Systematic approaches to marine spatial planning

Transcription

1 Systematic approaches to marine spatial planning Dan Breen Sean Cooper Marine Conservation Team Aquatic and Threats Research and Development New Zealand Department of Conservation Survey of 22 managers at the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Most said that ecological and social data were seldom used, as it was difficult to access and interpret. Often relied on precedents from past decisions, policy, existing use and input from public meetings (Bollard-Breen 2006). Bollard-Breen, B. A Integrating social and biophysical data to evaluate marine protected area planning at a local scale: the 1999 Cairns Area Plan of Management as a case study. PhD Thesis, Department of Tropical Environmental Studies James Cook University of North Queensland.

2 Systematic conservation planning 1. Explicit measurable goals and criteria 2. Best available information for biodiversity, ecological processes, management, and economic, social and cultural values 3. Integration of information from many disciplines sources and formats 4. Tools to assess, summarise, prioritise and display planning scenarios and outcomes 5. Participation from communities, stakeholders, managers and scientists 6. Implement plans, monitor outcomes, re-assess and improve 7. Justifiable, repeatable transparent decisions An Ecosystem approach involves 1. Scales from local to global 2. Biodiversity and human issues beyond the charismatic, threatened, well studied or commercial values 3. Interactions and cumulative effects 4. Change and uncertainty 5. Pragmatic and innovative approaches 6. Humans and their social, economic and cultural values, behaviours and responsibilities (kaitiakitanga) 7. Governance and cooperation among individuals, disciplines, institutions and communities

3 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 1. Complex data in easily understood maps 2. Join data from many sources, formats and disciplines by location 3. Rapid analysis across many variables 4. Specific outcomes for particular areas 5. People can view data and give their own knowledge, views and proposals in meetings, interviews and other media 6. Efficiently build, share and apply information consistently across issues, less reinventing wheel for each decision Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Representative Areas Project Multiple use marine park managed for conservation and sustainable use Zoned to manage range of land and marine based activities Comprehensive, adequate and representative protection of biodiversity within fully protected zones

4 Mostly shallow reef protected How to measure biodiversity? What is biodiversity and where is it? Genetic, species, community, ecosystem level is a complex thing to measure Even detailed surveys are only approximate estimates (surrogates) Usually have to use approximate measures of most conspicuous patterns Marine diversity less visible, less accessible and more variable.

5 How to map biodiversity? Map broad-scale physical habitats assuming these correspond with variation in habitats, communities and species. -broad-scale habitat classification Survey species distribution & abundance - systematic surveys Model biological distributions from survey data and physical and spatial predictors -Multivariate, GLMs, GAMs, Multivariate Classification and Regression Trees, Boosted Regression Trees Review and synthesise results through expert consensus - Delphic approach Factor analysis from social survey of natural values and human impacts perceived by regular reef users Factor 1: Ecological Landscape Includes the variables: Cairns coral cover underwater topography water clarity scenic beauty wilderness diversity of fish species clams and other invertebrates

6 Data: Cameron Buchanan

7 Physical Biological Regionalisations Regionalisations 1. Depth, slope, exposure & substrate overlays 48. Interim Marine and Coastal 2. Regionalisation of reef morphology Regionalisation of Australia 3. Numeric regionalisation of reef morphology 49. Australian coastal 4. Galloway coastal classes regionalisation Bathymetry 50. Delphic reef regionalisation 5. Depth & elevation model Plants 6. Gridded bathymetry (15 and 30 arc second) 51. Inter-reef algae 7. Seafloor aspect 52. Halimeda-bed coverages 8. Slope 53. Inshore seagrasses 9. Exposure 54. Deepwater seagrasses 10. Queensland coastline 55. Mangroves 11. Intertidal areas 56. Reef macro algae Sediment Corals 12. Sediment grain size 57. Soft coral surveys 13. Halimeda sediments 58. Hard coral surveys 14. Percent mud, carbonate, sand, gravel and rock 59. Long-term monitoring reef 15. Biological facies surveys 16. Past shorelines and river valleys 60. Surveys of reef biota Estuaries 61. Museum collections 17. Coastal rivers Echinoderms 18. Australian drainage basins Islands NO Data??? 62. Museum specimen data 63. Echinoderms from Cairns 19. Islands Section 20. Cays Epibenthos 21. Island inventory 64. Cross transects off 22. Classification of islands in GBR Townsville Reefs 85 datsets! 65. Far Northern Section 23. Reefs effects of trawling survey 24. Drying reefs 66. GBR seagrass and intereef 25. Named rocks surveys 26. Reef inventory Urochordates 27. Classification of reef morphology 67. Museum collections 28. Reef size Molluscs 29. Reef shape 68. Museum collections 30. Cross shelf position Sponges 31. Long shelf position 69. Northeast Australia surveys Oceanography 70. Museum collections 32. Biological oceanography Fishes 33. Secchi depth 71. Baitfish 34. Extents of flood plumes from rivers 72. Pelagic fish 35. Water quality sector model of GBR lagoon 73. Reef fish surveys 36. Regional seasonal ocean maps 74. Long term monitoring 37. Australian region oceanography dataset 75. Reef biota surveys 38. Exposure to wind 76. Fisheries catch reporting Sea temperature 77. Spawning sites year mean temperature fields 78. Pelagic fish - Billfish & 40. Sea surface temp effects on coral bleaching Marlin Tides and currents 79. Museum collections 41. Regional hydrodynamics & dispersal project Reptiles 42. Coral reef and mangroves: modelling & management 80. Turtle nesting and project movements 43. Tidal ranges 81. Sea snake database 44. Surface and oceanic currents Birds Waves 82. Seabird atlas 45. Australian region wave dataset Mammals Cyclones 83. Whales 46. Cyclone atlas of GBR reef region 84. Dolphins 47. Australian region cyclone dataset 85. Dugong

