EARLY DIAGENESIS AND BENTHIC FLUXES IN ADRIATIC AND IONIAN SEAS
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1 EARLY DIAGENESIS AND BENTHIC FLUXES IN ADRIATIC AND IONIAN SEAS Federico Spagnoli 1 ; Gabriella Batholini 1, Patrizia Giordano 2 1 Istituto Scienze Marine, CNR, Ancona, Italy 2 Istituto Scienze Marine, CNR, Bologna, Italy
2 Early diagenesis processes and benthic fluxes in the Adriatic and Ionian sea as resulting from various research projects carried out from 8s to present Early projects of the Institute of Marine Geology of Bologna (Italy), ( ) Giordani P., Hammond D., Frascari F.; MAST, ( ) Giordani et al.; EUROMARGE, (1997-2) Giordani et al.; PRISMA1, ( ) Frascari F., Spagnoli F., Bergamini M.C., Marcaccio M.; PITAGEM, (21-2) Spagnoli F., Bartholini G., Giordano P.; VECTOR, (26-29) Spagnoli F., Giordano P., Ravaioli M.
3 ISTITUTO DI GE OLOGIA MA RINA Sampling sites of previous researches Old IGM-CNR projects MAST, EUROMARGE PRISMA1 PITAGEM VECTOR Stazioni di campionamento Indagini processi diagenetici e flussi bentici 5.5 N 5. N A.5 N B. N C 3.5 N 12. E 12.5 E. E.5 E 1. E 2.5 N 3. N 3.5 N. N.5 N 5. N 5.5 N Km 2Km Km 6Km 8Km 1Km Km 2Km K m 6K m 8K m 1Km 12. E 12.5 E. E.5 E 1. E 1.5 E 15. E
4 Early diagenesis Methods ISMAR-CNR on deck laboratory Pore water and solid phase analyses in sediment cores; Dissolved benthic fluxes ISMAR-CNR benthic chamber Benthic chamber deployments; Core incubations on deck; Pore water profile modelization. R z = constant 2 δc δ C δ C = Ds w 2 ( 1+ K ) + Rz + I z = δt δ z δ z R z = quadratic C = C + a z + a z R z = exponential bz ( 1 ) C = C e + C e bz
5 Map of the main Adriatic diagenetic environments Various diagenetic environments resulted from different: - particulate and dissolved continental inputs; - distances from main sediment sources (mainly the Po River); - bottom sediment composition (carbonatic( or silicoclastic); - organic matter (fresh marine and old continental organic matter); - depths (more or less resuspension events, increasing pressure with depth); - oxygenation of water column A Venezia Chioggia 1 (S3) A (S2) B (S1) C Ravenna -1 Cervia -2 - Rimini Pesaro F1 D -5 1 Scale 1:15 F2 Senigallia Ancona Civitanova Km 25Km 5Km 75Km 1Km AA1 Trieste S.Benedetto Giulianova Pescara Ortona Type A diagenesis Type B diagenesis Type C diagenesis Type D diagenesis Type D' diagenesis D D' mixed type diagenesis Type E diagenesis More data needed L E G E N D D E
6 Early diagenesis Process: type B Silicoclastic sediments, high sedimentation rates, high reactive and degraded organic matter contents, high Fe-oxy-hydroxide contents, very high benthic fluxes (NH, PO, DIC) for degradation of high organic matter contents, anoxic-non sulfidic-methanic environments Ammonia (um) Alkalinity (meq/l) Phosphate (um) PO RIVER -1 B St mm Oxygen (mg/l) Nitrate (um) Mn (um) Fe (um) Sulphate (mm) 2 3
7 Early diagenesis Process: type C Silicoclastic sediments, autochthonous organic matter, high Fe-oxi-hydroxides, medium sedimentation rates, medium benthic flues (NH, DIC, Si(OH)) for degradation of reactive organic matter in anoxic conditions, anoxic-non sulfidic-partially post oxic environments, high phosphate fluxes for Fe oxy-hydroxide dissolution. PO RIVER -1-2 Rimini C Ammonia (um) St Alkalinity (meq/l) Phosphate (um) mm Oxygen (mg/l) Nitrate (um) Mn (um) Fe (um) Sulphate (mm) 2-3
8 Early diagenesis Process: type D Mixed silicoclastic sediments, weak sedimentation rates, weak reactive organic matter for repeated reworking and low primary production, higher oxygenation of water column: D1) weak benthic fluxes for low reactive organic matter, anoxic-non sulfidic-post oxic environments; D2) medium benthic fluxes for local higher organic matter inputs, anoxic-non sulfidic-partially post oxic environments Ammonia (um) Alkalinity (meq/l) Phosphate (um) Pesaro -5 D Ancona D S.Benedetto D St. St Nitrate (um) Mn (um) Fe (um) Sulphate (mm)
9 Early diagenesis Process: type E Basin area, greater depths and far away from main continental inputs, low sedimentation rate, fine sediment highly reworked, low reactive organic matter contents, main degradation at sediment-water interface, oxic environments up to 1 cm, very weak diagenetic processes and benthic fluxes, Fe and Mn oxy-hydroxides precipitation on first centimetres Ammonia (um) Alkalinity (meq/l) 1 2 Phosphate (um) Pescara E St Oxygen (mg/l) Nitrate (um) Mn (um) Fe (um) Sulphate (mm) -2 mm
10 South Adriatic and Ionian Sea Very low organic Matter degradation product concentrations for low reactive organic matter inputs Ammonia Adriatic Adriatic Ionian Ionian DIC Dissolved Inorganic Carbon - low concentration layer in first cms (oxic layer, nitrification processes): - thinner in Adriatic stations (higher organic matter inputs and sedimentation rates) ; - thinner in Ionian basin stations respect to slope stations; - Deeper layers characterized by NH increase, stronger in Adriatic Sea (higher reactive Organic Matter and sedimentation rates). Adriatic Sea: Higher concentrations respect to Ionian Sea Station; - DIC concentrations increase about linearly with depth; - slow degradation processes, low reactive OM. Ionian Sea: -DIC concentrations decrease below sedimentwater interface, and increase beyond 5-1 cm (CaCO3 precipitation in the uppermost cms); - lower values respect to Adriatic stations; - very slow OM degradation processes
11 South Adriatic and Ionian Sea Electron final acceptors: dissolved Mn pore water profiles oxic and anoxic non-sulfidic post oxic environments Adriatic Ionian Oxic layer increases southward from Adriatic to Ionian stations. Different thickness for different organic matter inputs and sedimentation rate (basin area in Ionian Sea).
