GY 111: Physical Geology

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1 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA GY 111: Physical Geology Lecture 14: Sedimentary Rocks Part 2: Alluvial Fans and Rivers Instructor: Dr. Douglas W. Haywick

2 Last Time 1) Types of Sediment 2) Sedimentary Rock Classification 3) Sediment Transport Web notes 13 GY 111 Lab Manual Chapter 3

3 Types of Sedimentary Rocks 1) siliciclastic 2) biochemical 3) chemical 4) organic

4 Classification of Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks

5 Classification of Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks Siliciclastic Rock Name

6 Classification of Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks Siliciclastic Rock Name Quartz Arenite Arkose Lithic Sandstone

7 Sedimentary Rocks Four distinct classes: 1) Siliciclastic 2) Biochemical 3) Chemical 4) Organic

8 Sediment Transport Source transport Sink

9 Sediment Transport Bed load: sediment (sand and gravel) transported along the bed of a river Suspended load: sediment (clay and silt) transported within the water column of a river Solute load: dissolved minerals transported in a river

10 Sedimentary Structures Current Ripples

11 Today s Agenda 1) Depositional environments in general 2) Alluvial fans and their rocks 3) Meandering Rivers Web notes 14a: Alluvial Fans Web notes 14b: Rivers and Deltas: Lab Manual Chapter 3

12 Depositional Environments Depositional (or sedimentary) environments: Places where sediment is deposited (i.e., sediment sinks).

13 Depositional Environments Depositional (or sedimentary) environments: Places where sediment is deposited (i.e., sediment sinks). They are numerous. Sedimentologists study sedimentary rocks to reconstruct past environments of deposition

14 Depositional Environments Depositional (or sedimentary) environments: Places where sediment is deposited (i.e., sediment sinks). They are numerous. Sedimentologists study sedimentary rocks to reconstruct past environments of deposition

15 Alluvial Fans Fan-shaped deposits of siliciclastic sediment deposited at the base of mountains

16 Alluvial Fans Fan-shaped deposits of siliciclastic sediment deposited at the base of mountains Gravel to clay sized Angular to sub rounded immature

17 Alluvial Fans 1 km

18 Alluvial Fans 1 km

19 Alluvial Fans 1 km

20 Alluvial Fans 1 km

21 Alluvial Fans Fan head 1 km

22 Alluvial Fans Fan head mid fan 1 km

23 Alluvial Fans Fan head mid fan Fan toe 1 km

24 Alluvial Fans Fan head mid fan Fan toe Alluvial plain 1 km

25 Alluvial Fans 2 km

26 Alluvial Fans 2 km

27 Alluvial Fans 2 km

28 Alluvial Fans 2 km

29 Alluvial Fans 2 km

30 Alluvial Fans Best developed in arid regions

31 Alluvial Fans Best developed in arid regions Best developed in tectonically active areas

32 Alluvial Fans Best developed in arid regions Best developed in tectonically active areas From Walker, R.G Facies Models. Geological Association of Canada

33 Alluvial Fans Best developed in arid regions Best developed in tectonically active areas From Walker, R.G Facies Models. Geological Association of Canada Lateral fining

34 Alluvial Fans Best developed in arid regions Best developed in tectonically active areas Formed primarily through the action of water flow

35 Alluvial Fans Best developed in arid regions Best developed in tectonically active areas Formed primarily through the action of water flow but there are also landslide deposits (mass flow)

36 Alluvial Fans Walker, R.G. and James, N.P., Facies Models. Response to Sea Level Change.Geological Association of Canada, 409p.

37 Alluvial Fans Red shale arkose breccia Walker, R.G. and James, N.P., Facies Models. Response to Sea Level Change.Geological Association of Canada, 409p.

38 Alluvial Fans - sedimentary sections Nemec, W. and Steel, R.J., Alluvial and coastal conglomerates: their significant features and some comments on gravelly mass-flow deposits. In Koster, E.H. and Steel, R. eds), Sedimentology of Gravels and Conglomerates. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Mem. 10, 1-31.

39 Alluvial Fans - sedimentary sections Interbedded brecccia/arkose beds Nemec, W. and Steel, R.J., Alluvial and coastal conglomerates: their significant features and some comments on gravelly mass-flow deposits. In Koster, E.H. and Steel, R. eds), Sedimentology of Gravels and Conglomerates. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Mem. 10, 1-31.

40 Types of Rivers Braided Anastamosing Meandering Walker, R.G. and James, N.P., Facies Models. Response to Sea Level Change.Geological Association of Canada, 409p.

41 Sinuous, single channel drainage systems Meandering Rivers

42 Meandering Rivers Sinuous, single channel drainage systems Typically form on low gradient alluvial plains

43 Meandering Rivers Are characterized by a distinct suite of facies and processes Oxbow lakes Levees Floodplains Cut banks Point bars Yazoo streams Cutoffs

44 The channel meanders across the flood plain Meandering Rivers

45 Deposition occurs on the inside of meander loops (point bar) Meandering Rivers

46 Large point bars may consist of numerous accretionary ridges Meandering Rivers

47 Erosion occurs on the outside of meander loops (cut bank) Meandering Rivers

48 Meandering river channels are asymmetrical (deepest near cut bank) Meandering Rivers

49 Meandering Rivers Water velocity is greatest where the channel is deepest resulting in a corkscrew flow pattern.

50 Meandering Rivers Vortices can be either singular or complex. Either way, it results in a sieving action during point bar deposition.

51 Meandering Rivers Sediment eroded from the cutbank is transported onto the point bar where the current is slower Deposition Erosion

52 Meandering Rivers The bottom of the channel is frequently characterized by a channel lag of gravel and/boulders (conglomerate)

53 Meandering Rivers Apart from deposition in channels, rivers periodically flood resulting in sedimentation on flood plains

54 Meandering Rivers Apart from deposition in channels, rivers periodically flood resulting in sedimentation on flood plains Red shale

55 Today s Homework 1. Download and read Web Lectures 14a,b 2. Call your parent(s) and say thank you for changing all of those dirty diapers when you were a baby 3. Assignment 2: instructions Next Time Assignment Guidance More depositional environments (beaches!)

56 Contour Map Homework

57 Contour Map Homework

58 Contour Map Homework

59 GY 111: Physical Geology Lecture 14: Alluvial Fans and Rivers Instructor: Dr. Doug Haywick This is a free open access lecture, but not for commercial purposes. For personal use only.

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