CRUSTAL DYNAMICS IN CALIFORNIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR LARGE-SCALE CSP TOWER SYSTEMS
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1 CRUSTAL DYNAMICS IN CALIFORNIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR LARGE-SCALE CSP TOWER SYSTEMS Clement Ogaja Department of Civil & Geomatics Engineering California State University, Fresno
2 Introduction Clement Ogaja Department of Civil & Geomatics Engineering California State University, Fresno
3 Global suitability map for solar thermal power plants Flat mirror CSP Towers Photo credits: esolar, Inc
4 Deformation at plate boundaries: mm/year to cm/year over 50 to 500 km San Andreas Fault Map of Southern California showing ground velocity arrows from dense GPS networks.
5 Regional land subsidence: mm/year to cm/year over 50 to 500 km InSAR imagery showing deformation in the LA basin, April 1998 to May Triangles are GPS stations (Rosalind L. Helz, USGS 2005)
6 PART I: Exploring Plate Motion and Deformation in California Using GPS Time Series Plots Clement Ogaja Department of Civil & Geomatics Engineering California State University, Fresno
7 Motion of tectonic plates: mm/yr to cm/yr over 100 km to 1000 km With decent GPS equipment and procedure, you can measure tectonic plate motions.
8 Some GPS locations in Southern California
9 SBCC GPS STATION Date North (mm) East (mm) Vertical (mm) Located near Mission Viejo, CA Position data collected every 30 seconds One position estimate developed for each day North East Vertical Source: UNAVCO s PBO ( 1/1/ /2/ /3/ /4/ /5/ /1/ /1/ /1/
10 BEMT & SBCC Times Series Plots
11 Velocity of plates BEMT 5.0mm N -5.4mm E -2.1mm V = ~7.3 mm/yr to the northwest SBCC BEMT SBCC is moving ~5 times faster than BEMT SBCC 26.8mm N -26.8mm E -3.9mm V = ~38 mm/yr to the northwest
12 Velocity of plates BEMT = ~7.3 mm/yr to the northwest SBCC = ~38 mm/yr to the northwest SBCC BEMT Imagine you are on a 3 lane highway, driving in the middle lane SBCC is moving ~5 times faster than BEMT
13 GPS Pros: Precise positioning of geodetic stations Very good global (spatial) coverage Relatively cheap (US $5 - $10 K per unit) Easy to automate Portable equipment for field operations All weather Cons: Multipath susceptibility Signal blockage (trees, buildings, etc)
14 PART II: Regional Land Subsidence Clement Ogaja Department of Civil & Geomatics Engineering California State University, Fresno
15 Regional land subsidence Joe Poland, USGS scientist shows subsidence from 1925 and miles southwest of Mendota, CA. Sign reads "San Joaquin Valley California, BM S661, Subsidence 9M, " From USGS Professional Paper 1401-A, "Ground water in the Central Valley, California- A summary report" (Photo by Dick Ireland, USGS, 1977)
16 Detects changes in the position of the Earth s surface using two radar images of a selected area taken from approximately the same position in space at two different times. Pros: measures over large areas, (100km by 100km) Limitations: Cost ($900 per image)
17 Ground Truth Reflectors Source: USGS
18 Ground subsidence in Bakersfield, California, (Source: USGS)
19 Ground subsidence near Lancaster, California, April 28, 1993 October 13, 1995 (Source: JPL NASA)
20
21 PART III: Implications for CSP Tower Systems? Clement Ogaja Department of Civil & Geomatics Engineering California State University, Fresno
22 Global suitability map for solar thermal power plants Flat mirror CSP Towers Photo credits: esolar, Inc
23 Sunray tracking geometry of a flat mirror CSP Tower concept
24 A relative shift in ground height of h causes sunray reflected by M' to be off target. Mirror at M has same orientation as that of mirror at M'
25 Mirror at position M' is slightly rotated to keep reflected sun ray on target at point T
26 Numerical Analysis
27 Geodetic plan view of sunray tracking geometry. All the three points are in the same geodetic plane (i.e., same longitude or meridian). 21 May 2010 SOLAR 2010 Conference, Phoenix, Arizona
28 Simulation Results
29 Summary / Recommendations The paper investigates the potential impact of crustal deformation on the CSP technology for clean electricity generation. To the author s best knowledge there is no existing program of continuous on-site monitoring of such hazards Based on the tested methodology, the findings indicate that uneven (relative) crustal deformation of magnitudes starting from as small as 0.06 m may cause the geometry of sunray reflection to be off target thus potentially compromising a CSP project Although the current findings are solely based on geometrical analysis with simulated data, it is intended that this study may form a basis for future research with actual field data. It is also probably important to gain a better mathematical insight into a parabolic field of CSP tracking mirrors.
30 Thank You!
31 Earlier Analyses: Questionable!!!
32 Earlier Analyses: Questionable!!!
CRUSTAL DYNAMICS IN CALIFORNIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR LARGE-SCALE CSP TOWER SYSTEMS
CRUSTAL DYNAICS IN CALIFORNIA: IPLICATIONS FOR LARGE-SCALE CSP TOWER SYSTES Clement A. Ogaja, PhD Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Geomatics Engineering California State University, Fresno
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