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9 Reef, inter-reef and joint expert workshops Physical and biological scientists All Atlas and models as GIS data & A0 maps Live editing of regions documented in ArcView projected on whiteboard Justification and functional processes Reserve design - biophysical operating principles

10 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (RAP) Scientific Steering group Interviews with 70+ marine and spatial planning scientists >80 data sets Multiple criteria models Reef and Non-reef expert groups Reef and Non-reef bioregionalisations Reserve design guidelines Socio-economic expert group MARXAN built from SPEXAN to model biodiversity values of thousands of sites (Ball and Possingham) Map survey of social and economic values Draft zone plan Maps based community input on zones Public consultation submissions Social and economic assessments New zoning in 2004 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Total Area = 344,400 km <5% no-take 2004 re-zoning 33% no-take Minimum 20% in each of 70 bioregions * 1 No-take 2 Surface trolling only * * 3 No trawling Scientific research (only) 155 km 2 Preservation (no entry) 710 km 2 Marine National Park (no take) 14,530 km 2 33% _ Buffer (surface trolling only) 9,880 km 2-3% Habitat Protect (no trawl) 97,250 km 2-28% General Use 116,530 km 2-34%

11 NSW Marine Parks Act 1997 to conserve marine biological diversity and marine habitats and maintain ecological processes. and where consistent with this aim to provide for the ecologically sustainable use of fish and and marine vegetation and provide opportunities for public appreciation, understanding and enjoyment. Multiple criteria and objectives for marine protected areas from legislation, policy and guidelines (

12 Broad scale marine environmental classification for NSW Port Stephens Data from R.Avery, G.West & D.Breen,

13 2 area km a. Area of mangrove habitats. L. Cathie Hastings R. Killick Ck. Korogoro Ck. Saltwater Ck. SW Rocks Ck. Macleay R. Nambucca R. Hunter R. Port Stephens Karuah R. Myall R. Myall L. Smiths L. Wallis L. Khappinghat Ck. Manning R. Camden Haven 2 area km b. Area of seagrass habitats. Manning R. Camden Haven L. Cathie Hastings R. Killick Ck. Korogoro Ck. Saltwater Ck. SW Rocks Ck. Macleay R. Nambucca R. Hunter R. Port Stephens Karuah R. Myall R. Myall L. Smiths L. Wallis L. Khappinghat Ck. 2 area km c. Area of saltmarsh habitats. Manning R. Camden Haven L. Cathie Hastings R. Killick Ck. Korogoro Ck. Saltwater Ck. SW Rocks Ck. Macleay R. Nambucca R. Hunter R. Port Stephens Karuah R. Myall R. Myall L. Smiths L. Wallis L. Khappinghat Ck. Land Ocean Coast Selected cells 1 km 2 hex GIS planning units linked to biodiversity, human use and management data in C-Plan (NPWS 2000) software.

