The Mercury-Carbon Thermometer
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1 The Mercury-Carbon Thermometer - sedimentary mercury and organic carbon as a potential paleo-thermometer for Arctic aquatic systems Peter Outridge 1, Hamed Sanei, Fari Goodarzi, Gary Stern 3 and Paul Hamilton 4 1 University of Manitoba, Winnipeg Geological Survey of Canada, Calgary 3 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg 4 Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa Contribution to ArcticNET Project 1.3, Contaminants Cycling in Coastal Systems
2 Two key features of Arctic lakes Lake catchments largely devoid of terrestrial vegetation
3 . Lakes are isolated for most of each year by ice cover light-limited systems.4 m thick ice cover (Amituk Lake, May 3)
4 Inferences.. Aquatic plant productivity is dominant sediment OC source This productivity limited by length of ice-free season Ice-free season responds to spring / fall air temperatures Therefore. Sedimentary OC profiles may contain a temperature record
5 Aims Characterize organic carbon profiles in two High Arctic lakes Compare them to mercury (Hg) profiles Evaluate Hg/OC profiles against modern temperature records Ultimately : Proxy air temperature records for this region.. over the past 1, 1, years?.. over the Holocene (8, yrs)?
6 Amituk Lake Lake D V-9 CANADA
7 Amituk Lake core, sampled May 3
8 Temperature C o Organic matter in sediments S1 S RC (operationally defined by Rock-Eval 6 (TM) thermal pyrolysis) - S1: Very labile, free HCs (lipids, pigments); Pyrolysis up to 3 o C (no oxygen) - S: Higher mol.wt., long chain HCs (aliphatic, kerogenous); Pyrolysis up to 65 o C (no oxygen) - RC: (Residual) Carbon oxidized at 85 o C - TOC = S1 + S + RC
9 Hg and S concentrations significantly correlated Hg (ug/g DW) Amituk Lake r =.8, F = 19, P<.1 S Hg S (mg HC/gDW) S Calendar years
10 Hg (ug/g DW) Lake DV-9 r =.69, F = 83.1, P<.1 Hg S S (mg HC/g DW) Strong evidence of Hg scavenging by aquatic phytoplankton. Productivity is higher in late th C than anytime in past Millenium
11 Fig. (A) Northern Hemisphere surface temperature anomalies ( C) relative to mean (dotted line). Source: Jones et al. 1, Science 9: April to September mean temperature from land north of N estimated by Briffa et al. (1) (green, ) and estimated by re-calibrating (blue, 1 to 1991) the Jones et al. (1998) Northern Hemisphere summer temperature estimate. S (mg HC/g DW) 6 4 Lake DV-9 S Hg Date (Calendar year).5
12 Problems possibly affecting concentration profiles and Hg S associations I. Dilution of OC by varying inorganic sedimentation II. III. IV. Addition of inorganic-associated Hg to the organic-associated Hg Preservation of OC Migration of Hg V. Anthropogenic Hg inputs (last 1 years)
13 S (mg HC/g DW) S flux (mg HC/m /yr) S (mg HC/g DW) S flux (mg HC/m /yr) 7 Lake DV-9 Lake DV Amituk Lake Lake DV-9 1 Amituk Lake 4 1 Amituk Lake Amituk Lake Lake DV-9 S Concentration S Profiles (since 185) 185) Calendar year Calendar year S Flux Profiles S Flux Profiles 7.6-fold Calendar year 7.8-fold Calendar year Sed. Rate (g/m /yr) Sed. Rate (g/m /yr) Dilution of [OC] by varying inorganic sedimentation Solved by reconstructing OC fluxes
14 S flux (mg HC/m /yr) Lake DV-9 Hg vs S, r =.44 Amituk Lake Hg vs S, r = Calendar year Diatom flux Diatom flux Hg flux (ug Hg/m Diatom flux (#/m /yr) /yr)
15 Resolute Summer Spring Air Temp. ( O C) Amituk S flux (mg HC/m /yr) Comparison of Lake of Lake OC S Fluxes Fluxes against against Instrument-based Temperature Records Records Instrumental Temp. Records Instrumental Temp. Records IPCC IPCC N.H. Surface (1) N.H. Temp Temperature Resolute Resolute Summer Spring Temp Air Temp. (3-yr (3 running yr running average) average) Quadratic Quadratic fit fit Lake Sediments Lake Sediments Amituk Lake Lake DV-9 Amituk Lake Lake DV IPCC Temp Anomalies ( O C) DV-9 S flux (mg HC/m /yr)
16 Summary Lake OC fluxes at 75 o N track average Northern Hemisphere spring air temperatures since 1854 (in Amituk, Hg fluxes are also tracking) But for longer record, another approach to estimating sedimentation rate is needed OR is Hg concentration (in Lake DV-9) the best longterm thermometer?
17 For the future Optical luminescence dating of pre-185 sediment layers [Ca oxide] as a proxy sedimentation measure (?) Ultimately: a Holocene temperature record for Arctic coastal areas
18
19 Sed. Rate (g/m /yr) Lake DV-9 Sed. rate Ca flux Ca flux (x 1 g/m /yr) Hg (ug/g DW) Inorganic Hg S1 (mg/g DW) S1 S S (mg/g DW) Dilution of OC
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