12 Electron acceptors Adriatic and Ionian Benthic fluxes O.M. degradation products Silica Oxygen Benthic fluxes Ammonia Benthic fluxes Silica Benthic fluxes S1_22 S1_23 S2_22 S2_23 Benthic chambers Pore waters S1_22 S1_23 S2_22 S2_ S1_22 S1_23 S2_22 S2_23 Nitrate Benthic fluxes DIC Benthic fluxes 1 8,5 6 -,5-1 -1,5,7,6,5,,3,2,1 -, S1_22 Fe Benthic fluxes 7 S1_22 S1_23 S1_23 S2_22 S2_22 S2_23 S2_ Phosphate Benthic fluxes,35,3,25,2,15,1,5 -,5 7 S2_23 S2_22 S1_23 S1_ S1_22 S1_23 S2_22 S2_23 Benthic fluxes generally decrease leaving from Po River mouths (increasing distances from main sediment and nutrient sources, continuous reworking, lower primary production, less reactive organic matter) Minimal fluxes in Ionian sediments 1, 1,2 1,8,6,,2 Mn Benthic fluxes Negative DIC fluxes in central Adriatic and Ionian slopes (DIC sediment trap) S2_23 S2_22 S1_23 S1_22 7 1
13 Early diagenesis and benthic fluxes in the GEOTRACES Programme Information on the isotopic alteration in sediments during early diagenesis will enhance the ability to use stable isotope abundances from sedimentary records as proxy indicators for past changes of environmental conditions. Trace element stable isotopes affected by early diagenesis: d98/95mo (McManus et al. 22), Early diagenesis reactions fractionate Mo isotopes: lighter ratio in oxic pore water environment (2.1 pw, 2.3 sw) produced by Mn-oxide dissolution, heavier ratio in reducing sediments (3.5 ), net sink of isotopically light dissolved Mo) that explains the heavier sea water (2.3 ) ; Low temperature hydrothermal systems are sources of light Mo in the ocean (.8 ); d56fe, Decreasing values in pw by Fe-oxide dissolution, increasing with depth in pw for sulfide precipitation; d7ge (Rouxel et al. 26), Which is the segregation of Germanium isotopes in early diagenesis (opal dissolution and Ge precipitation) Sea water >3, BSE ~1.3, authigenic marine sediments 3, mesozoic deep sea chert.7-2. How does the d7ge change with climatic change in sea water (both with Ge/si and Si isotopes) other stable element isotopes: dc (Lehmann et al. 22), decreasing value in O.M. during oxic and anoxic early diagenesis (1.6 ), decreasing values in pw (from -1 to -2 ) for degradation of O.M. or increasing value for CH production (Nissenbaum et al. 1972; d15n, decreasing value in O.M. during anoxic early diagenesis (3 ), no distinguishable trend in oxic degradation d3s, increasing in pw by consuming of SO and producing of S. Early diagenesis and benthic fluxes are poorly investigated in the Mediterranean (Golfe du Lion et des Baléares, Rouibah & Cauwet, 1993; Picon & Buscail, 2; Denis, Grenz, 23; Local Iberian seas, Vidal & Morgui, 1998; Gómez-Parra and Forja; Ortega, Ponce, Forja and Gómez-Parra, 22; Aegean Sea, Ozkan, Kocatas and Buyukisik, Studies related to early diagenesis isotope fractionation are not many in the Mediterranean (some early data of δc and δ15n from Langone et al. 29) so that investigation in this field could be very interesting.
14 ISMAR-CNR vessel facilities for GEOTRACES Website: Available for GEOTRACES programme by scientific agreement with ISMAR-CNR scientists: -211: in alredy scheduled cruises (Adriatic Sea, Ionian Sea, Sicily Strait); - 212: by application of scientific proposals. RV Urania Operator: CNR - National Research Council Country: Italy Vessel Type: Multipurpose Research Vessel Vessel Class: Regional Operational Area: Mediterranean Sea Endurance: 5 days Scientist berths: 2 Length: 61.3m M/N Dalllaporta Operator: CNR - National Research Council Country: Italy Vessel Type: Off shore research activity vessel Operational Area: Mediterranean Sea Length: 33.3 m Width: 7.65 m Speed: 1 knots Crew: 6 Scientists 11
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