The Geomorphology of the Pig Point Site (18AN50) Landform Development, Climate Change, and Long-Term Human Occupation
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1 The Geomorphology of the Pig Point Site (18AN50) Landform Development, Climate Change, and Long-Term Human Occupation D O N M U L L I S T E T R A T EC H S T E P H A N I E S P E R L I N G A N N E A R U N D E L C O U N T Y LO S T TO W N S P R O J EC T D R. F R A N K V E N TO - C L A R I O N P E N N S Y LVA N I A U N I V E R S I T Y D R. A L LU C K E N BAC H A N N E A R U N D E L C O U N T Y LO S T TO W N S P R OJ EC T J A M E S M A R I N E, E D D O L A N T E T R A T EC H 1
2 Site Background Promontory Bluff Above 500 Year Floodplain Jug Bay Western Shore Uplands Source: Dr. Al Luckenbach Anne Arundel County Lost Towns Project Patuxent River, Maryland 2
3 Site Background Site initially recognized in 2008, with field excavations 2009 to ft square units documented 365 features, 630,000 artifacts, 30 c-14 dates which spanned nearly 10,000 years Three distinct areas excavated: Lower Block Upper Block North Block Site Map with Lidar-Derived DEM (ESRI) 3
4 Site Background Lower Block Feasting Area Contained Woodland period midden Stratified in situ Early, Middle, and Late Archaic cultural deposits Cultural deposits extended to over 6 ft (2 m) below grade Upper Block Habitation Area Intact stratigraphy from Late Woodland to Early Archaic Thousands post-holes marking outlines of wigwams North Block Ritual Area Rare Adena-influenced mortuary pits North Block Ritual Area Upper Block Habitation Area Lower Block Feasting Area 4
5 Projectile Points Over 500 Complete No Major Data Gaps 5
6 Lower Block Depth (over 6 ft of Cultural Deposits) Why? Early Archaic Kirk Point Source: Dr. Al Luckenbach - AA County Lost Towns Project Need for Additional Scientific Disciplines in Geology and Geomorphology 6
7 Geomorphological Investigation Development of a Site Conceptual Model Desktop Study (Previous Research) Developed Draft Geologic X-Sections Visual Observations via Site Visits of Open Excavations Hand Auger Soil Sampling (Multiple) Digital Photography of Sediments 3D Stratigraphic Modeling Soil Survey and Soil Profile Analysis ESRI GIS Mapping (LIDAR) Coulter-Counter Grain Size Analysis Multiple Lines of Evidence 7
8 Geology Patuxent River Valley Terrace Deposits Mapped as Pleistocene Interbedded sand and gravel Lesser amounts of Silt/Clay Quartzose gravel typically concentrated in lower portion Cobbles and boulders of mafic rock Limonite conglomerate Glauconitic Sands Source: MGS Anne Arundel County Geologic Map Desktop Study 8
9 Site Location Source: Synthesis on Quaternary aeolian research (2015) Markewich, Litwin, Wysocki, Pavich Dune Fields - Infilled parabolic - Medium Sands ( mm) - NW to SE Trending Ridge lines Desktop Study 9
10 LIDAR maps confirmed presence of parabolic topographic relief and NW to SE ridge lines Regional Map Source Bordering Dune Aeolian Topography ESRI GIS Mapping - LIDAR 10
11 Aeolian Sand Soils in Pig Point and DORR Archeological Areas (NRCS) Former Sand Quarry Location DORR (18AN19) Hand Auger Locations Pig Point (18AN50) Infilled Parabolic Dune Source: Ivester and Leigh (2003) Relic Aeolian Conditions Determined by Soil Survey Data 11
12 Development of Geologic X-Sections (Local Area) B Stream Channel SC1 60 Groundwater Springs/Seeps 0 20 X NB 40 JC X X X UB X LB B Elevation of Ground Surface (Ft MSL) 40 MSL 35 MSL 30 MSL 25 MSL 20 MSL 15 MSL 10 MSL 5 MSL 0 MSL 0 ft Mantle of Relic Aeolian Sands Lower Upper North B B Patuxent River Groundwater Springs/Seeps Slope Wash (Holocene) Block X Block Early Archaic Artifacts and features X Block Fluvial Terrace Deposits (Gravelly Sand) Marine Clay (Eocene) Bt (Argillic Unit) 150 ft 300 ft 450 ft 600 ft 750 ft 900 ft 1,050 ft 1,200 ft 1,350 ft
13 In Field - Data Collection Data collection: Soil sampling from open excavations Hand auger sampling at bottom of archeological units and in near-by strategic areas Data Collection Soil Sampling and Completion of Hand Augers 13
14 Typical Digital Photograph of Sediments Limonite? Glauconite Iron Stained Quartz Typical of Patuxent River Terrace Deposit Sediments Digital Photography of Sediments 14
15 Increased Variability of Gravel within Lower Block (Adjacent to Swale/Stream Bank) 3D Model of Gravel/Non Gravel Interface Potential Climate Change Events? 3D Stratigraphic Modeling (Site Specific) 15
16 Document multiple climate-driven erosional and depositional cycles Soil Profile Analysis Multiple A horizons, A/E transition, series BC horizons, C1/C2 fluvial gravel 16
17 Highest % in Medium Sand Fractions Higher % of VF and F Sand Higher % of C and VC Sands Coulter-Counter Grain Size Analysis 42 Samples 17
18 Mean Grain Size calculated from <2 mm truncated sample set Gravel in Sample Bag Possible changes during Scandic Time Period Pleistocene Terrace Deposit Sediments Evidence of Change in Geomorphological Conditions at Pleistocene/Holocene Contact (Younger Dryas?) Relic Late Pleistocene Aeolian Sediments Evidence of Hypsithermal Sediment Accumulation Changes? Coulter-Counter Grain Size Analysis Relic Aeolian vs Fluvial Coarse Gravel 18
