Borehole radar measurements aid structure geological interpretations
|
|
- Domenic Horn
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Ž. Journal of Applied Geophysics Borehole radar measurements aid structure geological interpretations S. Wanstedt ), S. Carlsten, S. Tiren GEOSIGMA, Box 894, S Uppsala, Sweden Received 2 October 1998; received in revised form 25 February 1999; accepted 20 April 1999 Abstract Successful site characterization for a repository of nuclear waste or underground construction in general provides basic data concerning engineering aspects of repository design with impact on both the efficiency of the repository in isolating waste and in constructing the repository. Three-dimensional Ž 3D. visualization of data is an essential step in the development of descriptive hydrologic and rock-mechanical models of fractured rock systems. Modeling of fractures and fracture zones in 3D is usually based on the correlation of fracturing in drillcores and on outcrops. Difficulties with this procedure arise when the vertical or horizontal separation between fractures is large. Directional radar surveys help decrease the uncertainty in correlation. At great depths, such as is the case when investigating potential nuclear waste repositories, the errors present as borehole deviations, and dip determinations of structures as well as the varying characteristics of geological features, may make interpretations virtually impossible. Tomographic radar measurements help improve the 3D modeling because zones with anomalous properties can be traced across the investigated plane or volume. This leads to a further decrease in uncertainty and eventually to better models. The comparison of directional reflection surveys and tomography shows that the accuracy of single-hole surveys is reasonably good. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Borehole investigations; Directional borehole radar; Tomography; Structural geology 1. Introduction The objectives of a site investigation for a tunnel are to provide information for the assessment of the technical and economical advantages of alternative schemes, the selection of the most suitable alternative, the preparation of an adequate and economical design, and to allow difficulties that may arise during construction, modification or repair to be foreseen and pro- ) Corresponding author. Tel.: q ; fax: q ; sw@geosigma.se Ž. vided for West et al., Potential nuclear waste repositories comprise an especially complicated kind of site investigation because they will be located at a depth of about 500 m below the ground surface. For obvious reasons, investigations commence at the surface with whatever information is available there. In every exploration operation, the investigator eventually finds the situation where he needs detailed information about features at depth. The only way to obtain this information, without excavating, is to drill a hole through the rock volume to be investigated r00r$ - see front matter q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Ž. PII: S
2 228 S. Wanstedt et al.rjournal of Applied Geophysics 43 ( 2000) Drilling, regardless of the method employed, involves a sizeable expense in the evaluation of a site. Hence, it is important to extract as much information as possible from the boreholes. This paper deals with the difficulties in extrapolating geologic surface and subsurface information when investigating large, deep volumes of rock and how such difficulties can be resolved, or at least decreased, with borehole radar measurements. 2. Deep underground repositories The investigations prior to the siting of a repository for radioactive waste involve isolating or detecting a volume of rock that fulfils some basic requirements. According to the Swedish Nuclear Waste Management Ž SKB., the main objectives of the initial site investigation are Ž SKB, 1992.: Ø To define the site-specific position of a rock volume for a repository; Ø To plan the surface and subsurface facilities; Ø To provide a basis for a preliminary sitespecific performance assessment; and Ø To provide information to ensure safe and efficient underground activities. The Swedish bedrock is usually highly competent with very low porosity. Hence, the fractures and fracture zones are fundamental concepts in the site characterization as the structures control the groundwater transport and the mechanical stability. In other words, most of the work is concerned with determining the geometry of these structures. A Swedish repository will be located in Precambrian crystalline rocks. It will be a multibarrier system intended to minimize the probability of radioactivity escaping to the surface. At a depth of approximately 500 m, the storage will be protected from natural and human disturbance, supposedly maintaining favorable conditions for isolating waste without further human aid. The waste is to be enclosed in steel-coated copper canisters deposited in vertical holes about 1.5 m in diameter. A final full-scale repository might contain as many as 4500 canisters and thereby covering an area of about 1 km 2. Fig. 1 shows a hypothetical repository Ž about 10% of full-size. placed at 500 m depth below the island Aspo. The three-dimensional Ž 3D. fracture zone model in the figure, which governs the layout of the facility, was developed from surface-based investigations of the Aspo Ž Tiren et al., A fracture has to fulfil certain requirements to be included in the model, such as being possible to extrapolate and identify in more than one location, borehole or at the surface. The extrapolation of features was essentially performed with the directional borehole radar. 