BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

Transcription

1 BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY AN INTRODUCTION 0 ^ J ty - y\ 2 S CAROL M. LALLI and TIMOTHY R. PARSONS University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada PERGAMON PRESS OXFORD NEW YORK SEOUL TOKYO

2 ABOUT THIS VOLUME CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 SPECIAL PROPERTIES AFFECTING LIFE IN THE SEA CLASSIFICATIONS OF MARINE ENVIRONMENTS AND MARINE ORGANISMS BASIC ECOLOGICAL TERMS AND CONCEPTS r- and /(-selection THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 1 19 CHAPTER 2 THE ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT 2.1 SOLAR RADIATION Radiation at the sea surface Radiation in the sea 2.2 TEMPERATURE Sea surface temperatures Vertical temperature distribution 2.3 SALINITY Range and distribution of salinity Biological importance of salinity 2.4 DENSITY 2.5 PRESSURE 2.6 SURFACE CURRENTS Biological significance of currents 2.7 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 PHYTOPLANKTON AND PRIMARY PRODUCTION 3.1 SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT Diatoms Dinoflagellates Other phytoplankton 3.2 PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND PRIMARY PRODUCTION Methods of measuring biomass and primary productivity 3.3 RADIATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS 3.4 THE EFFECT OF NUTRIENTS ON GROWTH RATE 3.5 PHYSICAL CONTROLS OF PRIMARY PRODUCTION Oceanic gyres and rings Continental convergence and divergence Planetary frontal systems

3 3.5.4 Shelf-break fronts River-plume fronts Island mass effect and Langmuir frontal zones 3.6 GLOBAL PHYTOPLANKTON PRODUCTIVITY 3.7 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER CHAPTER 4 ZOOPLANKTON 4.1 COLLECTION METHODS 4.2 HOLOPLANKTON: SYSTEMATICS AND BIOLOGY 4.3 MEROPLANKTON 4.4 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION 4.5 DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION 4.6 SEASONAL VERTICAL MIGRATIONS 4.7 ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF THE HOLOPLANKTON Patchiness 4.8 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER CHAPTER 5 ENERGY FLOW AND MINERAL CYCLING 5.1 FOOD CHAINS AND ENERGY TRANSFER 5.2 FOOD WEBS The microbial loop 5.3 MEASURING SECONDARY PRODUCTION Field studies Experimental biological oceanography 5.4 A COMPARISON OF MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL PRODUCTION 5.5 MINERAL CYCLES Nitrogen Carbon 5.6 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER CHAPTER 6 NEKTON AND FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY 6.1 NEKTONIC CRUSTACEA 6.2 NEKTONIC CEPHALOPODS 6.3 MARINE REPTILES 6.4 MARINE MAMMALS 6.5 SEABIRDS 6.6 MARINE FISH Fish migrations 6.7 FISHERIES AND FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY World fish catch and fisheries management Fluctuations in the abundance of fish stocks !

4 6.7.3 Regulation of recruitment and growth in fish Fishing and the use of near real-time oceanographic data 6.8 MARICULTURE 6.9 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER CHAPTER 7 BENTHOS BENTHIC PLANTS Measurements of benthic primary production BENTHIC ANIMALS Systematics and biology Sampling and production measurements DETERMINANTS OF COMMUNITY STRUCTURE SUMMARY OF CHAPTER CHAPTER 8 BENTHIC COMMUNITIES " INTERTIDAL ENVIRONMENTS Tides Environmental conditions and adaptations of intertidal organisms ROCKY INTERTIDAL SHORES Zonation Trophic relations and the role of grazing and predation in determining community structure KELP FORESTS SAND BEACHES Environmental characteristics Species composition ESTUARIES Impacts of humans on estuaries CORAL REEFS Distribution and limiting factors Coral structure Diversity Nutrition and production in reefs Production estimates Formation and growth of reefs Zonation patterns on reefs Destruction and conservation of reefs MANGROVE SWAMPS What are mangroves? Ecological features of mangrove swamps Importance and uses of mangroves Effects of disturbance DEEP-SEA ECOLOGY Faunal composition Species diversity Biomass

5 Food sources Rates of biological processes Future prospects HYDROTHERMAL VENTS AND COLD SEEPS Chemosynthetic production Vent fauna Shallow vents and cold seeps Unique environmental features of sulphide communities SUMMARY OF CHAPTER APPENDIX 1 GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE 259 APPENDIX 2 CONVERSIONS 260 SUGGESTED FURTHER READING 262 ANSWERS AND COMMENTS TO QUESTIONS 263 GLOSSARY 279 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 293 INDEX 296