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7 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: SEISMIC HAZARDS SEISMIC CONTEXT EARTHQUAKE BASICS REGULATORY CONTEXT Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act Seismic Hazards Mapping Act California Building Code Unreinforced Masonry Law Real Estate Disclosure Requirements California Environmental Quality Act NOTABLE PAST EARTHQUAKES Wrightwood Earthquake of December 8, San Jacinto Earthquake of San Jacinto Earthquake of Long Beach Earthquake of San Jacinto Fault Earthquake of Desert Hot Springs Earthquake of San Jacinto Fault Earthquake of Borrego Mountain Earthquake of San Fernando (Sylmar) Earthquake of North Palm Springs Earthquake of Elmore Ranch and Superstition Hills Earthquakes of Joshua Tree Earthquake of Landers Earthquake of Big Bear Earthquake of Hector Mine Earthquake of Baja California Earthquake of SEISMIC GROUND SHAKING San Andreas Fault Zone San Jacinto Fault Zone Pisgah Bullion Mountain Mesquite Lake Fault Zone Pinto Mountain Fault Landers (or Kickapoo) Fault Burnt Mountain Fault Eureka Peak Fault Calico West Calico - Hidalgo Fault Zone Lenwood Lockhart Old Woman Springs Faults North Frontal Fault Elsinore Fault Zone Blue Cut Fault SURFACE FAULT RUPTURE Definitions Faults in the Coachella Area San Andreas Fault Indio Hills Fault Zones, Including Berdoo Canyon (Coachella Fan) Fault Mecca Hills Fault Zone GROUND FAILURE DUE TO EARTHQUAKE SHAKING Liquefaction Earthquake-Induced Slope Failure Seismically Induced Settlement Deformation of Sidehill Fills Ridgetop Fissuring and Shattering Earth Consultants International Table of Contents Page i

8 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 1.7 OTHER POTENTIAL SEISMIC HAZARDS Seiches Tsunami VULNERABILITY OF STRUCTURES TO EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE Unreinforced Masonry Structures Soft-Story Buildings Wood-Frame Structures Pre-Cast Concrete Structures Tilt-up Buildings Reinforced Concrete Frame Buildings Multi-Story Steel Frame Buildings Mobile (Manufactured) Homes Combination Types EARTHQUAKE SCENARIOS AND LOSS ESTIMATIONS Building Damage Casualties Damage to Critical and Essential Facilities Economic Losses Transportation Damage Utility Systems Damage Shelter Needs Debris Generation SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS CHAPTER 2: GEOLOGIC HAZARDS PHYSIOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC SETTING EARTH UNITS AND THEIR ENGINEERING PROPERTIES River Channel Deposits (map symbol: Qg) Lake and Distal Fan Deposits (map symbol: Ql/Qa) Alluvial Fan and Stream Deposits (map symbol: Qa) Upper Ocotillo Conglomerate (map symbol: Qo-u) Palm Spring Formation (map symbol: Tp) Crystalline Rocks (map symbol: Kg) GEOLOGIC HAZARDS IN THE COACHELLA AREA Landslides and Slope Instability Types of Slope Failures Mitigation of Slope Instability in Future Development Compressible Soils Mitigation of Compressible Soils Collapsible Soils Mitigation of Collapsible Soils Expansive Soils Mitigation of Expansive Soils Corrosive Soils Mitigation of Corrosive Soils Ground Subsidence Mitigation of Ground Subsidence Erosion Mitigation of Erosion Wind-Blown Sand Mitigation of Wind-Blown Sand SUMMARY Earth Consultants International Table of Contents Page ii

9 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) CHAPTER 3: FLOOD HAZARDS STORM FLOODING Hydrologic Setting Weather and Climate Past Flooding National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) FEMA Flood Zone Mapping Flood Zone Mapping in Coachella Existing Flood Protection Measures Future Flood Protection Flood Protection Measures for Property Owners Bridge Scour and Flood Channel Crossings SEISMICALLY INDUCED INUNDATION Dam or Levee Failure Inundation From Above-Ground Storage Tanks LOSS ESTIMATION ANALYSES USING HAZUS Building-Related Losses Debris Generation Shelter Needs Expected Damage to Essential Facilities SUMMARY CHAPTER 4: FIRE HAZARDS VEGETATION FIRES Local Characteristics and History on Local Fires Fuel Loads and Topography Weather Wildfire History Regulatory Context and Fire Risk Areas HUD Study System California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection State Responsibility Areas System Bates Bill Process California Fire Plan National Fire Plan California Fire Alliance (CFA) Real-Estate Disclosure Requirements FireLine System BEHAVE, FARSITE, FlamMap and Other Models Disaster Mitigation Act of Senate Bill 1241 (2012 Kehoe Statutes) Fire Prevention and Suppression Programs and Regulations Vegetation Management Notification and Abatement Building to Reduce the Fire Hazard Restricted Public Access Fire Safety Education STRUCTURE FIRES Target Fire Hazards and Standards of Coverage Regulatory Context FIRE SUPPRESSION SERVICES Response Objectives and Statistics Automatic and Mutual Aid Agreements Earth Consultants International Table of Contents Page iii