3. Extrapolation of geological data According to the definition, fractures are discontinuities with mechanical or tectonic origin. In geology, the term is used to describe everything from microfractures to large faults. Further, the fractures can have several different chemical and physical properties: thus, the geophysicist who wants to detect and classify fractures using borehole geophysics stands before a very challenging task. One reason is that no geophysical method reacts directly to the fracture. Instead, the geophysicist has to determine how each fracture affects the measurements recorded with the different probes. To simplify investigations concerning fractures, it is often assumed that the strike of the fracture is orthogonal to the drillhole and filled with some fluid, usually water. Furthermore, the fracture surfaces are assumed to be smooth and perfectly plane. The 3D modeling of fractures and fracture zones is usually based on the correlation of fractures in drillcores and surface structures. Remote analysis and surface geophysics help determine the location of surface structures. The correlation of surface data and borehole struc-
3 S. Wanstedt et al.rjournal of Applied Geophysics 43 ( 2000) 229 Fig. 1. Layout of a potential repository located at 500 m depth governed by 3D structural model of Aspo, Sweden ŽTiren et al., Fractures have to fulfill certain requirements to be included in the model, such as being possible to extrapolate and identify in more than one location, borehole or at the surface. The extrapolation of features was essentially performed with the directional borehole radar. tural information along the hole going downwards is usually not very difficult near the surface but becomes increasingly complicated as holes become deeper. At great depths Žc. 500 m., it is extremely difficult to determine which one of all the zones along the hole is the one that correlates with the surface expression, Fig. 2. The strike of a structure is generally well defined, based on the surface data, but the dip of the interpreted structure is at best Žbased solely on surface data. determined with an accuracy of "108. Assume that there is a zone with an interpreted dip of 60"108 westwards and that the mean spacing between fractured sections is constant. The number of equally possible interpretations is a function of the orientation of the borehole and the distance between the borehole and the structure at the surface, Fig. 2, where the average distance between minor zones is assumed to be 15 m, while it is 30 m between major zones. When a borehole dipping 608 towards the structure is drilled 50 m away from the structure there are two possible solutions in the most favorable case. The borehole will intersect the zone at 40 m depth. If, however, this example is repeated for the same zone at 500 m depth, there are several Ž ) 10. equally possible solutions within a borehole length interval from 470 to 708 m Žcorresponding to vertical depths of 410 to 615 m.. Although the zones of fractured rock do not occur as uniformly in real
4 230 S. Wanstedt et al.rjournal of Applied Geophysics 43 ( 2000) Fig. 2. Potential error in the location of a zone at depth due to errors in borehole deviation measurements and dip determinations of zones at the surface Ž Tiren et al.,
5 S. Wanstedt et al.rjournal of Applied Geophysics 43 ( 2000) 231 rock, there will be several possible interpretation of the location of a structure at great depths. 4. Borehole radar Ground penetrating radar Ž GPR. is a term that covers a group of high-frequency electromagnetic methods Ž EM.. All these methods involve transmitting very high frequency EM waves and recording the resulting signals from reflections within the medium or from transmission passing through the media. The technique can be used to examine and locate interfaces in solid or liquid media, which exhibit changes in electrical properties. The exact technique employed, transmission or reflection, being determined on the basis of the object examined and the medium involved. The borehole radar is a special case of conventional GPR with several features that distinguish it from the surface tools. The most important is perhaps that the borehole itself enables emplacement of the antennas quite close to the objects to be investigated, resulting in precise target responses. Furthermore, the receiver and transmitter antennas may be lowered into different holes, so called cross-hole measurements. The information obtained with this setup often complements the single-hole reflection surveys. Two different properties of radar wave propagation normally determined are velocity and attenuation. The propagation of electromagnetic waves through rocks and soils is mainly a function of the dielectric constant and the electrical conductivity. The potential of a feature in the bedrock to show as a distinct radar reflector or anomaly depends primarily on the contrast in the dielectric constants of the feature and that of the bedrock Ž Olsson et al., Because of the large contrast in dielectric constant between bedrock Ž about 5. and the water-filled pores Ž dielectric constant for water is 81. in the fractured rock the fractures are well indicated. Fig. 3. Principle of results from two types of borehole radar antennas, conventional dipole Ž left. and directional antenna Ž Tiren et al., The prior only gives the intersection angle while the latter gives both intersection angle and direction.