14 Marxan & Simulated annealing (Ball & Possingham 2000) Computer program that evaluates (sites) to optimise biodiversity representation (e.g. habitats, communities, species) while minimising cost (e.g. hectares, fish catch, effort, boundary length). thousands of planning units a minute and many variables (habitats, species) Simulated annealing Iteratively minimises objective function Randomly adds, subtracts and/or swaps sites to improve reserve system In early stage a global search and good and bad changes are accepted (tries anything) As the algorithm progresses only improvements are accepted. Initial high temperature avoids local minima 1 run of 10,000+ iterations gives near optimal best solution 100 runs gives 100 near solutions and frequency of occurrence of each plan unit in solutions can be used to map a irreplaceability Can specify minimum patch size, replication, spacing, feature occurrence and aggregation Can lock in or exclude sites

15 Complementarity extent to which an area, or set of areas, contributes unrepresented features to a network Sporting analogy is the skills that a player (e.g. cricket) brings to a team includes their main strengths (fast bowling) but may also incidentally include other contributions (batting, fielding) An area with areas of seagrass may also have rocky shores, mangrove, reef Not always the richest sites and avoids duplication Depends on sites already in network and will change as the network changes For few sites and features, simple For more than a few the problem becomes very complex with many permutations MARXAN solutions for all ecosystems and habitats - north NSW -no MPAs N Tweed R Brunswick R Cape Cape Byron Marine Marine Park Richmond R Clarence R Clarence R Tweed Moreton Bioregion 10% goal Tweed-Moreton Bioregion 10% goal 20% goal 20% goal 30% goal 30% goal 40% goal 40% goal Solitary Islands Solitary Islands Marine Marine Park Park Coffs Harbour 50% goal 50% goal Manning Shelf Bioregion No. times unit selected 0-25 runs runs in 100 runs runs 0-25 runs runs runs runs km runs Nambucca R Nambucca R Macleay R Hastings R Hastings R Manning R Manning Shelf Bioregion Manning R Wallis L Wallis L Myall Myall L L Port Stephens Port Stephens

16 Tweed Moreton Bioregion C-Plan irreplaceability of large northern NSW plan units to represent 20% of all ecosystems and habitats Tweed R Tweed R Byron Marine Park Cape Byron Marine Park Richmond R Richmond R Clarence R Clarence R Without existing MPAS Manning Shelf Bioregion Including existing MPAS Nambucca R Macleay R Solitary Islands Marine Park Solitary Islands Marine Park Coffs Harbour Coffs Harbour Nambucca R Macleay R Tweed Moreton Bioregion Manning Shelf Bioregion Figure a. Assuming no marine protected areas. Port Stephens Figure b. Hastings R Including existing marine protected areas. Port Stephens Manning R Manning R Wallis L Myall L Myall L Marine Park, Hastings R Aquatic Reserve, National Park or Nature Reserve Marine Park, below mean high water Aquatic Reserve, National Park or Nature Reserve Site Irreplaceability below mean high water 1 (Totally Irreplaceable) Site Irreplaceability (Totally - <1Irreplaceable) < km N % National Park within 1km Condition indices for: - subcatchments - 1km of estuaries - 1km of coasts Also wilderness, State forest, urban areas, land use, acid sulphate soils, river and catchment condition

17 ESTUARIES Threats, vulnerability Tables of measures of comprehensiveness, representativeness and adequacy for estuaries and coast Multiple criteria analysis - adequacy scores for Estuary condition, vulnerability

18 Fine scale marine environmental classes Fine scale environmental classification of Cape Byron Marine Park Data compiled from Data from S. Banks, D. Data A. Scotts, Bickers, from Data K. R. from Baxter, Avery Reef 30-50m A. Bickers, K. Baxter, V. Mansbridge, G. D. West Breen G.West, & D. & D.Morrison, (dark blue) S. Banks, R. NSW AveryLPIC Oceanic lagoon D. Knotts, V. Mansbridge & D. Breen Inshore Islands and Rocks Fine sediment Inshore reef Coarse Pebbles Offshore Islands Flat and boulder Rocks field wide 0-50m sediment Inshore reef - unclassified >50m Inshore Ecklonia reef Offshore Reef - 0 to 18m Offshore Reef - 18 to Seagrass 35m (red) Brunswick River Offshore Reef - 35 to 50mOffshore reef 18-35m Offshore Reef - over 50m Rock wall (blue) Flat boulder Coarse sediment field 0-50m narrow Brunswick (orange) Heads Inshore Islands and Rocks Fine Offshore sediment Islands and Rocks Coarse Sediment - 0 to 50m Inshore reef - unclassified Coarse Inshore Sediment Ecklonia reef- over 50m Shells Offshore Reef - 0 to 18m Offshore Reef - 18 to 35m Pebbles Offshore Reef - 35 to 50m Estuary-unclassified Offshore Reef - over 50m Unclassified estuary 'Julian Rocks' (red) (orange) Lennox Head Offshore reef 0-18m (mid blue) Fine sediment Mangrove Coarse Sediment - 0 to 50m Seagrass Coarse Sediment - over 50m Shells Saltmarsh Pebbles Estuary-unclassified Inclined sand beach narrow Mangrove Sand Seagrass flat narrow Sand Saltmarsh flat wide Inclined cobble beach Inclined sand beach narrow Inclined Sand flat cobble narrow beach narr Flat Sand cobble flat wide beach wide Inclined cobble beach narr Flat Flat boulder cobble beach field wide narrow Flat boulder field wide Flat boulder field narrow Inclined Flat boulder boulder field wide field narrow Inclined boulder field field narrowide Inclined boulder field wide Inshore reef (light blue) Rock Rock platform narrow Rock Rock platform wide wide Rock narrow Rock Rock ramp cliff narrow Rock wall Sand Rock cliff flat wide Rock wall Oceanic lagoon Cape Byron N Oceanic lagoon m 0 5km 'Pinnacles' Reef 30-50m N Rock Mangrove ramp narrow Inclined (light boulder green) field narrow Rock cliff Coarse sediment Saltmarsh (pink) Offshore reef >50m (pink) Fine sediment 0 500m Sand flat wide Rock Nplatform (yellow) wide N Voluntary questionaire of recreational activities in Cape Byron Marine Park (Data: Kellie Lobb, CBMP staff & D. Breen) Brunswick R. No. responses for recreational fishing (472 responses) Byron Bay Broken Head Km N The NSW Marine Parks Authority assumes no responsibility Lennox Head