10 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS) and National Incident Management System (NIMS) CHEMICAL FIRES FIRES FOLLOWING EARTHQUAKES SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDED PROGRAMS CHAPTER 5: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT SETTING AND DEFINITIONS REGULATORY CONTEXT AND LISTS OF SITES Federal Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C 1251 et seq., 1972) and California Water Code Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act (EPCRA) Resources Conservation and Recovery Act Cortese List Hazardous Materials Disclosure Program Hazardous Materials Incident Response Hazardous Material Spill/Release Notification Guidance LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS (LUSTs) DRINKING WATER QUALITY Contaminants of Concern Coliform Perchlorate Hexavalent Chromium Nitrate and Nitrite HOUSEHOLD HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLING RELEASES DUE TO TRANSPORTATION ACCIDENTS AND PIPELINE FAILURES EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED RELEASES OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS OTHER POTENTIAL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RELEASE INCIDENTS HAZARD ANALYSIS SUMMARY OF FINDINGS National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Superfund, Hazardous Waste, and Toxic Release Inventory Sites Hazardous Materials Disclosure Program Leaking Underground Fuel Tanks Water Quality Household Hazardous Waste Releases due to Transportation Accidents and Pipeline Failures Oil Fields CHAPTER 6: SEVERE WEATHER HAZARDS HIGH WINDS Definitions and Setting Types of High Winds in Southern California Santa Ana Winds Thunderstorm-Related Tornadoes Macrobursts and Microbursts Dust Storms Historic Southern California Windstorms OTHER EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS Hail Heavy Snow and Ice Earth Consultants International Table of Contents Page iv

11 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Temperature Extremes Drought SUMMARY: COACHELLA S VULNERABILITY TO SEVERE WEATHER DAMAGE Hazards Assessment Windstorms Hail Heavy Snow and Ice Temperature Extremes Drought Damage Assessment Structural Damage Lifelines and Critical Facilities Infrastructure CHAPTER 7: DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, RESPONSE AND RECOVERY RISK ANALYSIS EMERGENCY SHELTERS EVACUATION ROUTES RECOVERY APPENDICES APPENDIX A: REFERENCES... A-1 APPENDIX B: GLOSSARY... B-1 FIGURES, TABLES AND PLATES Figure 1-1: Regional Fault Map Figure 1-2: Notable Regional Earthquakes Figure 1-3: Modified Mercalli Intensity ShakeMap for the June 28, 1992 Landers Earthquake Figure 1-4: ShakeMap for a Magnitude 7.8 Earthquake Scenario (the ShakeOut Scenario) on the Southern San Andreas Fault Figure 1-5: Census Tracts Used in the HazUS Analysis Figure 1-6: Generalized Flow Chart Summarizing the HazUS Methodology Figure 2-1: Geologic Units in the Coachella Area Figure 2-2: Wind-Induced Soil Movement Figure 3-1: Peak Annual Streamflow Values for Gage Station USGS Located on the Whitewater River in Indio, Near Coachella Figure 3-2: Coachella Valley Stormwater Channel Figure 3-3: Coachella Canal and Eastside Dike Figure 3-4: Bridge Crossing the Coachella Valley Stormwater Channel (Whitewater River) at Dillon Road Figure 3-5: Proposed Location of New Bridge Figure 3-6: Crossings of the Coachella Canal by the San Andreas Fault Figure 3-7: View of One of the Above-ground Water Tanks in the Coachella General Plan Area Figure 4-1: View of the Cedar Fire of October 2003 Moving Down Oak Canyon, Toward the 52 Freeway, in San Diego County Figure 4-2: View of a Backfire to the Station Fire Behind Homes in La Crescenta Figures 4-3a and 4-3b:: Examples of Vegetation Cover in the Coachella Area Figure 4-4: Photo of a Wildfire in Thousand Palms Earth Consultants International Table of Contents Page v