6 232 S. Wanstedt et al.rjournal of Applied Geophysics 43 ( 2000) 4.1. Directional single-hole surõeys Most borehole antennas are axially oriented dipoles. Consequently, the response of a survey includes information from the entire volume of rock surrounding the hole. In our case, it is necessary to determine the orientation of single features and we have therefore used a directional receiver antenna. It is directional in the sense that it allows for the absolute determination of strike and dip of all planar reflectors. In Fig. 3, the principle of the interpreted results from an omnidirectional dipole antenna is compared to that of the directional antenna. The design of the antenna limits the practical range of angles at which reflectors are determined with the borehole radar. Fig. 4 shows an example of how the spatial density of fractures interpreted depends upon the angle of intersection between the borehole and the fractures. There is no reason to assume that there is a bias in the natural distribution of zones in this rock mass and therefore this distribution can be assumed in other rocks as well. Fig. 4. Distribution of fractures detected by borehole radar relative to the angle of intersection between borehole and structures Ž Tiren et al.,
7 S. Wanstedt et al.rjournal of Applied Geophysics 43 ( 2000) 233 Previous investigations show that the ability of the borehole radar to detect features within the rock mass appears to have a maximum when intersecting structures at an angle of c. 308, while it diminishes rapidly for lower intersection angles and more slowly for higher intersection angles. At high intersection angles Ž , the ability to detect structures is the lowest. This geometrical relationship has to be considered when planning borehole radar surveys and especially when the target will be investigated from several holes drilled in different directions. The target could be a specific object such as a fracture zone, but it could also be a rock volume. An orthogonal borehole configuration does not optimize the potential of the borehole radar, as there will be orientations of structures poorly sampled by all boreholes Ž Tiren, Since the reflection coefficient is highly dependent on the variation in water-content in the rock mass the radar reflection surveys result in selective picking of features. Bedrock features that give rise to reflectors need to be of a certain size and preferably, but not always, are the effect of water-saturated porosity. The radar reflectors of concern in this study are generally planar and large in extent Ž20 40 m or more. structures. At the intersection of radar reflectors and borehole, the core logs often express increased fracturing. Locally the fractures appear to be sealed Tomography The principle of cross-hole surveys is that the transmitter and receiver are located in such a manner that direct rays traveling between them pass through the medium. For each possible antenna configuration, a trace is recorded at the receiver. Each trace corresponds to a raypath between the boreholes. Along each raypath, the travel time and the amplitude of the first arriving direct wave is determined. Both arrival times and amplitudes can be analyzed with tomographic inversion. Fig. 5. Dipole radar component of single hole surveys in the two holes together with velocity tomogram from plane delineated by the two holes.
8 234 S. Wanstedt et al.rjournal of Applied Geophysics 43 ( 2000) Tomography and reflection surveys are affected a bit differently by variations in the rock mass. For example, a wide, severely fractured and water-bearing zone will probably cause a reflection at either of the boundaries. The minimum velocity in the tomogram, on the other hand, will probably be located in the center of the zone Žwhere the porosity and water content reaches a maximum Description of measurement setup Borehole radar measurements were performed in two co-planar holes 509 and 301 m deep, respectively, at the Romuvaara investigation site in Finland. Single-hole directional surveys were performed in each hole. Furthermore, Fig. 6. Interpreted reflectors from directional antenna surveys in the two boreholes, plotted in the tomographic plane. Numbers to the left in plot are reflectors found in the left borehole Ž RO-KR4. Ž Carlsten and Wanstedt, Tomographic inversion involves dividing the interval between the boreholes into segments and assigning approximate values of the dielectric constant or attenuation to each segment in an iterative manner. The values are adjusted by means of the amplitudes and travel times of the rays passing through each segment, calculations are continued until the travel times and attenuations correspond to the measured values. The resolution of the method is a complex function of the wavelength, the transmitter and receiver point spacing Ž along the respective holes., as well as the distance between the boreholes. The resolution is on the order of meters. Fig. 7. Interpreted reflectors from directional antenna surveys in the two boreholes, plotted in the volume Ž 3D. surrounding the tomographic plane.
