The potential of fjord sediment geochemistry for high-resolution paleohydrological reconstructions
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1 The potential of fjord sediment geochemistry for high-resolution paleohydrological reconstructions Sebastien Bertrand (UGent, Belgium) In collaboration with: Silvio Pantoja (UdeC, Chile), Konrad Hughen (WHOI, USA), Gert Jan Weltje (KULeuven, Belgium)
2 Sediments as flood archives mostly lakes
3 Sediments as flood archives mostly lakes River input Density of sediment-loaded river water >> lake water density Floods are recorded as turbidites (underflows)
4 Difference between lake and fjord sediments Fjords: Strongly stratified (salinity) Generally 5 10m thick freshwater lens at the surface Stratification has a strong control on sedimentary processes! River input Moffat, 2014
5 Difference between lake and fjord sediments Most of the sediment is concentrated in the upper few meters of the water column (overflow) Suspended sediment concentrations >> 1g/l are needed to overcome the density contrasts Only large (glacial lake outburst) floods with high SPM concentrations are recorded.
6 Difference between lake and fjord sediments Fjord sediments have the potential to record large floods (especially GLOFs) need indicators to identify flood deposits
7 Proxies of river discharge in fjord sediments X1. Suspended particles transported in different hydrodynamic conditions 2. Bulk river sediment sieved in different grain-size fractions 3. Surface (modern) fjord sediments - From river mouth to open ocean Figure: U. Idaho
8 Proxies of river discharge in fjord sediments Clear influence of sediment grain-size on inorganic geochemistry. Al is relatively constant with grain-size (hydrodynamics). Other lithogenic elements are concentrated in a specific grain-size fractions
9 Proxies of river discharge in fjord sediments X1. Suspended particles transported in different hydrodynamic conditions 2. Bulk river sediment sieved in different grain-size fractions 3. Surface (modern) fjord sediments - From river mouth to open ocean Figure: U. Idaho
10 Proxies of river discharge in fjord sediments Relative concentration of these 4 lithogenic elements is function of hydrodynamic energy In proximal environments (flood records) Zr/Al is the most sensitive ratio Most minerals Amphibole, olivine, px (d ) Ilmenite, rutile, titanite (d ) Zircon (d ) +refractory (coarse) Bertrand et al., GCA 2012
11 Proxies of river discharge in fjord sediments Sediment inorganic geochemistry (Zr/Al, Ti/Al) in fjords is well suited to estimate changes in river discharge through time Advantage: can be measured at very high resolution (XRF core scanning) Next step: modeling the relations between river discharge and fjord sediment geochemistry reconstruct flood magnitude? HYDROPROX (UGent starting grant, ) Developing inorganic geochemical proxies for accurate paleohydrological reconstructions from fjord sediments In collaboration with: Silvio Pantoja, Brian Reid, Carlos Moffat, Gert Jan Weltje
12 HYDROPROX River discharge monitoring Sequential sediment traps High-resolution surface sediment sampling
13 Paleo-GLOFs (FWO Research project, ) Assessing the impact of climate change on the frequency of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in Patagonia In collaboration with: Silvio Pantoja, Brian Reid, Carlos Moffat, Gino Casassa, Francois De Vleeschouwer, Fernando Torrejón Filled Empty
14 15 GLOFs between no GLOFs reported between 1968 and 2008 (Dussaillant et al., 2010)
15 Conclusions: Fjord sediments as paleo-flood archives Fjord sediments: continuous recorders of major floods (i.e., above a specific threshold) Advantage: less noise Limitation: may miss smaller events (with low sed. concentrations) Record flood occurrence, particularly GLOFs Potentially record flood magnitude (relations between discharge, grain-size, geochemistry) High accumulation rates (>1cm/yr) successive events are clearly separated Resolution: ~decadal. Generally not varved Timescale: late Holocene
16 Thank you!
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