기후변화에의한자연재해위험저감방안연구 - 해안지역을사례로 (I) -

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "기후변화에의한자연재해위험저감방안연구 - 해안지역을사례로 (I) -"

Transcription

1 발간등록번호 NIER-RP 기후변화에의한자연재해위험저감방안연구 - 해안지역을사례로 (I) - 환경자원연구부자연자원연구과, 제주대학교지리교육과 1) 서울대학교지리교육과 2) 최광희, 신영규, 김지연, 김윤미, 정필모, 이지선, 김명진, 오길종, 최광용 1), 한민 2) Reduction of natural disaster risk due to climate change of coastal area (I) Kwanghee Choi, Youngkyu Shin, Jiyeon Kim, Yoonmi Kim, Pilmo Jung, Jiseon Lee, Myungjin Kim, Giljong Oh, Kwangyong Choi, Min Han Nature Conservation Research Division Environmental Resources Research Department National Institute of Environmental Research 2013

2 목차 목 차 목차 ⅰ 표목차 ⅱ 그림목차 ⅲ Abstract ⅳ Ⅰ. 서론 1 Ⅱ. 연구내용및방법 3 1. 주요해안재해사건에대한고찰 3 2. 사례연구지역선정및변화관찰 4 3. 인위적개입에의한해안변화 6 Ⅲ. 연구결과및고찰 8 1. 주요해안재해사건의역사적고찰 8 가. 병자년포락과 68해일 8 나. 태풍볼라벤 9 2. 고정조사지역의변화 12 가. 보령소황리해안 12 나. 서천다사리해안 14 다. 대청도옥죽동해안 18 라. 제주신양해안 19 마. 동해안조사구들 인위적개입지역의해안변화 23 가. 항만시설및잠제설치지역의해안변화 23 나. 곰솔림식재지역의해안변화 26 Ⅳ. 결론 30 참고문헌 31 i

3 목차 표목차 <Table 1> Monitoring sites in this study 5 <Table 2> Study sites to review artificial measures for prevention of beach erosion 7 <Table 3> Aerial photographs of study area with GCP errors 23 <Table 4> Comparison of beach width in Gusan area 25 ii

4 목차 그림목차 <Figure 1> Track of Typhoon Bolaven 3 <Figure 2> Location of study sites 4 <Figure 3> Photograph of Ayajin harbor showing '68 storm' in <Figure 4> Salt wind damage in Jejudo by Typhoon Bolaven 10 <Figure 5> Location of Hado beach and changes of beach profile after erosional event 11 <Figure 6> Monthly mean wind speed at sohwang dunes 12 <Figure 7> Changes on cation concentration by the distance from the high tide line 14 <Figure 8> Land cover changes at Dasari dunes 15 <Figure 9> Simplified vegetation map showing diverse communities 16 <Figure 10> Monthly retreated distance and wind speed at Dasari 17 <Figure 11> Monthly mean wind speed at Okjookdong dunes during the last two years 18 <Figure 12> Retreat of dune crest at Okjookdong dunes 19 <Figure 13> Wind rose of Shinyang dunes 20 <Figure 14> Changes of daily air temperature, soil temperature, and monthly wind speed at Osan dunes 21 <Figure 15> Vegetation change at Osan dunes during the last 3 years 22 <Figure 16> Coastline changes of Gusan and Wolsongjeong beach 24 <Figure 17> Changes of beach width along the Gusan and Wolsongjeong coast from 1991 to <Figure 18> Land cover changes at Dasari beach 27 <Figure 19> Coastline changes of Dasari beach between 1985 and <Figure 20> Comparison of map showing diverse communities 29 iii

5 Abstract Abstract Coastal landscapes have changed due to sea level fluctuations, tectonic movements, and human interferences, which are related to climate change. It is generally appreciated that natural disasters will increase by global warming. This study focuses on the development of strategies to effectively reduce the risk and damage of natural disaster possibly related with climate change. The basic purpose of the first year of the study was to review past disasters, and install and periodically inspect monitoring sites. In addition, we studied artificial measures against natural disasters, including coastal defensive structures, beach nourishment, and coastal forestation, comparing with natural methods. We have constructed seven monitoring sites in Sohwang, Osan, Okjookdong, Dasari, Goraebul, Hashidong, and Shinyang areas, where automatic weather stations, reference poles, vegetation quadrats, and groundwater wells were installed. We have regularly monitored them at each site by season. As the typhoon Bolaven passed by Jeju Island in August 2012, it caused a rise in water in association with the storm, wave run-ups, and salt spray but little rain in coastal areas. Consequently, the island was damaged by the salt wind along the eastern and southern coastlines. Artificial structures may have an unforseen adverse effect on adjacent beaches. Wolsongjeong beach in Uljin has been severely eroded since the construction of artificial submerged reefs at nearby Gusan beach. However, natural structures seem to be more effective in case of coastal disasters. Hado dune in Jeju Island, for example, was eroded by the severe storm wave of Typhoon Bolaven, but it recovered its original profile through natural processes in a year. iv

6 Ⅰ. 서론 Ⅰ. 서론 군항으로유명한영국의플리머스에서남동쪽으로약 30 km 떨어진곳에는 잃어버린마을 이있다. 잃어버리게된이유는해안침식때문이었다. 하지만 30 여채의집이있던마을을사라지게한진짜이유는 골재채취 라는잘못된결정에서비롯되었다. 약 120년전, 홀샌즈에는 37채의집이있었으며, 150여명이거주하였다. 모래와자갈로이루어진해빈과암석으로이루어진파식대가마을의터전이었다. 1890년대말, 영국해군은전함의규모가증가함에따라이를수용하기위하여항구의부두를늘리기로결정한다. 그리고 6년후, 조간대와그이하의바다에서모래와자갈채취가허용되었다. 1897년 4월부터골재채취가시작되어, 하루최대 1,600톤에달하는골재가채굴되었다. 골재채취로인한부작용이발생하면서허가는취소되었지만, 강력한폭풍이있었던 1917년이후마을은더이상남아있지못했다. 폭풍해일이만조와겹치면서파도가방파제를넘었다. 해일에밀려온자갈이마을을휩쓸었다. 이후홀샌즈는골재채취로인한해안침식의상징이되었다. 홀샌즈의교훈은오늘날우리에게시사하는바가크다. 근대화이후지속적인해안개발을통해해안의완충폭이크게줄었으며, 해안도시들은자연해안선대신인공해안선이더흔하다. 더구나기후변화에의한해수면상승으로자연재해규모는점점더증가하고있다. 우리나라의경우에도최근최대해일고의증가추세가신뢰할만한수준에서나타나고있다 1. 자연스러운변동과정의일부인해수면상승문제가, 해안지역에는매우중요한위협요인이되고있다 2. 지구온난화나해수면상승과결부시키지않더라도해안지역에는다양한자연재해가발생해왔다. 2002년태풍루사와 2003년태풍매미는동해안일대에매우큰재앙을일으켰다. 또한 병자년포락 으로대변되는 1936년의홍수사건과 1968년의해일사건 (68해일) 도매우큰사건으로기록되어있다. 이외에도해안지역에는이상고파, 폭풍해일, 지진해일등범람의위험성이항상도사리고있다. 조선왕조실록에는거의 100년에 10회정도의빈도로대규모의폭풍해일이기록되어있기도하다 3. 1

7 Ⅰ. 서론 최근에는이러한재해에대비하기위해, 해일발생에대비한대피경로와대피소가마련되고있다. 또한해안림조성, 해안구조물설치, 양빈 (beach nourishment) 등예방적차원의방어전략도다양하게제안되어왔다. 하지만이들중, 인공구조물에대해서는그효과성에대한논란이있다. 섣부른구조물설치가예기치않은부작용을낳아, 더큰피해를초래할수도있기때문이다 년에개최된세계자연보전총회 (WCC2012) 에서는 자연에기반한대응전략 이논의되었다. 자연방어물을이용하여자연재해에대비한다는개념이다. 하지만국내에서는이와같은연구경험이나자료가매우부족하다. 이연구는기후변화로일어날자연재해위험을줄일수있는전략을찾는것을목적으로하였다. 과거에발생한자연재해를고찰하여, 해안지역에서발생할수있는자연재해를유형화하고인공방어물과자연방어물의효과를비교하고자하였다. 이를위하여최근에발생한자연재해를추적조사하고, 장래연구를위한고정조사구를설치하였다. 또한인공구조물을설치한지역을대상으로그변화과정을분석하여, 구조물의효과성에대해논의하고자하였다. 2

8 Ⅱ. 연구내용및방법 Ⅱ. 연구내용및방법 1. 주요해안재해사건에대한고찰해안지역은기상사건의발생이나지진등자연현상에의해해수면높이가증가할경우, 여러가지재난이발생한다. 태풍, 폭풍해일, 이상고파, 지진해일등의자연재해는단기간동안급격한지형변화를일으키고인명과재산에피해를초래한다. 동해안의경우, 비교적최근에발생한태풍루사 (2002) 와매미 (2003) 에대한피해도있었지만, 그에앞서 ' 병자년포락 (1936년) 과 68해일 이라는대표적인자연재해가있었다. 이연구에서는이들에대해명확히알기위하여문헌조사를하였다. 또한최근에발생한태풍볼라벤 (2012) 이제주해안을지나가며일으킨조풍해와침식해안에대하여현장을답사하고변화과정을조사하였다. 태풍볼라벤의이동경로는국가태풍센터의자료 5 를참고하였다. <Figure 1> Track of Typhoon Bolaven. 3

9 Ⅱ. 연구내용및방법 2. 사례연구지역선정및변화관찰해안에서일어나는자연재해의발생과정을이해하기위해서는현장의자료가요구된다. 하지만대부분의기상관측소는해안지역에서수 ~ 수십 km씩떨어져있어, 풍속이나풍향과같이재해발생에중요한역할을하는기상요소값을그대로반영하지못한다. 가령보령소황사구의경우, 현장에설치한지상 3 m 의기상관측기기에평균 1.3 ~ 3.9 m/s의바람이불때, 보령관측소의지상 10 m 풍속이 1.2 ~ 2.4 m/s에불과하였다 6. 관측소가해안에서 5 km 정도떨어져있기때문이었다. <Figure 2> Location of study sites. (OJD : Okjookdong dunes, SOH : Sohwang dunes, DSR : Dasari dunes, SYD : Shinyang dunes, GRB : Goraebul dunes, HSD : Hashidong dunes, OSP : Osan dunes) 4