12 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Figure 5-1: Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) Classes Are Held Regularly at Coachella s City Hall Figure 6-1: View from Space of Smoke from the October 2003 Fires in Southern California Carried Offshore by Strong Santa Ana Winds Figure 6-2: View of a Tornado Table 1-1: Abridged Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale Table 1-2: Estimated Horizontal Peak Ground Accelerations and Seismic Intensities in the Coachella General Plan Area Table 1-3: Earthquake-Induced Slope Failures in Arid Environments Table 1-4: Site Class Definitions (Based on Soil Profile Types) (from Chapter 20, ASCE Standard 7.10) Table 1-5: Commercial Structures in the City of Coachella Lacking Adequate Bearing Wall Steel Reinforcement Table 1-6: HazUS Earthquake Scenarios for the City of Coachella Table 1-7: Number of Buildings Damaged, by Occupancy Type Table 1-8: Number of Buildings Damaged, by Construction Type Table 1-10: Estimated Casualties Table 1-11: Hospitals Near the Coachella General Plan Area Table 1-12: Expected Damage to Essential Facilities Table 1-13: Building-Related Economic Losses (in millions of $) Estimated as a Result of Two Earthquake Scenarios Table 1-14: Transportation System Expected Damage and Economic Losses Table 1-15: Expected Utility System Pipeline Damage Table 1-16: Expected Performance of Potable Water and Electric Power Services Table 1-17: Estimated Shelter Requirements Table 1-18: Debris Generation (in Thousands of Tons) Table 2-1: Engineering Characteristics of the Geologic Units that Crop Out in the Coachella General Plan Area Table 3-1: Average Annual Rainfall by Month for the Coachella Area Table 3-2: Average Annual Rainfall by Month for the San Jacinto Mountains Table 3-3: Above-ground Water Tanks Owned by the City of Coachella Water Department Table 3-4: Building Exposure by Occupancy Type for the Flood Scenario Table 3-5: Expected Building Damage by Occupancy Type Table 3-6: Expected Building Damage by Building Type Table 3-7: Building-Related Losses (in Millions of Dollars) Table 3-8: Debris Generated by Flood Scenarios (in Tons) Table 3-9: Shelter Requirements Due to Flooding Scenarios Table 3-10: Estimated Damage to Essential Facilities as a Result of the 500-Year Flood Scenario Table 4-1: Table 4-2: Wildland Fires Reported in the Coachella Valley In and Near the City of Coachella 1996 to January Statistics on Incident Types Responded to by the Fire Department in the City of Coachella for the Years Table 4-3: Fire Stations In and Near Coachella Table 4-4: Units and Personnel Available on a Daily Basis by Fire Station Table 4-5: Fire Department Response Times Within Coachella City Limits Table 4-6: Riverside County Fire Department Land Use / Fire Suppression Objectives Table 5-1: EPA-Registered Small- and Large-Quantity Generators of Hazardous Materials in the Coachella General Plan Area Table 5-2: Leaking Underground Fuel Tanks Reported in the Coachella Area Table 5-3: Violations Reported by the City of Coachella Water Department for Table 5-4: Regional Household Hazardous Waste Collection Centers Earth Consultants International Table of Contents Page vi

13 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Table 5-5: Transfer Stations, Active Landfills and Land Disposal Sites In and Near the Coachella General Plan Area Table 5-6: Pipeline and Equipment Releases That Have Been Reported in the Coachella Area Table 6-1: The Beaufort Scale Table 6-2: The Fujita-Pearson Tornado Damage Scale Table 6-3: Enhanced Fujita Scale Table 6-4: Major Southern California Windstorms ( ) and Strong Winds Table 6-5: Reported in the Coachella Valley Area (January 2000 January ) Tornadoes and Funnel Clouds Reported In and Near Riverside County Between 1955 and January Table 6-6: Dust Storms Reported in the Coachella Valley Between 1987 and January Table 6-7: Hail Events in Riverside County Between 2000 and January Table 6-8: Historical Snowfalls Reported in the Low-Lying Areas of Southern California Table 6-9: Historical High Heat, Excessive Heat and Extreme Cold Events and Frost Warnings Reported in Southern California that Impacted or Are Inferred to Have Impacted the Coachella Valley Area Table 7-1: Risk Analysis of Essential Facilities and Schools in and Near Coachella Table 7-2: Potential Emergency Shelters In and Near Coachella Plate 1-1: Faults and Historical (1800-) Seismicity Map Plate 1-2: Active and Potentially Active Faults Within about 50 miles of Coachella, California Plate 1-3: Seismic Hazard Zones Plate 1-4: Residential Building Damage (Based on 2 Earthquake Scenarios) Plate 1-5: Economic Losses due to Residential Building Damage (Based on 2 Earthquake Scenarios) Plate 1-6: Commercial and Industrial Loss (Based on 2 Earthquake Scenarios) Plate 1-7: Economic Loss due to School Damage (Based on 2 Earthquake Scenarios) Plate 1-8: Highway Bridge Damage (Based on 2 Earthquake Scenarios) Plate 1-9: Utility and Communication Facilities Damage and Economic Loss (Based on 2 Earthquake Scenarios) Plate 2-1a: Geologic Map Plate 2-1b: Explanation for Geologic Map Plate 2-2: Slope Distribution Map Plate 3-1: Flood Hazard Map Plate 4-1: High Fire Hazard Areas Plate 5-1: Hazardous Materials Site Map Plate 7-1: Critical and Essential Facilities Plate 7-2: Potential Emergency Shelters and Evacuation Routes Earth Consultants International Table of Contents Page vii