9 S. Wanstedt et al.rjournal of Applied Geophysics 43 ( 2000) 235 cross-hole measurements were performed between the holes. The distance between the holes is 73 m at the surface and about 201 m at depth. The use of a directional tool enables the determination of location, strike and dip of reflectors in the vicinity of the hole. The transmit- Fig. 8. Velocity tomogram between the two boreholes with interpreted structures. Dashed lines are possible structures picked from the velocity tomogram.
10 236 S. Wanstedt et al.rjournal of Applied Geophysics 43 ( 2000) ter antenna, emitting 60-MHz radar waves, manages to survey a rock volume rock with a radius of 30 to 40 m in reflection mode Ž Fig. 5.. This means that near the surface, it would be possible to record the same reflection from either of the holes if there was an adequately oriented anomaly in the rock volume between the holes. At the bottom of the investigated plane the distance is much too far for the reflection mode investigation. As a result, it is not always easy to correlate zones between the two holes. It is even more difficult to extrapolate a zone accurately when the target is at the surface. Radar waves for the cross-hole survey were generated with 22-MHz dipole antennas to cover the somewhat large distance in the deeper parts of the investigated plane Ž Fig. 5.. In total, 4040 rays were recorded with a minimum length of 76.5 m and a maximum length of m. Data quality of recorded rays was excellent and very few rays had to be omitted Ž1.9% of the velocity rays and 2.1% of the amplitude rays.. found with the directional antenna. There are possibly more structures within the tomogram, 5. Discussion of results When plotted in the plane confined by the two holes, as in Fig. 6, it is difficult to extrapolate and connect reflectors between the holes since there is no dip information. If the interpreted reflectors are plotted in 3D Ž Fig. 7., there is a possibility to connect the various features. Due to the quite large number of reflectors, this is still difficult. The distance is not, unfortunately, the only problem as there is a limited accuracy in the determination. The tomographic inversion of the data resulted in plots of the velocity and amplitude distributions in the plane. In the plots, low velocity or high attenuation characterizes fracture zones across the plane. The features are generally easier to locate in the velocity tomogram Ž Fig. 8.. Six features were interpreted as significant zones and subsequently compared to the zones Fig. 9. Comparison of features interpreted from the velocity tomogram and interpreted reflectors that show how overall structural interpretation can be improved. Labeled lines Ž A G. are features related to tomography. Other lines are reflectors. Width of each line corresponds to dip out of the reflector, wide line dips more than thin line.
11 S. Wanstedt et al.rjournal of Applied Geophysics 43 ( 2000) 237 but they do not appear as clearly. The significant zones delineated by the velocity variations generally correlate with interpreted reflectors, although only a subset of the reflections originate from the low velocity zones Ž Fig. 9.. The low velocity zone in the tomogram around 200 m Ž Figs. 5 and 8., appears to cause several reflections in both boreholes but the directions are contradictory. In fact, there are no reflectors that accurately describe the low velocity zone. With the information from the tomogram, the correct location of the zone can be established. Note that although the boreholes are quite close near the surface, there are not many interpreted reflectors that are found in both holes. There are a few possible reasons for the discrepancy between single-hole surveys and cross-hole surveys. The most important reason in this case is probably the difference in resolution. 