10 Ⅱ. 연구내용및방법 따라서이연구에서는해안의환경조건을파악할수있도록동해안, 서해안, 제주도해안에모두 7개지점을선정하여고정관찰지역을구축하였다 (Table 1). 각지역에는지형변화를모니터링할수있는표척을두었고, 기상자료를수집할수있도록소규모기상타워를설치하였다 (Figure 1). 이중소황사구의 2 개 (SOH-D1, D2), 옥죽동사구 (OJD), 오산사구 (OSP), 신양사구 (SYD) 는이전연구에서부터조사해온지역이었으며, 기기교체등조사시설을정비하였다. 다사리 (DSR), 하시동 (HSD), 고래불 (GRB) 지역은이번연구에서새롭게조사를시작한곳이었다. 식생에대한변화관찰은 1m2의방형구를기본단위로하였으며, 식물동정은이창복 (2003) 7,8, 오용자 (2000) 9, 박수현 (2009) 10 을참고하였다. <Table 1> Monitoring sites in this study 구분 관측지점 측정간격 해발고도 설치일 관측시작 지하수위 서해안 동해안 제주도 보령소황사구 (SOH) D1 사구마루 10 분 9 m D2 서천다사리사구 (DSR) 대청도옥죽동사구 (OJD) 양양오산사구 (OSP) 강릉하시동사구 (HSD) 영덕고래불사구 (GRB) 제주신양사구 (SYD) 곰솔림전면부 10 분 7 m D3 사구마루 10 분 9 m 곰솔림전면부 10 분 4 m 사구마루 10 분 35 m 사구전면부 10 분 4 m 사구전면부 10 분 5 m 초기사구 10 분 4 m 사구마루 10 분 13 m 개 개

11 Ⅱ. 연구내용및방법 해안지역의식생피복이국지적인환경과어떤관계가있는지를파악하기위하여, 퇴적물에포함된양이온을분석하였다. 시료는소황해안의두지역에서낙엽부식층을제외하고지표에서 10 cm 깊이까지채취하였다. 건조된시료를전처리한후여과 (Whatman No.2) 하여국립환경과학원의 ICP-OES(Optimer 5000DV) 를이용하여 Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Fe를분석하고, ICP-MS(ELAN 6100) 를이용하여 Ni의농도를측정하였다. 고정조사구에대한정기조사를통해지형및식생변화정도를살피고, 관측기기의이상유무를점검하고, 축적된자료를확보하였다. 조사주기는분기별 1회를원칙으로하였으나, 지형및식생의변화가크게발생하는시기에는수시조사를실시하였다. 특히, 곰솔식재지역의해안선후퇴과정을살필수있는서천군다사리조사구에대해서는 11개의기준목을설치하여월 1회조사를원칙으로하였다. 해안의침식문제는조위변화와도밀접한관련이있다. 이연구에서는해안침식사건에대한분석을위하여, 한국해양조사원 11 의조위관측소로부터예측및실측자료를수집하였다. 지역별강수량은기상청의자료 12 를활용하였다. 또한과거폭풍해일에의한퇴적층으로추정되는, 다사리노두에대하여그연대를측정하였다. 모래층에대해서는한국기초과학지원연구원 (KBSI) 기기를이용하여광여기루미네선스 (Optically Stimulated Luminescence ; OSL) 연대를, 유기물에대해서는서울대학교공동기기원의가속기질량분석기 (Accelerated Mass Spectrometry ; AMS) 를이용하여방사성탄소동위원소연대를측정하였다. 과거에일어났던재해사건은향후, 자연재해에대한대응방안을마련할때, 기준이될수있다. 3. 인위적개입에의한해안변화자연재해가발생하더라도그피해는자연해안과인공해안이다르게나타날수있다. 이들에대한비교를위해이연구에서는 7개고정조사구에대한변화관찰과더불어, 인위적인조치를취했던지역의변화과정을분석하였다. 문헌조사와현장답사를통해선정된곳은모두 8개지역이었다 (Figure 2). 선정된지역은방사제 ( 防砂堤, 돌제 ) 나잠제 ( 潛堤 ) 같은해안구조물을설치한지역, 그리고양빈 ( 養濱, beach nourishment) 을한지역, 곰솔림을식재한지역등으로구 6

12 Ⅱ. 연구내용및방법 분된다. 이중, 금년에는잠제와이안제 ( 離岸提 ) 가설치된구산항과곰솔림이조성된다사리해안의변화과정을분석하였다. 인위적개입지역에대한분석은행위전후의영상자료 ( 항공사진및위성영상 ) 를획득하고, 해안선을추출한후, 변화량을추정하는방법으로진행되었다. 분석소프트웨어는 ESRI사에서제작한 ArcGIS 10을이용하였으며, 해안선분류는감독분류를통해추출하였다. 평면영상을정사보정하는작업인지리참조 (georeferencing) 과정에는반드시왜곡이발생하기마련이다. 따라서분석결과를제시할때는대상의 GCP(ground control point) 오차도함께제시하였다. <Table 2> Study sites to review artificial measures for prevention of beach erosion 해안구조물 종류명칭지역 돌제 잠제 / 이안제 길이 (km) 비고 거진읍고성 0.5 거진항남쪽 주문진강릉 0.7 주문진항, 신리천남쪽돌제 5 기 남항진강릉 1.5 건설중, 강릉항남쪽자동양빈시설건설중 구산평해 0.5 구산항남쪽잠제 4 기 양빈 곰솔림조성 만리포 태안 적확한정보는공개되지않았음 경포 강릉 다사리 서천 년대이후식재 고래불 영덕 년대부터최근까지식재 7

13 Ⅲ. 연구결과및고찰 1. 주요해안재해사건의역사적고찰가. 병자년포락과 68해일병자년 (1936년) 에발생한해안침수및침식사건이었던 병자년포락 은 20세기초에발생했던동해안의대표적인자연재해였다. 병자년포락 (1936년) 에대한구체적인연구문헌은없으나, 상당수의노인들이그사건을기억하고있었다. 당시발생된신문기사와국가태풍센터자료를고려할때, 발생원인은 태풍 3693호 ( ~28) 가동반한일강수량 300 mm의호우와해일로추정된다. 이태풍은상륙당시의해면기압이 hpa으로 1904년이후기록된태풍중역대 3위에해당하였다. 이로인해강릉과양양일대에서 1232명 ( 문헌에따라 1516명또는 1316명 ) 사망, 1,183명부상, 769명실종등의인명피해가났다고한다. <Figure 3> Photograph of Ayajin harbor showing '68 storm' in 1968 (pictured by a resident). 8

14 68해일 은강원지역에서지진해일발생의피해예상범위를산정할때기준이되고있는기록적인해일사건이다. 이사건은 1968년 10월 24일발생하였으며, 강릉, 주문진, 속초, 아야진등지에서 41명사망, 16명실종, 86명부상, 23,300명의이재민을발생시켰다. 하지만아직까지그원인을밝힌연구는없었다. 다만, 사건당일태풍기록이없었으며, 일평균풍속이 10 m/s로기록되어있는것으로볼때, 폭풍에의한해일로추정된다. 이외에도동해에서는 1940, 1964, 1983, 1993년등 10년, 20년마다대규모 ( 규모 7.0이상 ) 의지진이발생하고있어, 동해안은지진해일발생가능성이비교적높다 13. 기후변화에의한해수면상승시태풍으로인한폭풍해일과지진해일의피해가더증가할것으로예상된다. 나. 태풍볼라벤작년 (2012년) 제 15호태풍이었던태풍볼라벤은다른태풍과는달리호우에의한피해보다강풍에의한피해가강하게나타났다. 태풍의중심이약 70 km 서쪽으로통과한제주지역에서는해안침식과조풍해가발생하였다. 이연구에서는태풍의통과직후조풍해지역을답사하여조풍해지도를작성하였다 (Figure 4). 또한사구포락이발생한하도사구를조사하고이후의변화과정을파악하였다. 조풍해의직접적인원인은태풍이동반한남동풍에의한것이었다. 강한바람에의해비염 (blown salt) 이확산되면서바람맞이방향의잎들이타들어갔다. 제주신양해안에설치한자동기상관측자료 (SYD) 에의하면, 풍속이최대가된시점은 8월 28일자정무렵이었다. 특히, 27일오후 10시부터 12시까지는거의 30 m/s에이르는강풍이불었으며, 순간최대풍속은 40 m/s에육박하였다. 제주도의북부및서부지역은피해가없었으나, 남해안과동해안은태풍이동반한남동풍의바람맞이사면에해당하기때문에, 조풍해를크게입었다. 한편, 조풍해의피해정도는수종별로차이가있었다. 예를들어, 동일지역의삼나무는곰솔보다더큰피해를입었다. 또한회복력에도차이가있어조풍해를입은사철나무는그대로말랐지만, 순비기나무는이듬해새로운싹을튀우는등원래의피복상태를회복하였다. 9

15 <Figure 4> Salt wind damage in Jejudo by Typhoon Bolaven. 제주도동부에위치한하도사구는태풍에의한침식과회복과정을잘보여주는곳이었다. 이곳은 2012년초부터지형관측을수행한곳이었기때문에, 볼라벤에의한침식정도를파악하고이후의변화과정을관찰하기에유리하였다. 태풍에의한침식구간은전체해안선의절반정도인약 240 m로나타났으며, 평균 1.11 m, 최대 1.70 m의사구절벽이형성된것으로나타났다 (Figure 5). 전체적으로평균 3.4 m 정도후퇴하였으며, 약 m 3 의모래가유실된것으로추정되었다. 유실된모래는하부사빈으로이동하여여러개의사주를형성하였다. 이사구는겨울과봄을지나면서회복되었다. 2013년 2월조사결과, 사구절벽의높이는평균 0.80 m로낮아졌으며, 9월조사에서는 0.37 m에불과하였다. 침식단애의평균높이를기준으로할때, 지난 1년간하도사구의회복율은약 66% 가된다. 하도사구의침식원인은조위증가보다는강한남동풍에의한풍랑 (storm wave) 으로추정되었다. 이에대한근거는태풍의통과로조위가상승하였지만 ( 약 50 cm), 월별최극조위보다는낮았으며, 하도사구의남부보다는북부에침식이집중된것을들수있다 (Figure 5). 풍랑의방향과일치하기때문이다. 10

