Temporal and spatial scales of the features and processes forming the Polish Baltic Sea coast

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of the features and processes forming the Polish Baltic Sea coast Stanisław Musielak, Kazimierz Furmańczyk,

1 The coasts of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea under climate change - synthesis of German and Polish strategies for development and prediction, Hamburg, October, 2016, German Polish Seminar Temporal and spatial scales of the features and processes forming the Polish Baltic Sea coast Stanisław Musielak, Kazimierz Furmańczyk, Natalia Bugajny University of Szczecin, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Szczecin, Poland

2 Content General characteristics of the Polish Baltic Sea coast Features and processes forming the coast Coastal systems Extreme events and anthropogenic activities Summary

3 The aim of the presentation To define and to characterize factors and processes forming the Southern Baltic Sea coast on hierarchically structured: temporal and spatial scales including the interaction of morphodynamic effects.

General characteristics of the Southern Baltic Sea coast Scheme of two basic types of natural coast occurring on the Southern Baltic Sea cliff coast 20% 1 -

4 General characteristics of the Southern Baltic Sea coast Scheme of two basic types of natural coast occurring on the Southern Baltic Sea cliff coast 20% 1 - cliff, 2 - notch (wave-cut groove), 3 - beach or bench, 4 - cliff base line dune coast 80% 1 - dune (dune ridges), 2 - foredune, 3 - beach ridge 4 - dune base line

5 Type of coast along Polish Southern Baltic Sea

6 Features and processes forming the Polish Baltic Sea coast Geological structure and tectonics, Sea level fluctuations, Sensitivity to storm surges, Shoreline exposure to stormy waves Atmosphere dynamics (direction and strength of the wind and direction of the atmospheric circulation, Waves and currents, Aeolian procesess, Antropogenic activities.

7 Features and processes forming the Polish Baltic Sea coast Sensitivity to storm surges Regionalization of the Polish coast by means of major storm surges time span : m above NN m above NN m above NN (Wiśniewski and Wolski, 2008). Shoreline exposure to stormy waves Regionalization of the Polish coast by significant wave height (in the years ). 1 - Pomeranian Bay ( m), 2 Gulf of Gdańsk ( m), 3 - Western part of the open sea ( m), 4 - The eastern part of the open sea ( m), (based on Paplińska and Reda, 2001).

8 Coastal Systems Coastal systems can be identified with characteristic: geological conditions, morphology and morphodynamics, climate changes, which are acting in parallel on various temporal and spatial scales.

9 Coastal Systems - orders Morphological effects of factors and processes parameterized for coastal systems on different temporal and spatial levels: I - changes during millennia in areas spanning hundreds of kilometers; II - change on the of centennial scale (corresponding spatially to tens of kilometers); III - decadal changes (affecting kilometers wide areas); IV - changes during several years (on spatial scales of kilometer or hundreds of meters); V - seasonal (quarterly months) changes (acting spatially on scales of tens of meters); VI - short-term (weeks, days, hours) changes (related from meters to centimeters on the spatial dimension); VII - short-term (minutes, seconds) changes (related from centimeters to milimeters on the spatial dimension);

10 1-st order coastal systems: Time - millennia Space - hundreds of kilometers Process neotectonic movements Effect - shape of the coastline Impact of tectonic movements on the of the Polish Baltic Sea A - areas with a tendency to rise B - areas with a tendency to subside I - the Pomeranian Bay; II - the central coast; III - Gulf of Gdańsk; (based on Wyrzykowski 1985; Garetsky et al. 2001; Kowalczyk 2006)

11 2-nd order coastal systems: Time - centennial Space - tens of kilometers Process - eustatic sea level fluctuations Effect - development of large scale accumulations form (spits and barriers) Selected Spits and Barriers (Furmańczyk and Musielak 2015)

3-rd order coastal systems: Time - decadal Space - kilometers Process - sea level changes Effect - erosion and accumulation of the coastal zone 515 E A Świnoujście 1811-2006 y = 0.044x + 491.

12 3-rd order coastal systems: Time - decadal Space - kilometers Process - sea level changes Effect - erosion and accumulation of the coastal zone 515 E A Świnoujście y = 0.044x R 2 = E A E A E A E A E A E sea level [cm] E - erosion, A - accumulation Potential phases of coastal activity on the example of sea level fluctuations at Świnoujście between 1811 and 2006 (after Wiśniewski et al. 2011)

13 3-rd order coastal systems cd: Time - decadal Space - kilometers Process - sea-coast interaction Effect - coastal behaviour reguralities Model of coastal development and the circulation system 1 nodes - coastline sites being relative stable 2 arrows - sites where erosion and accumulation alternate periodically 3 outflow crosshore currents (modified from Furmańczyk 1994)

3-rd order coastal systems cd: Time - decadal Space - kilometers Process - sea-coast interaction Effect - coastal behaviour reguralities Gate: Irregular