6. Conclusions A single-hole radar investigation is clearly a very helpful tool for understanding the structural geology in the rock mass surrounding a borehole. Although the information is oriented, it is difficult to extrapolate reflectors between holes and to the surface. When planning an investigation, it is necessary to be aware of the actual performance of the directional borehole radar. Since the tools does not cover all angles in the same way, the orientation of the holes should be planned taking this into account. Radar tomography treats the structures between the holes a bit more stringently in that there is really no room for error in the dip determination within the plane. Due to the high resolution, zones can be traced across the entire plane between the holes, or up to the surface. Acknowledgements Thanks are due to POSIVA OY for allowing us to publish the results of this investigation. References Carlsten, S., Wanstedt, S., Detailed borehole radar measurements at the Romuvaara site, Finland. POSIVA OY Site Investigation Project Work Report PATU-96-52e, 64 pp. Olsson, O., Falk, L., Forslund, O., Lundmark, L., Sandberg, E., Crosshole investigations results from borehole radar investigations. Stripa Project Technical Report 87-11, an OECDrNEA international projected managed by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Ž SKB., Stockholm, 160 pp. Žrevised Feb SKB, SKB-91. Final disposal of spent nuclear fuel importance of the bedrock for safety. SKB Technical Report TR 92-20, Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Ž SKB., Stockholm, 197 pp. Tiren, S.A., On the use of borehole radar measurements for 3D assessment of structures in rock volumes. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Aspo International Seminar Characterization and Evaluation of Sites for Deep Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste in Fractured Rock, Oskarshamn, Sweden, June 10 12, SKB Technical Report TR 98-10, Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Ž SKB., Stockholm, pp Tiren, S.A., Beckholmen, M., Voss, C., Askling, P., SITE-94: Development of a Geological and a Structural Model of Aspo. SKI Report 96:16, Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate Ž SKI., Stockholm, 198 pp. West, G., Carter, P.G., Dumbleton, M.J., Lakes, L.M., Rock mechanics review site investigations for tunnels. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 18,
A25 Very High Resolution Hard Rock Seismic Imaging for Excavation Damage Zone Characterisation
A25 Very High Resolution Hard Rock Seismic Imaging for Excavation Damage Zone Characterisation C. Cosma* (Vibrometric Oy), N. Enescu (Vibrometric Oy) & E. Heikkinen (Pöyry Finland Oy) SUMMARY Seismic and
More informationM035 High Resolution 3D Tunnel Seismic Reflection at Olkiluoto, Finland
M035 High Resolution 3D Tunnel Seismic Reflection at Olkiluoto, Finland C. Cosma* (Vibrometric), N. Enescu (Vibrometric), M. Lahti (Posiva Oy), E. Heikkinen (Poyry Oy) & T. Ahokas (Poyry Oy) SUMMARY ONKALO
More informationUnderground nuclear waste storage
Underground nuclear waste storage Groundwater flow and radionuclide transport Jan-Olof Selroos Cargese Summer School, July 5, 2018 Contents: Concept for geological disposal of nuclear waste A few words
More informationApplication of Ground Penetrating Radar for hydro-geological study
Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Vol. 65, February 2006, pp. 160-164 Application of Ground Penetrating Radar for hydro-geological study K K K Singh* Central Mining Research Institute, Dhanbad
More informationFINAL REPORT GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION WATER TOWER NO. 6 SITE PLANT CITY, FL
APPENDIX B FINAL REPORT GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION WATER TOWER NO. 6 SITE PLANT CITY, FL Prepared for Madrid Engineering Group, Inc. Bartow, FL Prepared by GeoView, Inc. St. Petersburg, FL February 28,
More informationAssessment of releases from a nuclear waste repository in crystalline rock
Future Groundwater Resources at Risk (Proceedings of the Helsinki Conference, June 1994). IAHS Publ. no. 222, 1994. 37 Assessment of releases from a nuclear waste repository in crystalline rock AIMO HAUTOJÀRVI
More informationPROBABILISTIC TRANSPORT PATH ANALYSIS THROUGH THREE-DIMENSIONAL DISCRETE FRACTURE NETWORKS FOR UNDERGROUND RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITIES
th International Conference on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management (PSAM ) PROBABILISTIC TRANSPORT PATH ANALYSIS THROUGH THREE-DIMENSIONAL DISCRETE FRACTURE NETWORKS FOR UNDERGROUND RADIOACTIVE
More informationRock Suitability Classification for POPLU
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's European Atomic Energy Community's (Euratom) Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2011-2013, 2013, under Grant Agreement
More informationCase Study: University of Connecticut (UConn) Landfill