16 <Figure 5> Location of Hado beach and changes of beach profile after erosional event. 11

17 2. 고정조사지역의변화가. 보령소황리해안 (1) 풍속변화사구중앙부에있는조사구 D1에서 2011년 9월부터 2013년 8월까지 2년간관측한바람자료는보령해안의지배적풍향이북서계절풍임을보여주었다. 월평균풍속은 3월과 4월에크게증가하는것으로나타났다 (Figure 6). 이시기의평균풍속은 3 m/s 이상으로, 전체기간의평균풍속 (2.08 m/s) 에비해상당히높게나타났다 Wind speed (m/s) Month <Figure 6> Monthly mean wind speed at Showang dunes (Sep Aug. 2013). 12

18 (2) 지형및식생변화소황사구의모래퇴적은겨울철 ~ 봄철에활발하게진행되어, 만조선에서약 25 m 구간에걸쳐, 매년 10 ~ 20 cm씩쌓이고있다. 그결과조사지역의초기사구는최초연구 (2010) 에비해 5 m정도해안쪽으로전진하였다. 이것은강풍의효과와더불어식생의발아및생장시기가함께작용하였기때문이다. 식생피복도는 D2가 D1에비해 26.8% 높았다. D1의평균식생피복도는 58.3%, 표준편차는 50.6% 로, 소조사구별편차가매우크게나타났다. D1은만조선에서 24 m를기준으로앞과뒤로식생피복도의양상이확연히달랐다. 평균식생피복도는만조선에서부터 24 m까지는 18.6% 였으며, 그뒤로는 98.0% 였다. 소황사구는해안림조성으로인해사구고유의식생과식물이교란되었음을보여준다. 해안림조성은해안림의후면부뿐만아니라전면부의풍속도감소시켜 14,15, 모래가날리지않고이로인해육상식물의도입이쉬워져사구식물과경쟁하는양상을만들었다. (3) 양이온분포 D1과 D2의양이온농도분석결과, 분포패턴이다르게나타났다. 이것은 t-검정 (t-test) 분석에서도유의한차이가있는것으로확인되었다. 이중 Ca, Mg, Na, Ni은두조사구모두만조선으로부터의거리에따라일정한경향을나타냈다. 즉이들은 D1에서는만조선에서부터약 27 m지점까지그리고 D2에서는만조선으로부터약 13 m까지높게나타났다 (Figure 7의 a~d). 이지점들은모두새로운모래가쌓인곳이었다. 모래퇴적구간을지난후이들의농도는점차감소하는경향을보였다. 그러나 D2의경우, 만조선으로부터약 35 m 지점인곰솔림시작부에서농도가다시높아졌다. 한편, 다른양이온들의공간적분포패턴은바다로부터의거리와상관없이독립적으로나타났다 (Figure 7의 E와 F). 13

19 <Figure 7> Changes on cation concentration by the distance from the high tide line. 나. 서천다사리해안 (1) 지형변화다사리지역은 1960년대항공사진에의하면, 활동사구의면적이매우넓었다 (Figure 8). 하지만꾸준한곰솔식재로인해, 현재대부분의사구지대는곰솔림으로피복되어있다. 특히남쪽지대는초본지대가없으며, 사구절벽이형성되어후퇴되면서여러개체의곰솔들이넘어지고있다. 이러한후퇴과정을파악하기위하여, 평균 80 m 마다월별로단면의변화와절벽의후퇴량에대한조 14

20 사를실시하였다. 그결과, 연구기간동안다사리해안은평균 2 m 가량후퇴한 것으로나타났다. 특히곰솔림식재지역의후퇴정도가싸리나무같은관목지대 나초본지대에비해더심각하였다. (2) 식생현존상관식생은갯그령군락, 띠군락, 백령풀군락, 아까시나무군락, 곰솔군락등총 5개의군락이분포하였다 (Figure 9). 이중곰솔군락의점유율이 32.7% 로가장우점하였으며, 그다음으로아까시나무군락 26.2%, 띠군락 21.2%, 갯그령군락 13.7%, 백령풀군락 6.3% 순으로분포하였다. 해안과가장가까운곳에는갯그령군락이, 그뒤로띠군락과백령풀군락이분포하였다. 곰솔군락과아까시나무군락은조사구의 10 m 지점에서부터 30 m 지점까지출현하였는데하층에는갯그령이분포하였다. <Figure 8> Land cover changes at Dasari dunes. 15

21 <Figure 9> Simplified vegetation map showing diverse communities. 식물상은 11 과 16 속 15 종 2 변종총 17 분류군이분포하였는데, 사구식물은갯 그령, 갯쇠보리, 순비기나무등 6 종, 육상식물은박주가리, 다닥냉이, 개밀등 8 종, 외래식물은백령풀, 아까시나무, 달맞이꽃 3 종으로육상식물이가장많았다. (3) 해안후퇴와환경요소의관계연구기간동안다사리해안은약 2 m(2.03 ± 0.52) 가량후퇴하였다 (Figure 10). 그중특히 7월의후퇴량이많았다. 이것은당시의조위및풍속과관련이있다. 7월 24일장항관측소의조위는 794 cm를기록하여예측조위보다약 30 cm 높았다. 이것은강풍에기인한것으로나타났다. 자동기상관측기기에는당시불었던남서풍의 10분간평균풍속이 9.3 m/s로기록되었으며, 순간최대풍속은 12.6 m/s에달했다. 16

22 <Figure 11> Monthly retreated distance (upper) and wind speed (below) at Dasari. (4) 과거폭풍해일층에대한연대측정다사리해안남쪽에서발견된노두에서매몰된고토양층이확인되었다. 고토양층위에는현재의층리가잘보전된사구층이있었으며, 그사이에서굴과조개껍데기및잔자갈등이섞여있는퇴적층이발견되었다. 이러한퇴적상은폭풍해일에의해형성된층의특징과같다. OSL 및방사성탄소동위원소연대측정결과, 이층의형성시기는 2,200년전후로나타났다. 따라서다사리해안에는과거폭풍해일이현재해수면보다 5 m 높은곳까지영향을미친것으로추정된다. 17

23 다. 대청도옥죽동해안 (1) 풍속변화대청도옥죽동사구마루에설치한자동기상관측기에기록된대청도해안사구의평균풍속은약 2.8 m/s였다. 월별풍속변화에서눈에띄는것은풍속이강해지는시기와그렇지않은시기가명확하게구분된다는것이었다. 예를들어, 11월부터이듬해 4월까지는평균풍속이상의바람이불고, 5월부터 10월까지는대체로평균풍속이하의바람이불었다. 따라서이지역에서바람에의한지형변화는늦가을에서부터이른봄까지가장활발하게나타날것으로추정된다. Monthly mean wind speed (m/s) Time (month) wind speed mean <Figure 12> Monthly mean wind speed at Okjookdong dunes during the last two years. (2) 지형변화풍속이증가하는시기에는모래이동이활발하다. 보통 200 μm의모래가지면에서이동하기위해서는, 지상 2 m 높이에서약 4.5 m/s의바람이불어야한다 16. 따라서옥죽동사구지대에서바람에의한지형변화는겨울철을중심으로발생한다. 반대로여름철에는바람에의한지형변화가거의일어나지않는다. 대신, 강우에의한지형변화가발생한다. 자동기상관측기기가있는사구마루는 18

24 현재 1 ~ 2 m의단애가형성되어있으며, 이단애는매년후퇴하고있다. 지난 2010년부터 2013년까지사구마루의단애는약 1 m 가량산쪽으로이동한것으로나타났다 (Figure 12). 이러한변화는여름철에일어나는침식때문인것으로추정된다. Distance of Cliff from the AWS (cm) 100 Relative location (cm) Time <Figure 13> Retreat of dune crest(cm) at Okjookdong dunes. 라. 제주신양해안제주신양해안에서관찰된자료 (SYD) 에의하면, 탁월풍은다른지역과마찬가지로북서풍이었다 (Figure 13). 그러나강풍은주로동쪽에서접근한것으로나타나, 북동풍내지남동풍의비율이높았다. 이는신양해안사구의형성기작이바람에의한것임을추정케하는단서가된다. 즉사빈에서부터풍성모래가날려현재와같이 15 m 이상의사구를형성시켰다. 관찰기간동안신양해안에서발생했던중요한변화는식생의회복이었다. 2012년이사구는태풍볼라벤에의해사구지대전면부가침수되었으며, 당시조풍해를입었다. 순비기나무나갯금불초같은식생도예외가아니었다. 하지만, 금년에순비기나무가다시번성하였으며, 갯금불초가다시생장되고있음이관찰되었다. 이는이사구가자연재해에대한효율적인방파제임을보여주는사례가된다. 19

25 <Figure 14> Wind rose of Shinyang dunes (May April 2013). 마. 동해안조사구들이연구사업을통해동해안을따라, 양양오산해안, 강릉하시동해안, 영덕고래불해안에관측기기들을설치하였다. 그러나하시동해안과고래불해안의기기는관측도중기기이상으로자료의결측이발생하였다. 하지만양양오산의조사구에선정상적인데이터를획득하였다. 관측기간동안양양오산해변의바람은 4월에가장강했으며, 여름철에는대체로약하게나타났다 (Figure 14). 그러나지상 3 m의풍속계와 1 m 풍속계사이의풍속차는조금다르게변화하였다. 가령 3 m 높이에서관측된월평균풍속은 4월에가장강하게나타났으나, 1 m 높이의풍속은 3월에가장강했다. 이것은식생의높이증가와관련있다. 조사구내의우점종인갯그령이 3월에비해 4월에 10 cm 이상자라고, 5월까지도빠르게성장하기때문이다. 조사기간동안토양온도의변화는기온과는달리느리게진행되었으며, 일변 20