19 Increased Mass- Wasting during Pacific/Little Ice Age, Late Woodland, and Historic Periods Development of Anthropogenic Midden during Stable Sub- Atlantic/Scandic/Neo- Atlantic Early and Middle Woodland Periods Colluvial Over- Printing and Mass Wasting During Hypsithermal (5-7 ka) Early Holocene Landform Stabilization Sediment Accumulation Rates and Climate Change 19
20 Hypsithermal (5-7Ka) Scandic Disconformity (increased flood frequency and magnitude) Chesapeake Bay Stabilizes Possible Erosional Sequence Along Lower Slope of Swale Warmer and Dryer (decrease in vegetation allowing more erosion during rain events) C-14 (Avg 2-sigmas YBP) Sediment Accumulation Rates and Climate Change 20
21 Chesapeake Bay Stabilizes Hypsithermal (5-7Ka) Climate Change and Long Term Human Occupation 21
22 Summary Correlation Chart 22
23 Northwest Calvert Formation (Miocene Marine) Patuxent River Terrace Deposits (Alluvial) A Geomorphic Landform Development of Pig Point (Late Pleistocene) Active Source-Bordering Dunes Pig Point Patuxent River Terrace Deposits (Alluvial) Southeast Calvert Formation (Miocene -Marine) Nanjemoy Formation (Eocene- Marginal Shelf) Exposed Braid-Bars Prevailing Wind Direction Nanjemoy Formation (Eocene- Marginal Shelf) Marlboro Clay (Eocene Intertidal) Braid-plain Sediments (Patuxent River) Marlboro Clay (Eocene Intertidal) Aquia Formation (Paleocene Shallow Marine) Paleo River Valley Aquia Formation (Paleocene Shallow Marine) (a) Alluvial deposition of basal Pleistocene terrace sand and gravel deposits and Late Pleistocene deposition of active source-bordering aeolian dunes from braid-plain river sediments Geomorphic Landform Development 23
24 Northwest Calvert Formation (Miocene Marine) Patuxent River Terrace Deposits (Alluvial) B Geomorphic Landform Development of Pig Point (Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene) Period of Erosion and Active Slope Wash Relic Source-Bordering Dunes Pig Point Southeast Calvert Formation (Miocene -Marine) Patuxent River Terrace Deposits (Alluvial) Nanjemoy Formation (Eocene- Marginal Shelf) Exposed Braid-Bars Nanjemoy Formation (Eocene- Marginal Shelf) Marlboro Clay (Eocene Intertidal) Braid-plain Sediments (Patuxent River) Marlboro Clay (Eocene Intertidal) Aquia Formation (Paleocene Shallow Marine) Paleo River Valley Aquia Formation (Paleocene Shallow Marine) (b) Terrace scarp erosion during the warm, wet interstadial culminating in the cool and dry Younger Dryas Geomorphic Landform Development 24
25 Northwest Calvert Formation (Miocene Marine) Patuxent River Terrace Deposits (Alluvial) C Geomorphic Landform Development of Pig Point (Early and Middle Holocene) Patuxent River (Beginning of Holocene Silts and Meandering River) Continued Slope Wash and Mass Wasting Relic Source-Bordering Dunes Pig Point Patuxent River Terrace Deposits (Alluvial) Southeast Calvert Formation (Miocene -Marine) Nanjemoy Formation (Eocene- Marginal Shelf) Holocene Sands and Silts (Alluvial) Nanjemoy Formation (Eocene- Marginal Shelf) Marlboro Clay (Eocene Intertidal) Marlboro Clay (Eocene Intertidal) Aquia Formation (Paleocene Shallow Marine) Buried Braid-plain Sediments (Patuxent River) Paleo River Valley Aquia Formation (Paleocene Shallow Marine) (c) Increased erosion and colluvial over-printing (increased mass wasting) of up-gradient aeolian sands with enhanced activity in the Middle Archaic hypsithermal Geomorphic Landform Development 25
26 Northwest Calvert Formation (Miocene Marine) Patuxent River Terrace Deposits (Alluvial) Geomorphic Landform Development of Pig Point (Late Holocene to Present) D Patuxent River (Sediment Laden and Meandering) Cumulic A Horizon Develops Colluvial Slope Wash and Remnants of Source- Bordering Dunes Pig Point Patuxent River Terrace Deposits (Alluvial) Southeast Calvert Formation (Miocene -Marine) Nanjemoy Formation (Eocene- Marginal Shelf) Marlboro Clay (Eocene Intertidal) Holocene Sands and Silts (Alluvial) Perched Water Nanjemoy Formation (Eocene- Marginal Shelf) Marlboro Clay (Eocene Intertidal) Aquia Formation (Paleocene Shallow Marine) Paleo River Valley Braid-plain Sediments (Patuxent River) Aquia Formation (Paleocene Shallow Marine) (d) Landform stability and development of a cumulic A horizon with anthropogenic enrichment during the stable Sub Atlantic through Neo Atlantic (Early and Middle Woodland periods) and additional colluvial over-printing by accelerated mass wasting from the Little Ice Age through historic deforestation (Late Woodland and Historic periods) Special Thanks Stephanie Sperling Anne Arundel County Lost Towns Project Dr. Frank Vento - Clarion Pennsylvania University Dr. Al Luckenbach Anne Arundel County Lost Towns Project James marine, Ed Dolan Tetra tech Geomorphic Landform Development 26
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