Case Study: University of Connecticut (UConn) Landfill Problem Statement:» Locate disposal trenches» Identify geologic features and distinguish them from leachate and locate preferential pathways in fractured
More informationClays in Geological Disposal Systems
Clays in Natural and Engineered Barriers for Radioactive Waste Confinement Clays in Geological Disposal Systems A brochure edited by ONDRAF/NIRAS (Belgium) and Andra (France), in collaboration with COVRA
More informationInstructional Objectives
GE 6477 DISCONTINUOUS ROCK 8. Fracture Detection Dr. Norbert H. Maerz Missouri University of Science and Technology (573) 341-6714 norbert@mst.edu Instructional Objectives 1. List the advantages and disadvantages
More informationThermo-Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical (THMC) Modelling of the Bentonite Barrier in Final Disposal of High Level Nuclear Waste
Presented at the COMSOL Conference 2008 Hannover Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical (THMC) Modelling of the Bentonite Barrier in Final Disposal of High Level Nuclear Waste, Markus Olin, Veli-Matti Pulkkanen,
More informationSEISMIC TOMOGRAPHY MEASUREMENTS IN THE RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL SITE IN BÁTAAPÁTI
Seismic tomography measurements in Bátaapáti SEISMIC TOMOGRAPHY MEASUREMENTS IN THE RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL SITE IN BÁTAAPÁTI 1. Introduction PETER TILDY 1, ZSOLT PRONAY 1, ENDRE TÖRÖS 1 As a part of
More informationGeophysics for Environmental and Geotechnical Applications
Geophysics for Environmental and Geotechnical Applications Dr. Katherine Grote University of Wisconsin Eau Claire Why Use Geophysics? Improve the quality of site characterization (higher resolution and
More informationEXTREMELY FAST IP USED TO DELINEATE BURIED LANDFILLS. Norman R. Carlson, Cris Mauldin Mayerle, and Kenneth L. Zonge
EXTREMELY FAST IP USED TO DELINEATE BURIED LANDFILLS Norman R. Carlson, Cris Mauldin Mayerle, and Kenneth L. Zonge Zonge Engineering and Research Organization, Inc. 3322 East Fort Lowell Road Tucson, Arizona,
More informationSite Characterization & Hydrogeophysics
Site Characterization & Hydrogeophysics (Source: Matthew Becker, California State University) Site Characterization Definition: quantitative description of the hydraulic, geologic, and chemical properties
More information1. Introduction. 2. Model Description and Assumptions
Excerpt from the Proceedings of the COMSOL Conference 2010 Boston The Dissolution and Transport of Radionuclides from Used Nuclear Fuel in an Underground Repository Y. Beauregard *1, M. Gobien 2, F. Garisto
More informationWM2014 Conference, March 2 6, 2014, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Experimental Comparison between High Purity Germanium and Scintillator Detectors for Determining Burnup, Cooling Time and Decay Heat of Used Nuclear Fuel - 14488 Peter Jansson *, Sophie Grape *, Stephen
More informationP Forsmark site investigation. Ground penetrating radar and resistivity measurements for overburden investigations
P-03-43 Forsmark site investigation Ground penetrating radar and resistivity measurements for overburden investigations Johan Nissen, Malå Geoscience AB April 2003 Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB Swedish
More informationFirst Field Test of NAPL Detection with High Resolution Borehole Seismic Imaging
1 First Field Test of NAPL Detection with High Resolution Borehole Seismic Imaging Jil T. Geller, John E. Peterson, Kenneth H. Williams, Jonathan B. Ajo!Franklin*, and Ernest L. Majer Earth Sciences Division,
More informationGEOPHYSICAL SITE CHARACTERIZATION IN SUPPORT OF HIGHWAY EXPANSION PROJECT
GEOPHYSICAL SITE CHARACTERIZATION IN SUPPORT OF HIGHWAY EXPANSION PROJECT * Shane Hickman, * Todd Lippincott, * Steve Cardimona, * Neil Anderson, and + Tim Newton * The University of Missouri-Rolla Department
More informationJoint inversion of geophysical and hydrological data for improved subsurface characterization
Joint inversion of geophysical and hydrological data for improved subsurface characterization Michael B. Kowalsky, Jinsong Chen and Susan S. Hubbard, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, California,
More informationGEOLOGICAL FRACTURE MAPPING USING ELECTROMAGNETIC GEOTOMOGRAPHY. A.L. Ramirez, F.J. Deadrick and R.J. Lytle