26 동폭도매우작았다. 이러한경향은지점의깊이가증가할수록더강하게나타났다. 즉, 지하 40 cm에비해지하 80 cm의토양온도가더느리게변화되었으며, 변동폭도작았다. 한편, 두지점의온도역전은 5월중순과 9월중순에각각나타났다. 지난 4년동안오산해안의곰솔들은조금씩해안쪽으로전진하는것으로나타났다 (Figure 15). 2010년조사당시갯그령만분포하던, 사구전면부초지지역에 2014년현재곰솔유목이확산되고있었다. 그중가장큰나무의수고는약 5 m로측정되었다. 서해안지역의연구사례로볼때 15,17,18, 곰솔의확산은장기적으로사구해안의퇴적에좋지못한영향을줄가능성이크다. 따라서이에대한추이를지속적으로관찰하고그원인을분석하는한편, 대응책을마련할필요가있다. <Figure 16> Changes of daily air temperature, soil temperature, and monthly wind speed (m/s) at Osan dunes. 21

27 Figure 17. Vegetation change at Osan dunes during the last 3 years. 22

28 3. 인위적개입지역의해안변화가. 항만시설및잠제설치지역의해안변화 (1) 연도별해안선변화경북울진군기성면에있는구산항은 1991년국가어항으로지정되었다. 1992년에는기본시설계획이설계되었으며, 1996년에는항내매몰방지대책이수립되었다. 현재의구산항은 1996년부터 1999년사이에완공되었다. 하지만항만시설완공후구산해변에침식이증가되기시작하였다. 이에따라, 2002년침식방지대책이수립되었으며, 이후, 잠제가건설되고 (2008년), 이안제가추가되었다 (2009년). 해안선변화를분석하기위하여, 수치지형도를기준으로항공사진을정치하였다 (Table 3). 정치된영상으로부터해안선을추출하고시기별변화를분석하였다. 그결과, 구산항건설과잠제설치후부터남쪽지역인월송정해변에침식이증가된것으로나타났다. 또한사빈의침식으로인해, 해안선도계속적으로후퇴하였다 (Figure 16). <Table 3> Aerial photographs of study area with GCP errors. 연도 종류 GCP 수 오차 (m) 자료출처 2011 항공사진 Daum 2010 항공사진 국토지리정보원 2009 항공사진 국토지리정보원 2005 항공사진 국토지리정보원 1999 수치지도 - - 국토지리정보원 1995 항공사진 국토지리정보원 1991 항공사진 국토지리정보원 23

29 <Figure 18> Coastline changes of Gusan and Wolsongjeong beach. 24

30 (2) 사빈폭의지역별변화구산해변의퇴적과월송정해변의침식경향은사빈의폭을측정한결과에서도드러났다. 구산항돌제가완공되기전인 1991년, 방파제가완공되고잠제가설치되기전인 2005년, 잠제와이안제가모두설치된 2011년항공사진에서해안선을추출하고 100미터간격으로사빈의폭을측정하였다. 분석대상구간은항만시설을제외하고항만시설부터월송정사빈이끝나는약 1.9 km 구간이었다. 분석결과, 1991년사빈의평균폭은 59.2 ± 17.1 m였으나, 2005년에는 65.8 ± 24.3 m, 2011년에는 65.4 ± 48.0 m였다. 따라서전체적인사빈의폭에는큰변화가나타나지않았다. 하지만표준편차가점점증가했다. 이는사빈폭의지점간차이가크게발생했다는의미가된다. <Table 4> Comparison of beach width in Gusan area 연도 주요변화내용 사빈폭분석결과 평균 (m) 표준편차 (m) GCP 오차 (m) 구산항확장, 돌제건설 잠제및돌제설치 년의경우, 사빈폭은구산해변에비해월송정해변이조금더넓었다 (Figure 15). 하지만구산해변에항만시설과잠제등침식방지시설이들어서면서구산해변의사빈폭이크게증가했다. 항구에서부터 600 m까지사빈폭이거의 100 m 이상으로나타났다. 하지만반면 700~1900 m 구간에서는사빈폭이크게감소하여, 폭이 30 m 남짓에불과하다. 이구간은평해읍월송정리에속한해변이다. 다시말해서, 기성군구산리에건설한구조물에의해평해읍월송정리해변이침식되고있는것이다. 구산리에항만시설이건설된후, 사빈침식이발생했고, 이를방지하기위해잠제와이안제등이건설되었다. 하지만이런행위는항만이없는월송정리사빈을침식시키는결과를초래했다. 25

31 250 Beach width (m) Distance from Gusan Harbor (m) <Figure 19> Changes of beach width along the Gusan and Wolsongjeong coast from 1991 to 나. 곰솔림식재지역의해안변화 (1) 다중시기항공사진을이용한피복분석다사리지역의해안림조성은 1960년대부터 1970년대에걸쳐이루어졌다. 1967년이지역해안사구는대부분나지로드러나있었으나, 1978년항공사진에는해안선부근까지식생피복이진행된것이관찰되었다 (Figure 17). 또한 1985년사진과 1992년사진에도차이가있었다. 1985년의경우, 이미조성된곰솔림배후지역이초지로남아있었으나, 1992년에는해당지점에도조림된나무들이관찰되었다. 따라서다사리해안림을구성하는곰솔의수령은약 40년생들과약 20년생들로추정되며, 수령 50년이상의나무들은거의없을것으로보인다. 특이한것은, 다사리해안에서곰솔림의위치가남쪽과북쪽에차이를보인다는것이다. 즉, 북쪽지역은곰솔림전면에초본식생의폭이상당히남아있었지만, 남쪽지역에는곰솔림을해안선부근까지과도하게전진시켜그폭이매우좁게남겨졌다. 26

32 <Figure 20> Land cover changes at Dasari beach. 27

33 (2) 해안선변화 1985년항공사진에서추출한해안선을기준으로 2012년까지의해안선변화과정을분석하였다. 그결과, 남쪽지역의해안선은약 10 ~ 15 m 정도후퇴하였으나, 북쪽지역은 11 ~ 22 m까지전진한것으로나타났다. 다시말해서, 마치다사리해안전체가침식되는것처럼보이지만, 실제로는침식이남쪽에집중되고있을뿐이라는것이다. 이것은아마도계절에따라남북으로이동하던모래가남쪽의해안림조성후고정되면서퇴적물수지에불균형이생겼기때문인것으로추정된다. <Figure 21> Coastline changes of Dasa-ri beach between 1985 and

34 (3) 식생변화비교다사리해안의곰솔림식재는지형의고정과더불어식생의구조에도교란을일으켰다. 이것은고정조사구조사결과에잘나타난다. 다사리고정조사구는배후지역에곰솔이식재되어있어, 환경조건이소황사구 D2와유사하다. 따라서소황사구의조사구와비교하여교란의정도를파악하였다. 소황사구 D2와비교할때, 다사리해안은사구식물의비율과외래식물의비율이높았다. 반면초본지대로구성된소황사구 D1에비해서는육상식물의비율이높았다 (Figure 20). 이것으로보아다사리고정조사구의식물은소황사구의 D1과 D2의중간형태를띠는것으로보이나, 외래식물과육상식물의점유면적이 86% 에달하여이미교란이많이진행된것으로판단되었다. 따라서해안사구에외래종의도입은신중을기할필요가있다 19. <Figure 20> Comparison of map showing diverse communities. 29

35 Ⅳ. 결론 Ⅳ. 결론 이연구는기후변화로일어날자연재해에대비하기위하여, 그위험을줄일수있는전략을찾는것을목적으로하였다. 이를위해과거에발생한자연재해를간략히고찰하고해안지역에서발생할수있는자연재해를유형화하였으며, 인위적으로개입한지역과그렇지않은지역의해안변화사례를과거항공사진자료를이용하여비교하였다. 또한, 최근에발생한자연재해를추적조사하고해안에서일어나는환경변화를측정할수있도록모두 7개지역에고정조사구를설치하였다. 1차년도연구결과, 해안재해는태풍, 지진해일, 폭풍해일, 이상고파등다양하게발생하고있지만, 그위험성은동해안과서해안, 제주도해안이국지적인조건의차이로인해서로다르게나타났다. 2012년발생한태풍볼라벤의경우, 제주도전역에강풍피해를야기하였으나, 조풍해와해안침식은제주도의동해안과남해안에국한되어발생하였다. 이렇듯, 태풍에의한재해양상이지역마다다르기때문에, 동해안의경우이상고파나해일피해에대한대비가필요하고, 서해안이나제주도에서는태풍에의한강풍과, 폭풍해일, 이상고조현상등에대한대비가요구된다. 해안재해를줄이기위해설치하는해안구조물과, 사구해안에조성되는해안림이오히려재해를일으키는원인이될가능성도제시되었다. 영덕구산항에대한분석결과, 잠제와이안제설치로구산해변의퇴적은증진되었으나, 인접한월송정해안의침식을가속화시키는결과를초래했다. 또한다사리에식재된곰솔림은사구의모래순환과정을방해하여사구포락을유발하고자연복원을방해하는요인이되고있었다. 반면제주도하도해안은태풍에의해크게침식되었으나, 자연적으로복원되어, 자연방어물의효율성을보여주었다. 아직까지자연방어물과인공방어물의효과성을비교하는것은사례수가적기때문에성급한면이있다. 하지만이연구는해안사구와같은자연지형이해안재해피해를저감하는데더효과적일수있음을제시하였다. 앞으로이러한연구가지속된다면자연방어물을재해방지에이용할수있는전략마련이가능할것으로판단된다. 30