14 3-rd order coastal systems cd: Time - decadal Space - kilometers Process - sea-coast interaction Effect - coastal behaviour reguralities Gate: Irregular section of underwater longshore bar Relatively stable location in time Location of gates along the Polish coast of the Pomeranian Bay (Furmańczyk and Musielak 2002)

15 4-th order coastal systems Time - years Space - kilometer, hundred meters Process sea-coast interaction Effect - erosion or accumulation of dune/cliff base line akumulacja erozja Dudzińska-Nowak, 2006

16 5th order coastal systems: Time - years/sesonal Space - hundreds of meters/tens of meters Process - sediment movements Effect - morphological changes Standard deviations of volume changes and maximum and minimum positions of shoreline from May - December 2012 (Bugajny and Furmańczyk 2014)

2012 Time - weeks, days, hours Space - meters to centimeters Process - sediment movements Effect - morphological changes 29.09-13.

17 Beach volume changes in profiles in weeks periods with position of shoreline (Bugajny and Furmańczyk 2014) 6th order coastal systems: Time - weeks, days, hours Space - meters to centimeters Process - sediment movements Effect - morphological changes Legend shoreline position # linia_brzegowa_29_09m.txt Events ") -0, , ") -0, , s ") -0, , ") -0, , ") 0, , ") 0, , ") 0, no - data 100,000000

18 7th order coastal systems: Time minutes and seconds Space centimeters to milimeters Process - sediment movements Effect - micro-morphological changes Photo: K. Furmańczyk Photo: K. Furmańczyk Photo: K. Furmańczyk

19 Extreme events Extreme events are created by hydro meteo conditions, which can happened in : 10, 50, 100, 1000 y RP (strong waves, storm surges). As the results could be: catastrophic changes in the coastal zone (dune/cliff erosion, hazard for buildings and infrastructure located close to the coast) significant modification of the coastal systems activity (permanently, periodicaly or temporary), stormy flood (dune breaking and flooding of coastal lowlands).

Extreme event 1995 (Międzyzdroje) Hotel Amber Baltic 1901-2006

450 y = -0,0439x + 419,56 400 350 Photo: P.

1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 max min śr.

20 Extreme event 1995 (Międzyzdroje) Hotel Amber Baltic Świnoujście 700 y = 0,1297x + 588, sea level [cm] y = -0,0439x + 419, Photo: P. Domaradzki max min śr. ruchoma 11-letnia max śr. ruchoma 11-letnia min Photo: P. Domaradzki Photo: P. Domaradzki Fishing harbor

21 Extreme events (Hs: 3-4m) Camera view in Międzyzdroje Camera view in Dziwnówek :00 UTC Water level: +0.65m Hs: 3-4 m :00 UTC Water level: +0.12m Hs: 0.5-1m

22 Anthropogenic activities (Link side effect) Photo: P. Domaradzki Photo: P. Domaradzki Rewal Results: - Coastal erosion in the neighborhood - Narrowing the beach Niechorze

23 Summary In the coastal zone of Southern Baltic Sea, 7 level of coastal systems have been identified with characteristic geological conditions, morphology and morphodynamics acting in parallel on various temporal and spatial scales from the millennia to hours and hundreds of kilometers to centimeters. Coastal systems, acting simultaneously overlap resulting in a complex contemporary picture of the processes and forms, could be found at the Polish coasts of the Baltic Sea.

24 Summary The main factor of the coastal systems forming the shape of the coastline depends on geological structure and the rate of vertical crustal movement. The second, factor of the coastal systems, is relative sea level fluctuations on different time and space scale which control a coastal development, Waves, as a forcing factor, developed under influence of atmospheric conditions, directly shape the coastal zone, together with aeolian forces. These factors result in: cliffs/dune coast and seabed erosion, sediment transport and accumulation. They are the most important processes for the formation of different types and relief forms of coasts during the past and present time.

25 For modeling of coastal changes, the following factors and processes should be considered: The location of tectonic faults and their specific dynamics, which determine the general subdivision of the coast. Regionalization of the coast based on the degree impact of storm surges and waves on the morphodynamics. The location of nodal points, circulation systems of the coastal zone and gates, having a significant importance for the morphodynamics of shorelines. The main factor causing changes in decadal scale are sea level changes, dividing time periods into erosive, accumulative or stable ones. Extreme storm events, particularly a series of storm, if it is connected with high water level, are responsible for significant coastal changes. Single weak storms (when significant wave height not exceed 2.5m) cause approx 10m shoreline changes and approx 1m 3 /m 2 volume changes in the area of beach ridge. During weak storms both accumulation and erosion at the area of shoreline and beach ridge are observed.

26 Thank you for attention Musielak S., Furmańczyk K., Bugajny N.: Factors and processes forming the Polish Southern Baltic Sea coast on various temporal and spatial scales in Springer Coastal Research Library. Eds: J. Harff, K. Furmanczyk, H. v. Storch Coastline changes of the Baltic Sea from South to East - past and future projection (in press)

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