19 % of respondents Voluntarily submitted written questionnaires Random telephone surveys Swimming Walking & Running Beach Going Whale & Dolphin Watching Surfing Recreational Fishing Snorkelling Bait collecting Dogwalking Sailing & Canoeing Activity Motorised Boating Scuba Diving Four Wheel Driving Education Horse Riding Research Jet Skis and other Powered Water Craft Spearfishing Percent of respondents listing different activities in voluntary (white) and random phone surveys (black) in Cape Byron Marine Park Number of spanner crab endorsements reporting fishing in the Marine Park (data: N. Brown & D. Breen) Brunswick R Cape Byron Marine Park Mad Mile perations Spanner crab operations ner 9 - crab 11 rting 12 - fishing t. Byron Bay Broken Head Lennox Head

20 MARXAN solutions representing all habitats and minimising impact on spanner crab fishery No. times units selected from 100 runs of algorithm (data: M. Watts & D. Breen) Brunswick R 20% 10% 30% representation Byron Bay Bay s a plan unit unit of f 100 Number to of runs aiming 0 to each 1-25 class in 26 in a - a 50 while acts on on shing. Figure b. Broken Head Lennox Head Zoning process for Cape Byron Marine Park Marine Park Authority plans Recreational Conservation and Commercial representative s fisher s submission Draft after workshop Final zone plan 25% < not take >30% Before workshop After workshop = 27.5% +/ Byron Bay ollecting llecting Byron Bay Broken Head Broken Head Head hority shop, Lennox Head Head shers shop, Lennox Head

21 Cape Byron Marine Park zoning (Lennox Head detail) Habitat protection zone (yellow no trawl, setnet, longline) Sanctuary zones (pink 13,14) Fishing only with disability permit (15) Fishing for finfish only (15)

22 Biogeographic regionalisation of NZ Territorial Sea (with 12nm) NOW 2013 Draft Coastal & Deepwater Classification Coastal = 13 Coastal Biogeographic Regions Major Environments Estuarine & Coastal Depths intertidal, subtidal to 30m, 30m to 200m Substrata mud, sand, gravel, cobble, boulders, bedrock, biogenic reefs, artificial

23 Swath coverage completed by the Tangaroa (depth) Backscatter coverage by Tangaroa by the end of Week 5 (NIWA)

24 Leathwick et al Variation in demersal fish species richness in the ocean around New Zealand; an analysis using boosted regression trees

25 Conservation priority from a Zonation analysis of 96 demersal fish species distributions with weighting of endemic species and constraining fragmentation effects; and B. same as A but using a cost (fishing intensity) to constrain site ( selection. Leathwick et al Novel methods for the design and evaluation of marine protected areas in offshore waters. Tools Applied methods for effective management & research Testable hypotheses, models, assessments and improvement Integrated Information management Comprehensive, relevant, quality information Explicit objectives, criteria, and performance assessment Processes, guidelines and opportunities to engage scientists, managers, stakeholders and communities Institutions, individuals, laws, funding, education and political support to initiate, coordinate, implement and continue management and research Social, economic and cultural awareness, ethics and motivation to drive conservation and research initiatives A broad knowledge of what is out there, what is happening to it, what are we doing about it, and what is working

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