36 참고문헌 참고문헌 1. 권석재, 문일주, 이은일, 속초와묵호항의연간최대해일고의장기간변동성에대한고찰. 한국해안 해양공항회논문집, 2008, 20(6), UNEP, Handbook on methods for climate change impact assessment and adaptation strategies, 1996, 안희수, 전성용, 조선왕조시대 ( ) 의해일기록및분석, 지구과학회지, 1985, 6(1), 우다다카아키, 해안침식 -실태와해결책-, 2006, 1-241, 도서출판과학기술. 5. 국가태풍센터, typ.kma.go.kr, 2013년 10월 6. 강동균, 서종철, 주기적지형측량을통한해빈과해안사구의지형변화 : 충남보령시소황사구를사례로, 한국지형학회지, 2012, 19(2), 이창복, 원색대한식물도감 (Ⅰ). 2003a, 1-914, 향문사. 8. 이창복, 원색대한식물도감 (Ⅱ). 2003b, 1-910, 향문사. 9. 오용자, 한국산사초과식물, 2000, 1-244, 성신여자대학교출판부. 10. 박수현, 한국산귀화식물, 2009, 1-599, 일조각. 11. 국립해양조사원, 년 11월 12. 기상청, 년 11월 13. 김민규, 최인길, 강금석, 경험자료에의한동해안의지진해일재해도 31

37 참고문헌 평가, 한국지진공학회논문집, 2010, 14(4), Vigiak, O., Sterka, A., Warrenb, A., Hagen, L.J., Spatial modeling of wind speed around windbreaks, Catena, (3-4), Choi, K. H., Kim, Y. M., Jung, P. M., Adverse effect of planting pine on coastal dunes, Korea, Proceedings 12th International Coastal Symposium(Plymouth, England), Journal of Coastal Research, 2013, Special Issue No. 65, Pye, K., Tsoar, H., Aeolian sand and sand dunes, Springer, 최광희, 정필모, 김윤미, 서민환, 태풍의통과로인한해안사구지형의침식과회복, 한국지형학회지, 2012, 19(1), 정필모, 최광희, 김윤미, 보령소황리전사구의계절별지형변화특성과그의의, 한국지형학회지, 2012, 19(4), Marchante, E., Kjøller, A., Struwe, S. Freitas, H., Short- and long-term impacts of Acacia longifolia invasion on the belowground processes of a Mediterranean coastal dune ecosystem, Applied Soil Ecology, ,

실내라돈농도의공간적분포특성연구 환경기반연구부생활환경연구과

실내라돈농도의공간적분포특성연구 환경기반연구부생활환경연구과 11-1480523-001248-01 실내라돈농도의공간적분포특성연구 환경기반연구부생활환경연구과,,,,,,,, 2012 목차 ⅰ ⅲ ⅳ Abstract ⅴ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ i 목차 Ⅳ ii 목차 iii 목차 iv Abstract v Ⅰ. 서론 Ⅰ 1 Ⅱ. 연구내용및방법 Ⅱ. 2 Ⅱ. 연구내용및방법 Classification of geological

More information

Dunes Growth Estimation for Coastal Protection

Dunes Growth Estimation for Coastal Protection Dunes Growth Estimation for Coastal Protection Muhammad Zikra Department of Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Marine Technology, ITS, Kampus ITS Keputih Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111 Abstract: This paper describes

More information

Term Knowledge Using and applying Grade Criteria Autumn 1 Assessment window October Natural hazards pose major risks to people and property.

Term Knowledge Using and applying Grade Criteria Autumn 1 Assessment window October Natural hazards pose major risks to people and property. Assessment Schedule Year 9 2015/6 Term Knowledge Using and applying Grade Criteria Autumn 1 Assessment window October 2015 3.1.1.2 Tectonic Natural hazards pose major risks to people and property. Definition

More information

Beach Recovery Processes in Urban Beach Systems : A Study in Hong Kong after an Extreme Storm Event

Beach Recovery Processes in Urban Beach Systems : A Study in Hong Kong after an Extreme Storm Event Beach Recovery Processes in Urban Beach Systems : A Study in Hong Kong after an Extreme Storm Event LIFE+ FLANDRE international workshop "Management of coastal dunes and sandy beaches" Session 1. Climate

More information

Controlling Processes That Change Land

Controlling Processes That Change Land 1 Name Date Controlling Processes That Change Land People try to control some of the processes that change land. To do this, people apply technology- the use of science to solve problems in everyday life.

More information

Natural Disasters. in Florida. Severe Thunderstorms

Natural Disasters. in Florida. Severe Thunderstorms Natural Disasters in Florida SC.6.E.7.7 Investigate how natural disasters have affected human life in Florida. Severe Thunderstorms While the typical afternoon thunderstorm in Florida may not appear to

More information

Phillip Island Nature Parks Coastal Process Study 8 October 2014

Phillip Island Nature Parks Coastal Process Study 8 October 2014 Phillip Island Nature Parks Coastal Process Study 8 October 2014 Project Overview Coastal Geology Basaltic and fragmented lavas, granite at Pyramid Rock and Cape Woolamai Weathered basalt (>10m thick)

More information

THE SCIENCE OF MAPS. ATL Skill: Critical thinking - Use models and simulations to explore complex systems and issues

THE SCIENCE OF MAPS. ATL Skill: Critical thinking - Use models and simulations to explore complex systems and issues THE SCIENCE OF MAPS 8.9C interpret topographic maps and satellite views to identify land and erosional features and predict how these features may be reshaped by weathering ATL Skill: Critical thinking

More information

SHORELINE AND BEACH PROCESSES: PART 2. Implications for Coastal Engineering

SHORELINE AND BEACH PROCESSES: PART 2. Implications for Coastal Engineering SHORELINE AND BEACH PROCESSES: PART 2 Implications for Coastal Engineering Objectives of the lecture: Part 2 Show examples of coastal engineering Discuss the practical difficulties of ocean engineering

More information

Fundamentals of THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT. David Briggs, Peter Smithson, Kenneth Addison and Ken Atkinson

Fundamentals of THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT. David Briggs, Peter Smithson, Kenneth Addison and Ken Atkinson Fundamentals of THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Second Edition David Briggs, Peter Smithson, Kenneth Addison and Ken Atkinson LONDON AND NEW YORK Contents L,ISI Of colour piates List of black and white plates

More information

8UNIT. External dynamics of the Earth. What do you remember? Key language. Content objectives

8UNIT. External dynamics of the Earth. What do you remember? Key language. Content objectives 8UNIT External dynamics of the Earth What do you remember? Can you name the solids in the photograph? nd the liquid? Is the liquid moving? How does it move? What is the name of this formation of water?

More information

The Coast: Beaches and Shoreline Processes

The Coast: Beaches and Shoreline Processes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The Coast: es and Shoreline Processes Trujillo & Thurman, Chapter 10 Oceanography 101 Chapter Objectives Recognize the various landforms characteristic of beaches and coastal regions.

More information

The Coast: Beaches and Shoreline Processes Trujillo & Thurman, Chapter 10

The Coast: Beaches and Shoreline Processes Trujillo & Thurman, Chapter 10 The Coast: es and Shoreline Processes Trujillo & Thurman, Chapter 10 Oceanography 101 Chapter Objectives Recognize the various landforms characteristic of beaches and coastal regions. Identify seasonal

More information

Supplemental Slides. Shore: Junction of Land & Water. Junction of Land & Water. Sea Level Variations. Shore vs. Coast. Sea Level Variations

Supplemental Slides. Shore: Junction of Land & Water. Junction of Land & Water. Sea Level Variations. Shore vs. Coast. Sea Level Variations Shore: Junction of Land & Water Supplemental Slides Sediments come off land Most get dumped at the beach Sediment interacts with ocean waves and currents Junction of Land & Water Features: Breaking waves,

More information

Shore: Junction of Land & Water. Sediments come off land Most get dumped at the beach Sediment interacts with ocean waves and currents

Shore: Junction of Land & Water. Sediments come off land Most get dumped at the beach Sediment interacts with ocean waves and currents Shore: Junction of Land & Water Supplemental Slides Sediments come off land Most get dumped at the beach Sediment interacts with ocean waves and currents Junction of Land & Water Features: Breaking waves,

More information

Tips for Success on a Test

Tips for Success on a Test Number of Incorrect: Final Grade: Parent Signature: Top Tips for Success on a Test 1. Read the following statements at least two times. 2. Circle the key words in each question/ or statement. (*Remember

More information

Developed in Consultation with Florida Educators

Developed in Consultation with Florida Educators Developed in Consultation with Florida Educators Table of Contents Next Generation Sunshine State Standards Correlation Chart... 7 Benchmarks Chapter 1 The Practice of Science...................... 11

More information

Transformation of barchans into parabolic dunes under the influence of vegetation

Transformation of barchans into parabolic dunes under the influence of vegetation Transformation of barchans into parabolic dunes under the influence of vegetation arxiv:cond-mat/0504621 v1 25 Apr 2005 Abstract O. Durán, V. Schatz, H. J. Herrmann Institute for Computer Physics, Universität

More information

UNIT SEVEN: Earth s Water. Chapter 21 Water and Solutions. Chapter 22 Water Systems. Chapter 23 How Water Shapes the Land

UNIT SEVEN: Earth s Water. Chapter 21 Water and Solutions. Chapter 22 Water Systems. Chapter 23 How Water Shapes the Land UNIT SEVEN: Earth s Water Chapter 21 Water and Solutions Chapter 22 Water Systems Chapter 23 How Water Shapes the Land Chapter Twenty-Three: How Water Shapes the Land 23.1 Weathering and Erosion 23.2

More information

Most natural ecosystems are in a state of equilibrium. This means that their biotic and abiotic features remain relatively constant over time.