GEOLOGICAL FRACTURE MAPPING USING ELECTROMAGNETIC GEOTOMOGRAPHY A.L. Ramirez, F.J. Deadrick and R.J. Lytle Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California 94550 ABSTRACT This article describes
More informationInformation From Walk-Away VSP and Cross-Hole DataUsing Various Wave Modes: Tower Colliery, South Sydney Basin
Seismic Methods in Mineral Exploration Paper 58 Explor97 Master Page Explor97 Contents Previous Paper G O T O Author Index Section Contents Next Paper Information From Walk-Away VSP and Cross-Hole DataUsing
More informationImaging complex structure with crosswell seismic in Jianghan oil field
INTERPRETER S CORNER Coordinated by Rebecca B. Latimer Imaging complex structure with crosswell seismic in Jianghan oil field QICHENG DONG and BRUCE MARION, Z-Seis, Houston, Texas, U.S. JEFF MEYER, Fusion
More information1. Resistivity of rocks
RESISTIVITY 1) Resistivity of rocks 2) General principles of resistivity surveying 3) Field procedures, interpretation and examples 4) Summary and conclusions INDUCED POLARIZATION 1) General principles
More informationStatic Corrections for Seismic Reflection Surveys
Static Corrections for Seismic Reflection Surveys MIKE COX Volume Editors: Series Editor: Eugene F. Scherrer Roland Chen Eugene F. Scherrer Society of Exploration Geophysicists Tulsa, Oklahoma Contents
More informationENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND ROCK ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF OPERATION AND CLOSURE OF KBS-3
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND ROCK ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF OPERATION AND CLOSURE OF KBS-3 DAVID SAIANG Principal Consultant SRK Consulting Sweden NEIL MARSHALL Corporate Consultant SRK Consulting UK 1 of XX SRK
More informationDeep Borehole Disposal Performance Assessment and Criteria for Site Selection
Deep Borehole Disposal Performance Assessment and Criteria for Site Selection Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department
More informationHydrogeology of Deep Borehole Disposal for High-Level Radioactive Waste
SAND2014-18615C Hydrogeology of Deep Borehole Disposal for High-Level Radioactive Waste Geological Society of America Annual Meeting October 20, 2014 Bill W. Arnold, W. Payton Gardner, and Patrick V. Brady
More informationTournemire Underground Laboratory: Geophysical Monitoring of Claystone Desaturation in a Ventilated Borehole.
Tournemire Underground Laboratory: Geophysical Monitoring of Claystone Desaturation in a Ventilated Borehole. U.Zimmer, A. Genty, T. Rothfuchs, B. Bonin, J. Cabrera 1 Introduction With this paper, we will
More informationDielectric constant determination using ground-penetrating radar reflection coefficients
Ž. Journal of Applied Geophysics 43 000 189 197 www.elsevier.nlrlocaterjappgeo Dielectric constant determination using ground-penetrating radar reflection coefficients Philip M. Reppert ), F. Dale Morgan,
More informationWITPRESS WIT Press publishes leading books in Science and Technology. Visit our website for the current list of titles.
High-Level Radioactive Waste (HLW) Disposal WITPRESS WIT Press publishes leading books in Science and Technology. Visit our website for the current list of titles. www.witpress.com WITeLibrary Home of
More informationEvaluation of Geological Conditions Ahead of Tunnel Face Using Seismic Tomography between Tunnel and Surface
Evaluation of Geological Conditions Ahead of Tunnel Face Using Seismic Tomography between Tunnel and Surface Y. Yokota a *, T. Ymamoto a and K. Kurihara a a Kajima Technical Research Institute, 19-1, Tobitakyu
More informationLima Project: Seismic Refraction and Resistivity Survey. Alten du Plessis Global Geophysical
Lima Project: Seismic Refraction and Resistivity Survey Alten du Plessis Global Geophysical Report no 0706/2006 18 December 2006 Lima Project: Seismic Refraction and Resistivity Survey by Alten du Plessis
More informationChemical erosion of bentonite: a challenge or a threat?
Chemical erosion of bentonite: a challenge or a threat? Heini Reijonen & Nuria Marcos, Saanio & Riekkola Oy BELBaR 12.-13.10.2015 Karlsruhe, Germany Photo: Schatz et al. (2013) Contents Background The
More informationGPR AS A COST EFFECTIVE BEDROCK MAPPING TOOL FOR LARGE AREAS. Abstract
GPR AS A COST EFFECTIVE BEDROCK MAPPING TOOL FOR LARGE AREAS Dr. Jutta L. Hager, Hager GeoScience, Inc., Waltham, MA Mario Carnevale, Hager GeoScience, Inc., Waltham, MA Abstract Hager GeoScience, Inc.
