Crymostygius thingvallensis
25 Icelandic rivers and lakes Diverse environment Few species (island, short time since ice age) Very special template for evolution. Species in more niches than elsewhere, where there are more species
26 Few species Crustacea Iceland Norway Great Britain Ostracoda Copepoda Cladocera Insects Simuliidae Chironmidae Trichoptera Coleoptera Ephemeroptera Plecoptera Scotland Fish
27 5 species of fish (42 Norway) Salmon Brown trout Arctic charr Eel (anguilla, rostrata?) Three spined stickleback
28 The evolution of 4 different morphs of arctic char in Lake Þingvallavatn
29 Lake Þingvallavatn
30 Freshwater species in Iceland Most species are plastic generalist Many species found in many different rivers or lakes Some patterns in distribution and abundance can be used to define types of rivers and lakes
31 River fauna In Iceland Run-off river, chironomid dominated Spring-fed river influenced by a lake, dominated by the blackfly Simulium vittatum Glacial river, chironomid dominated
32 Sampling sites in relation to the species composition (DCA analysis) Glacial and alpine 1 WJO-2C GEI-4 WJO-1C LAG-4 HRU-1 MID-1 GEI-3 WJO-6 WJO-2 WJO-3 REY-3 STR-1 LAG-2 JLO-1 HOF-2 FSS-2 STR-2 GRL-1 WJO-5 HOF-1 YRA-4 HAM-1 HRU-2 STA-4 SAT -2 YRA-1 DYN-1 VTV-2 FSS-3 OSA-3 GRL-2 HJA-3YRA-2 DYN3 LAG-3 HJA-1 SAT -1 HJA-2 GEI-1 NOR-1 SAN-1 STA-3 HUN-1 LAG-1 OSA-2 GRL-3 YRA-3 FOS-1 DYN-2 GEI-2 STA-1 NOF-3 VTV-3 NOF-4 HUN-2 STA-2 HOV-2 HOV-1 NOF-1 VTT -1 NOF-2 HAM-2 2 Sparse vegetation AUS-2 SAN-2 NOR-2 VAT -3 NUP-1 VES-1 LAX-2 GRE LAX-3 LAX-5 REY-4 REY-1 REY-2 AUS-1 VAT -2 TUN-1 GRI-1 VTV-1 OSA-1 LAX-1 LAX-4 NOR-3 MIF-1 LAX-6 GRE-1 NOR-4 ELL-1 Spring-fed 4 Well vegetated 3 VAT -1
33 2. CCA axis Environmental variables significantly determining the species composition in Rivers (CCA analysis) Glaciers Altitude GLACIERS ALTITUDE WJO-4 WJO-5 GEOLOGY WJO-2 WJO-3 WJO-1C WJO-6 WJO-2C JLO-1 GRE-1 GEI-3 GRE-2 GEI-2 GEI-4 HAM-1 STR-1 YRA-1 NOF-1 HAM-2 STR-2 SAN-2 YRA-3 HOF-1 OSA-3 HRU-2 STA-4 HRU-1 HOF-2 NOF-3 MID-1 NOR-1 NOF-4 TUN-1 LAG-3 STA-2 NOF-2 OSA-2 NOR-3 NOR-4 CONDUCTIVITY VEGETATION CCA axis GEI-1 SAT-2 GRI-1 FOS-1 NOR-2 AUS-2 VES-1 NUP-1 LAG-1 SAT-1 VAT-3 AUS-1 MIF-1 VAT-1 VAT-2 Lakes LAKES Vegetation Conductivity
34 WFD These differences can also be used to define reference conditions for quality classes for different types It will be difficult to define condition in the lower quality classes as they probably do not exist in Iceland. Low pressures - few people in a large country. Luxury problem? HIGH GOOD ECOLOGICAL STATUS MODERATE POOR BAD
35 Thank you
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