Most natural ecosystems are in a state of equilibrium. This means that their biotic and abiotic features remain relatively constant over time. Most natural ecosystems are in a state of equilibrium. This means that their biotic and abiotic features remain relatively constant over time. The major biomes, for example, usually maintain a characteristic

More information

Coastal Systems and Landscapes 3 days

Coastal Systems and Landscapes 3 days AS Level Geography WJEC Coastal Systems and Landscapes 3 days This course is for Welsh schools. This in-depth course prepares students for the physical fieldwork focusing on the Coastal option, for Section

More information

Edexcel 2 Landscape systems, processes and change

Edexcel 2 Landscape systems, processes and change Edexcel 2 Landscape systems, processes and change Area of the Spec Field Site Research areas Primary data collection Secondary data access Statistical analysis High and low Identifying of different Local

More information

Ecological Succession

Ecological Succession Ecological Succession Most natural ecosystems are in a state of equilibrium. This means that their biotic and abiotic features remain relatively constant over time. The major biomes, for example, usually

More information

Cliff stabilisation. Adaptation Option Climate-ADAPT

Cliff stabilisation. Adaptation Option Climate-ADAPT Cliff stabilisation Adaptation Option Climate-ADAPT Cover design: EEA Cover photo: EEA Layout: EEA Legal notice The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of the

More information

Unit 1: Water Systems on Earth Chapter 2

Unit 1: Water Systems on Earth Chapter 2 Unit 1: Water Systems on Earth Chapter 2 Create a mind map with the driving question, Why are Oceans Important? Remember: Why are oceans so important? Why are oceans so important? Primary water source

More information

LECTURE #17: Severe Weather: Introduction to Hurricanes

LECTURE #17: Severe Weather: Introduction to Hurricanes GEOL 0820 Ramsey Natural Disasters Spring, 2018 LECTURE #17: Severe Weather: Introduction to Hurricanes Date: 15 March 2018 I. Hurricane Overview hurricanes o what they are? o how they form? storm stages:

More information

5. MANY COASTAL COMMUNITIES AND FACILITIES WILL FACE INCREASING EXPOSURE TO STORMS.

5. MANY COASTAL COMMUNITIES AND FACILITIES WILL FACE INCREASING EXPOSURE TO STORMS. 5. MANY COASTAL COMMUNITIES AND FACILITIES WILL FACE INCREASING EXPOSURE TO STORMS. Climate change is altering the Arctic coastline and much greater changes are projected for the future as a result of

More information

Science EOG Review: Landforms

Science EOG Review: Landforms Mathematician Science EOG Review: Landforms Vocabulary Definition Term canyon deep, large, V- shaped valley formed by a river over millions of years of erosion; sometimes called gorges (example: Linville

More information

CLIMATE READY BOSTON. Climate Projections Consensus ADAPTED FROM THE BOSTON RESEARCH ADVISORY GROUP REPORT MAY 2016

CLIMATE READY BOSTON. Climate Projections Consensus ADAPTED FROM THE BOSTON RESEARCH ADVISORY GROUP REPORT MAY 2016 CLIMATE READY BOSTON Sasaki Steering Committee Meeting, March 28 nd, 2016 Climate Projections Consensus ADAPTED FROM THE BOSTON RESEARCH ADVISORY GROUP REPORT MAY 2016 WHAT S IN STORE FOR BOSTON S CLIMATE?

More information

For the multiple-choice questions, completely fill in the circle alongside the appropriate answer.

For the multiple-choice questions, completely fill in the circle alongside the appropriate answer. DRAFT SPECIMEN MATERIAL A-level GEOGRAPHY Paper 1 Physical geography Specimen Question Paper Time allowed: 2 hours 30 minutes Materials For this paper you must have: a pencil a rubber a ruler. You may

More information

CHAPTER 6 & 7 VOCABULARY

CHAPTER 6 & 7 VOCABULARY CHAPTER 6 & 7 VOCABULARY 1. Biome 2. Climate 3. Latitude 4. Altitude 5. Emergent layer 6. Epiphyte 7. Understory 8. Permafrost 9. Wetland 10.Plankton 11.Nekton 12.Benthos 13.Littoral zone 14.Benthic zone

More information

Unit 1 Living with the Physical Environment

Unit 1 Living with the Physical Environment Unit 1 Living with the Physical Environment Topic Example / Case Study Example Tectonic Hazards Chile Nepal Weather Hazards Typhoon Haiyan Somerset Floods Climate Change Ecosystems Tropical Rainforests

More information

Characteristics of 2014 summer climate over South Korea

Characteristics of 2014 summer climate over South Korea 2 nd East Asia winter Climate Outlook Forum Characteristics of 2014 summer climate over South Korea October 30, 2014 So-Young Yim, E-hyung Park, and Hyun-Sook Jung Climate Prediction Division Korea Meteorological

More information

Geol 117 Lecture 18 Beaches & Coastlines. I. Types of Coastlines A. Definition:

Geol 117 Lecture 18 Beaches & Coastlines. I. Types of Coastlines A. Definition: I. Types of Coastlines A. Definition: 1. Shore = narrow zone where ocean meets land (e.g. beach) 2. Coast is a broad area where both ocean and land processes act a. Includes onshore marshes, dunes, sea

More information

How does erosion happen?

How does erosion happen? How does erosion happen? By National Geographic, adapted by Newsela staff on 10.03.17 Word Count 682 Level 830L These rock formations, in Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah, are called hoodoos. Although

More information

Research Background: Researcher Sam Bond taking Sediment Elevation Table (SET) measurements in the marsh. A view of salt marsh hay growing in a marsh

Research Background: Researcher Sam Bond taking Sediment Elevation Table (SET) measurements in the marsh. A view of salt marsh hay growing in a marsh Name Keeping up with the sea level Featured scientist: Anne Giblin from the Marine Biological Laboratory and the Plum Island Ecosystems Long-Term Ecological Research site Research Background: Salt marshes

More information

Long-Term Trend of Summer Rainfall at Selected Stations in the Republic of Korea

Long-Term Trend of Summer Rainfall at Selected Stations in the Republic of Korea Long-Term Trend of Summer Rainfall at Selected Stations in the Republic of Korea Il-Kon Kim Professor, Department of Region Information Rafique Ahmed Professor, Geography and Earth Science Silla University

More information

Physical Geography: Patterns, Processes, and Interactions, Grade 11, University/College Expectations

Physical Geography: Patterns, Processes, and Interactions, Grade 11, University/College Expectations Geographic Foundations: Space and Systems SSV.01 explain major theories of the origin and internal structure of the earth; Page 1 SSV.02 demonstrate an understanding of the principal features of the earth

More information

26 Coastal erosion and accretion

26 Coastal erosion and accretion 26 Coastal erosion and accretion 26.1 Rate of erosion and accretion 26.2 Length of protected coastline 26.3 Volume of sand nourishment Fig. 26.1: Coastline dynamics of the South East Baltic region Key

More information

GCSE 4242/02 GEOGRAPHY (Specification B) FOUNDATION TIER UNIT 2 SECTION B

GCSE 4242/02 GEOGRAPHY (Specification B) FOUNDATION TIER UNIT 2 SECTION B Surname Centre Number Candidate Number Other Names 0 GCSE 4242/02 GEOGRAPHY (Specification B) FOUNDATION TIER UNIT 2 SECTION B S15-4242-02 P.M. WEDNESDAY, 3 June 2015 1 hour 30 minutes For s use Part Maximum

More information

NORTH VISTA SECONDARY SCHOOL HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT SECONDARY 3 EXPRESS HUMANITIES (GEOGRAPHY) 2272/02 CONTENT OUTLINE Term 1

NORTH VISTA SECONDARY SCHOOL HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT SECONDARY 3 EXPRESS HUMANITIES (GEOGRAPHY) 2272/02 CONTENT OUTLINE Term 1 NORTH VISTA SECONDARY SCHOOL HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT SECONDARY 3 EXPRESS HUMANITIES (GEOGRAPHY) 2272/02 CONTENT OUTLINE 2019 Term 1 Week Learning Outcomes Skills to be covered Assignment Test Project 1-2

More information

DIVISION OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT TO STUDY CURRENT LONG-TERM EROSION RATES ADJACENT TO TERMINAL GROINS

DIVISION OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT TO STUDY CURRENT LONG-TERM EROSION RATES ADJACENT TO TERMINAL GROINS DIVISION OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT TO STUDY CURRENT LONG-TERM EROSION RATES ADJACENT TO TERMINAL GROINS North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality Division of Coastal Management February 22, 2018 N.

More information

2nd Grade. Wind, Water and Land.

2nd Grade. Wind, Water and Land. 1 2nd Grade Wind, Water and Land 2015 11 23 www.njctl.org 2 Wind, Water and Land What is Wind? Wind Erosion Preventing Wind Erosion Water Erosion Sudden Water Erosion Preventing Water Erosion Landforms

More information

Definitions Weather and Climate Climates of NYS Weather Climate 2012 Characteristics of Climate Regions of NYS NYS s Climates 1.

Definitions Weather and Climate Climates of NYS Weather Climate 2012 Characteristics of Climate Regions of NYS NYS s Climates 1. Definitions Climates of NYS Prof. Anthony Grande 2012 Weather and Climate Weather the state of the atmosphere at one point in time. The elements of weather are temperature, t air pressure, wind and moisture.

More information

GLOBAL WARMING: GLOBAL WARMING. landscape implications. Andrew Goudie St Cross College Oxford

GLOBAL WARMING: GLOBAL WARMING. landscape implications. Andrew Goudie St Cross College Oxford GLOBAL WARMING: GLOBAL WARMING landscape implications Andrew Goudie St Cross College Oxford THE PROCESS OF CHANGE HAS STARTED IPCC 2007 Increased Glacier retreat since the early 1990s Area of seasonally

More information

A Field Experiment for Coastal Dune Reconstruction ABSTRACT

A Field Experiment for Coastal Dune Reconstruction ABSTRACT A Field Experiment for Coastal Dune Reconstruction Tsung-Yi Lin Jiing-Yih Liou ABSTRACT Coastal dunes, as a whole, represent a natural barrier between the sea and the land, playing a vital role in the

More information

Summary Visualizations for Coastal Spatial Temporal Dynamics

Summary Visualizations for Coastal Spatial Temporal Dynamics Summary Visualizations for Coastal Spatial Temporal Dynamics October 24 2011 Providence, RI Sidharth Thakur 1, Laura Tateosian 2, Helena Mitasova, Eric Hardin, and Margery Overton 1. sthakur@renci.org,

More information

CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: PROLOGUE The Local Environment... 1 Observation, Inference, Classification Properties of the Environment...

CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: PROLOGUE The Local Environment... 1 Observation, Inference, Classification Properties of the Environment... CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: PROLOGUE The Local Environment... 1 Observation, Inference, Classification Properties of the Environment... 3 Measurement, Percent Deviation From Accepted Value Density... 6 Density

More information

Objective 3: Earth and Space Systems

Objective 3: Earth and Space Systems Name Class Period: Objective 3: Earth and Space Systems 1. The diagram above shows the orbit of the moon around Earth. At which point in the moon s orbit will a person standing on Earth see a waxing crescent

More information

4.2 Tidal Wetlands. Phragmites Australis

4.2 Tidal Wetlands. Phragmites Australis 4.2 Tidal Wetlands Few topics elicit such strong emotions in Guilford as the current state of salt marshes. These marshes, more broadly known as tidal wetlands, are undergoing a transformation as sea level

More information

Master s Thesis. A Dynamic Analysis of Virtualization-Obfuscated Binary Executables

Master s Thesis. A Dynamic Analysis of Virtualization-Obfuscated Binary Executables 석사학위논문 Master s Thesis 가상화기법으로난독화된실행파일의동적분석방법 A Dynamic Analysis of Virtualization-Obfuscated Binary Executables 전준수 ( 全浚秀 Jeon, Joonsoo) 전산학과 Department of Computer Science KAIST 2012 가상화기법으로난독화된실행파일의동적분석방법

More information

Protection of Coasts

Protection of Coasts Protection of Coasts [Coastal Zones] Jan van de Graaff Delft University of Technology 1 Coastal Zone: many definitions here: rather narrow strip of land adjacent to sea or large inland water (say: 150

More information

Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition

Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition E Q : H O W I S T H E E A R T H A F F E C T E D B Y C O N S T R U C T I V E A N D D E S T R U C T I V E F O R C E S? http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidassetid=6b1e329e-5a77-4b36-bfa9-1d307f75441c&blnfromsearch=1&productcode=us

More information

World Geography Chapter 3

World Geography Chapter 3 World Geography Chapter 3 Section 1 A. Introduction a. Weather b. Climate c. Both weather and climate are influenced by i. direct sunlight. ii. iii. iv. the features of the earth s surface. B. The Greenhouse

More information

Annual Report on External Quality Assessment in Urinalysis in Korea (2009)

Annual Report on External Quality Assessment in Urinalysis in Korea (2009) 임상검사와정도관리 : 제 32 권제 1 호 2010 J Lab Med Qual Assur 2010; 32:69-93 69 요검사신빙도조사결과보고 (2009) 김경동 ( 집필대표 ) 구선회 김의종 김정만 김정호 김진규 문대수 민원기전창호 박성훈 구정일 김명주 배영철 송운흥 조광호 조성석 대한임상검사정도관리협회요경검학분과위원회 Annual Report on External

More information

Changes in Texas Ecoregions

Changes in Texas Ecoregions Comment On Lesson Changes in Texas Ecoregions The state of Texas can be divided into 10 distinct areas based on unique combinations of vegetation, topography, landforms, wildlife, soil, rock, climate,

More information

The map shows ocean currents in the northern Atlantic Ocean. Which location most likely has the warmest climate?

The map shows ocean currents in the northern Atlantic Ocean. Which location most likely has the warmest climate? 6 th Grade Final Exam Study Guide 1. Use the map below to answer this question. The map shows ocean currents in the northern Atlantic Ocean. Which location most likely has the warmest climate? 2. Daylight

More information

OVERWASHED SEDIMENT INTO THE GAMO LAGOON IN NANAKITA RIVER MOUTH AND EFFECTIVENESS OF THE OVERWASH PREVENTION CONSTRUCTION

OVERWASHED SEDIMENT INTO THE GAMO LAGOON IN NANAKITA RIVER MOUTH AND EFFECTIVENESS OF THE OVERWASH PREVENTION CONSTRUCTION 東北地域災害科学研究第 6 巻 (010) 191 OVERWASHED SEDIMENT INTO THE GAMO LAGOON IN NANAKITA RIVER MOUTH AND EFFECTIVENESS OF THE OVERWASH PREVENTION CONSTRUCTION ABSTRACT Xuan Tinh Nguyen 1, Ryutaro Hirao, Hitoshi

More information

Physical landscapes River landscapes in the UK

Physical landscapes River landscapes in the UK Physical landscapes River landscapes in the UK The shape of river valleys change s as rivers flow downstream - PROCESSES Erosion Abrasion or corrasion Attrition Hydraulic Action Solution or corrosion Deposition

More information

Activity 2.2: Recognizing Change (Observation vs. Inference)

Activity 2.2: Recognizing Change (Observation vs. Inference) Activity 2.2: Recognizing Change (Observation vs. Inference) Teacher Notes: Evidence for Climate Change PowerPoint Slide 1 Slide 2 Introduction Image 1 (Namib Desert, Namibia) The sun is on the horizon

More information

Chapter 17. Ocean and Coastal Processes

Chapter 17. Ocean and Coastal Processes Chapter 17 Ocean and Coastal Processes Ocean Basins and Plates Ocean Basins Ocean Basins are profoundly different from the continents. Ocean crust is thin and dense and young. New ocean crust is generated

More information

Changes in Ecosystems - Natural Events

Changes in Ecosystems - Natural Events Changes in Ecosystems - Natural Events 8A predict and describe how different types of catastrophic events impact ecosystems such as floods, hurricanes, or tornadoes Textbook pages: 396-406 How can ecosystems

More information

Day 3 Weathering and Erosion.notebook. October 02, Section 7.2. Erosion and Deposition. Objectives

Day 3 Weathering and Erosion.notebook. October 02, Section 7.2. Erosion and Deposition. Objectives Objectives Describe the relationship of gravity to all agents of erosion. Contrast the features left from different types of erosion. Analyze the impact of living and nonliving things on the processes

More information

Geography Class XI Fundamentals of Physical Geography Section A Total Periods : 140 Total Marks : 70. Periods Topic Subject Matter Geographical Skills

Geography Class XI Fundamentals of Physical Geography Section A Total Periods : 140 Total Marks : 70. Periods Topic Subject Matter Geographical Skills Geography Class XI Fundamentals of Physical Geography Section A Total Periods : 140 Total Marks : 70 Sr. No. 01 Periods Topic Subject Matter Geographical Skills Nature and Scope Definition, nature, i)

More information

Chapter 2: Geomorphology of the Swan Coastal Plain

Chapter 2: Geomorphology of the Swan Coastal Plain Chapter 2: Geomorphology of the Swan Coastal Plain 2.1 Overview of geology This introduction is not meant to be a comprehensive description of the geology of the Australian continent. The intention is

More information

Rising Sea Levels: Time for Proactive Action in Florida and the Caribbean?

Rising Sea Levels: Time for Proactive Action in Florida and the Caribbean? Rising Sea Levels: Time for Proactive Action in Florida and the Caribbean? Dr. Alan Fyall and Dr. Thomas Wahl National Center for Integrated Coastal Research, University of Central Florida Dr. Roberta

More information

Which map shows the stream drainage pattern that most likely formed on the surface of this volcano? A) B)

Which map shows the stream drainage pattern that most likely formed on the surface of this volcano? A) B) 1. When snow cover on the land melts, the water will most likely become surface runoff if the land surface is A) frozen B) porous C) grass covered D) unconsolidated gravel Base your answers to questions

More information

HURRICANE IRENE. CONFERENCE CALL BRIEFING SLIDES Saturday August 27, :30 AM

HURRICANE IRENE. CONFERENCE CALL BRIEFING SLIDES Saturday August 27, :30 AM HURRICANE IRENE CONFERENCE CALL BRIEFING SLIDES Saturday August 27, 2011 8:30 AM NHC TRACK AND CONE HURRICANE IRENE WATCHES/WARNINGS Hurricane Warning along south coast including all of Cape Cod and Islands

More information

Geography Progression

Geography Progression Geography Progression This document aims to track expectations for History within George Grenville Academy. What the National Curriculum says: KS1: Locational Knowledge: Name and locate the world s 7 continents

More information

Weathering and Erosion

Weathering and Erosion Have you ever looked at the land around you and wondered how it was shaped? The geologic features that help define the world are still being shaped by the natural processes of weathering, erosion, and

More information

Holderness Erosion and Evolution of the Spurn Peninsula

Holderness Erosion and Evolution of the Spurn Peninsula Holderness Erosion and Evolution of the Spurn Peninsula Prof. Ken Pye and Dr. Simon Blott Kenneth Pye Associates Ltd. Outline of the Presentation Overview of historical erosion trends Effects of coast

More information

8.1 Attachment 1: Ambient Weather Conditions at Jervoise Bay, Cockburn Sound

8.1 Attachment 1: Ambient Weather Conditions at Jervoise Bay, Cockburn Sound 8.1 Attachment 1: Ambient Weather Conditions at Jervoise Bay, Cockburn Sound Cockburn Sound is 20km south of the Perth-Fremantle area and has two features that are unique along Perth s metropolitan coast

More information

Temporal and spatial scales of the features and processes forming the Polish Baltic Sea coast

Temporal and spatial scales of the features and processes forming the Polish Baltic Sea coast The coasts of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea under climate change - synthesis of German and Polish strategies for development and prediction, Hamburg, 11 12 October, 2016, German Polish Seminar Temporal

More information

1 Shoreline Landforms 2. 2 Emergent v. Submergent 2. 3 Wavecutting 3. 4 Planview 4. 5 Marine Terraces 5. 6 California 7. 7 Tombolos, Sea Stacks 8

1 Shoreline Landforms 2. 2 Emergent v. Submergent 2. 3 Wavecutting 3. 4 Planview 4. 5 Marine Terraces 5. 6 California 7. 7 Tombolos, Sea Stacks 8 Shorelines November 9, 2008 Contents 1 Shoreline Landforms 2 2 Emergent v. Submergent 2 3 Wavecutting 3 4 Planview 4 5 Marine Terraces 5 6 California 7 7 Tombolos, Sea Stacks 8 8 Active Processes 9 9 Emergence

More information

Coasts Key Word Glossary

Coasts Key Word Glossary Coasts Key Word Glossary Abrasion Also known as corrosion. It is the wearing away of the cliff by sand, fragments of rock and boulders that are being hurled at the cliff by the waves. It causes grinding

More information

Holocene evolution of Dahab coastline Gulf of Aqaba, Sinai Peninsula, Egypt 1

Holocene evolution of Dahab coastline Gulf of Aqaba, Sinai Peninsula, Egypt 1 Holocene evolution of Dahab coastline Gulf of Aqaba, Sinai Peninsula, Egypt 1 Magdy Torab* 2 * Prof. of Geomorphology, Department of Geography, Damanhour University, Egypt 3 E-mail: magdytorab@hotmail.com.

More information

SEGMENTED BREAKWATERS AND THEIR USE IN COASTAL LOUISIANA

SEGMENTED BREAKWATERS AND THEIR USE IN COASTAL LOUISIANA SEGMENTED BREAKWATERS AND THEIR USE IN COASTAL LOUISIANA Prepared by: Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority Engineering Division March 2016 The geology of Louisiana s coastal zone is intimately

More information

Climatic and Ecological Conditions in the Klamath Basin of Southern Oregon and Northern California: Projections for the Future

Climatic and Ecological Conditions in the Klamath Basin of Southern Oregon and Northern California: Projections for the Future Climatic and Ecological Conditions in the Klamath Basin of Southern Oregon and Northern California: Projections for the Future A Collaborative Effort by: CLIMATE LEADERSHIP INITIATIVE INSTITUTE FOR A SUSTAINABLE

More information

Time allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes

Time allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes SPECIMEN ASSESSMENT MATERIAL GCSE GEOGRAPHY Paper 1 Living with the physical environment Specimen Materials For this paper you must have: a pencil a ruler. Time allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes Instructions

More information

Adopt a Drifter Lesson Plan by Mary Cook, Middle School Science Teacher, Ahlf Jr. High School, Searcy, Arkansas

Adopt a Drifter Lesson Plan by Mary Cook, Middle School Science Teacher, Ahlf Jr. High School, Searcy, Arkansas Adopt a Drifter Lesson Plan by Mary Cook, Middle School Science Teacher, Ahlf Jr. High School, Searcy, Arkansas Do Ocean Surface Currents Influence Climate? Objectives Students will construct climographs

More information

Mid-Term Review Winter Picture Name Characteristics Spiral

Mid-Term Review Winter Picture Name Characteristics Spiral Mid-Term Review Winter 2010 For questions 1-3, fill out the information in the following chart. Picture Name Characteristics Spiral We live in a spiral galaxy. The arms come out and spiral around. Contains

More information

Storms. 3. Storm types 4. Coastal Sectors 5. Sorm Location and Seasonality 6. Storm Severity 7. Storm Frequency and grouping 8. The design storm event

Storms. 3. Storm types 4. Coastal Sectors 5. Sorm Location and Seasonality 6. Storm Severity 7. Storm Frequency and grouping 8. The design storm event 1. Introduction Storms 2. The Impact of Storms on the coast 3. Storm types 4. Coastal Sectors 5. Sorm Location and Seasonality 6. Storm Severity 7. Storm Frequency and grouping 8. The design storm event

More information

The Marine Environment

The Marine Environment The Marine Environment SECTION 16.1 Shoreline Features In your textbook, read about erosional landforms, beaches, estuaries, longshore currents, and rip currents. For each statement below, write true or

More information

Sand Movement Patterns in Southern Iran

Sand Movement Patterns in Southern Iran DESERT DESERT Online at http://jdesert.ut.ac.ir DESERT 19-1 (214) 11-15 Sand Movement Patterns in Southern Iran T. Mesbahzadeh a*, H. Ahmadi b a Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj,

More information

Table 1. August average temperatures and departures from normal ( F) for selected cities.

Table 1. August average temperatures and departures from normal ( F) for selected cities. Climate Summary for Florida August 2016 Prepared by Lydia Stefanova and David Zierden Florida Climate Center, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida Online at: http://climatecenter.fsu.edu/products-services/summaries

More information

Developing Long-Term Coastal Erosion Hazard Maps ASFPM Conference Seattle, WA

Developing Long-Term Coastal Erosion Hazard Maps ASFPM Conference Seattle, WA ASFPM 2014 Annual Conference Developing Long-Term Coastal Erosion Hazard Maps ASFPM Conference Seattle, WA Jeremy Mull, P.E. Elena Drei-Horgan, Ph.D. June 5 th, 2014 Presentation Outline Overview of Great

More information

Sea Level Rise and the Scarborough Marsh Scarborough Land Trust Annual Meeting April 24, 2018

Sea Level Rise and the Scarborough Marsh Scarborough Land Trust Annual Meeting April 24, 2018 Sea Level Rise and the Scarborough Marsh Scarborough Land Trust Annual Meeting April 24, 2018 Peter A. Slovinsky, Marine Geologist Maine Geological Survey Funded by: 50% 40% Figure modified from Griggs,

More information

Coastline Changes in Mantanani Besar Island, Sabah, Malaysia

Coastline Changes in Mantanani Besar Island, Sabah, Malaysia Transactions on Science and Technology, 3(2-2), 401-406, 2016 ISSN: 2289-8786 Coastline Changes in Mantanani Besar Island, Sabah, Malaysia Russel Felix Koiting*, Ejria Saleh, John Madin, Fazliana Mustajap

More information

16 Global Climate. Learning Goals. Summary. After studying this chapter, students should be able to:

16 Global Climate. Learning Goals. Summary. After studying this chapter, students should be able to: 16 Global Climate Learning Goals After studying this chapter, students should be able to: 1. associate the world s six major vegetation biomes to climate (pp. 406 408); 2. describe methods for classifying

More information

Conceptual Understandings for K-2 Teachers

Conceptual Understandings for K-2 Teachers AFK12SE/NGSS Strand Disciplinary Core Ideas ESS1: Earth s Place in the Universe What is the universe, and what is Earth s place in it? ESS1. A: The Universe and Its Stars What is the universe, and what

More information

Climates of NYS. Definitions. Climate Regions of NYS. Storm Tracks. Climate Controls 10/13/2011. Characteristics of NYS s Climates

Climates of NYS. Definitions. Climate Regions of NYS. Storm Tracks. Climate Controls 10/13/2011. Characteristics of NYS s Climates Definitions Climates of NYS Prof. Anthony Grande 2011 Weather and Climate Weather the state of the atmosphere at one point in time. The elements of weather are temperature, air pressure, wind and moisture.

More information

2012 Meteorology Summary

2012 Meteorology Summary 212 Meteorology Summary New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection AIR POLLUTION AND METEOROLOGY Meteorology plays an important role in the distribution of pollution throughout the troposphere,

More information

A Study on Estimation Technique of Extreme Precipitation Diameter

A Study on Estimation Technique of Extreme Precipitation Diameter Vol.125 (Art, Culture, Game, Graphics, Broadcasting and Digital Contents 2016), pp.72-77 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2016. A Study on Estimation Technique of Extreme Precipitation Diameter Jin Woo

More information

N05/3/GEOGR/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q GEOGRAPHY HIGHER LEVEL PAPER 2. Monday 7 November 2005 (morning) 2 hours 30 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

N05/3/GEOGR/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q GEOGRAPHY HIGHER LEVEL PAPER 2. Monday 7 November 2005 (morning) 2 hours 30 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES IB GEOGRAPHY HIGHER LEVEL PAPER 2 DIPLOMA PROGRAMME PROGRAMME DU DIPLÔME DU BI PROGRAMA DEL DIPLOMA DEL BI 88055202 Monday 7 November 2005 (morning) 2 hours 30 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Do not

More information

WP4: COASTAL PROCESSES

WP4: COASTAL PROCESSES WP4: COASTAL PROCESSES Coordinator: G. EBERHARDS Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Latvia Daugavpils, 2008 Goal: The objective of this study is analysis of coastal changes and forecast

More information

Australian Coastal Councils Conference

Australian Coastal Councils Conference Australian Coastal Councils Conference 11 March 2015 Estimating Future Coastal Inundation and Erosion Hazards Dr Andrew McCowan Dr Christine Lauchlan-Arrowsmith Warwick Bishop Background Victorian Future

More information

Ocean and Coastal Processes. Ocean Basins. Chapter 20. Ocean Basins and Plates. Ocean Terms. Sea Arch Bay-mouth Bar Spit Tombolo Coast.

Ocean and Coastal Processes. Ocean Basins. Chapter 20. Ocean Basins and Plates. Ocean Terms. Sea Arch Bay-mouth Bar Spit Tombolo Coast. Chapter 20 Ocean Basins and Plates Ocean and Coastal Processes Tide Wave Height Length Period Base Refraction Tsunami Beach Sea stack Ocean Terms Sea Arch Bay-mouth Bar Spit Tombolo Coast Emergent Submergent

More information

Monitoring Coastal Change after the Tsunami in Thailand

Monitoring Coastal Change after the Tsunami in Thailand IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science OPEN ACCESS Monitoring Coastal Change after the Tsunami in Thailand To cite this article: W Pantanahiran 2014 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

More information

Science 8 - Water Systems Test - Chapters 1-2

Science 8 - Water Systems Test - Chapters 1-2 Science 8 - Water Systems Test - Chapters 1-2 Multiple Choice (30 marks) Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What percentage represents the amount of fresh

More information

ACCELERATED BEACH EROSION ALONG THE UPPER TEXAS COAST

ACCELERATED BEACH EROSION ALONG THE UPPER TEXAS COAST ACCELERATED BEACH EROSION ALONG THE UPPER TEXAS COAST Young Hyun Park 1, Billy L. Edge 2 and Sehyun Cheon 3 The upper Texas coast has been severely eroded and beach erosion is going on. It is not extreme

More information