More informationCase study 2: Using seismic reflection to design a mine
Case study 2: Using seismic reflection to design a mine Rob Knipe, Graham Stuart * and Stephen Freeman Rock Deformation Research & School of Earth and Environment * University of Leeds Seismic Reflection
More informationSTOCHASTIC CONTINUUM ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER FLOW PATHS FOR SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF A RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITY
STOCHASTIC CONTINUUM ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER FLOW PATHS FOR SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF A RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITY K. Chang*, C.L. Kim, E.Y. Lee, J.W.Park, H.Y.Park, C.G. Rhee, M.J. Song Nuclear Environment
More informationActivity Submitted by Tim Schroeder, Bennington College,
Structural Analysis of a Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy System Activity Submitted by Tim Schroeder, Bennington College, tschroeder@bennington.edu Description: This project applies basic geologic skills
More informationGPR surveys at Nõmmküla Detection of underground water routes
GPR surveys at Nõmmküla 2009 Detection of underground water routes Tomi Herronen & Timo Saarenketo 2009 1. Introduction The purpose of this survey was to locate possible underground water routes (rivers)
More informationSite characterization at the Groundwater Remediation Field Laboratory
Site characterization at the Groundwater Remediation Field Laboratory WILLIAM P. C LEMENT, STEVE CARDIMONA, ANTHONY L. ENDRES, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts KATHARINE KADINSKY-CADE, Phillips Laboratory,
More informationambiguity in earth sciences IESO Geophysics Section Eddy hartantyo, Lab Geofisika FMIPA UGM
ambiguity in earth sciences IESO Geophysics Section Eddy hartantyo, Lab Geofisika FMIPA UGM Pelatihan Tahap II IESO Teknik Geologi UGM Februari 2009 1 Introduction Photos from http://www.eegs.org/whatis/
More informationPatterns in Geophysical Data and Models
Patterns in Geophysical Data and Models Jens Tronicke Angewandte Geophysik Institut für Geowissenschaften Universität Potsdam jens@geo.uni-potsdam.de Near-surface geophysics Using geophysical tools to
More informationGeoelectricity. ieso 2010
Geoelectricity ieso 2010 1 RESISTIVITY SURVEY AT VENETO VILLA GRITTI AT THE TOWN OF TREVISO (VENETO REGION) The survey was carried out to verify the underground presence of the fondations of a rustic building.
More informationRESISTIVITY IMAGING IN EASTERN NEVADA USING THE AUDIOMAGNETOTELLURIC METHOD FOR HYDROGEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK STUDIES. Abstract.
RESISTIVITY IMAGING IN EASTERN NEVADA USING THE AUDIOMAGNETOTELLURIC METHOD FOR HYDROGEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK STUDIES Darcy K. McPhee, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA Louise Pellerin, Green Engineering,
More informationApplied Geophysics for Environmental Site Characterization and Remediation
Applied Geophysics for Environmental Site Characterization and Remediation MSECA Webinar September 24, 2015 John Mundell, P.E., L.P.G. Ryan Brumbaugh, L.P.G. MUNDELL & ASSOCIATES, INC. Webinar Objective
More informationAn approach for the host rock assessment methodology. based on URLs site investigation data
1 An approach for the host rock assessment methodology development tin JAEA, based on URLs site investigation data Workshop on Assessing the suitability of host rock Yokohama Minato Mirai, Landmark Tower
More informationINTRODUCTION TO APPLIED GEOPHYSICS
INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED GEOPHYSICS EXPLORING THE SHALL0W SUBSURFACE H. Robert Burger Anne F. Sheehan Craig H.Jones VERSITY OF COLORADO VERSITY OF COLORADO W. W. NORTON & COMPANY NEW YORK LONDON Contents
More informationPresentations at NEA IRT hearing 12 December, 13:30 17:00. Geology, rock mechanics, hydraulic processes, (bio) geochemistry, hydrochemistry
Presentations at NEA IRT hearing 12 December, 13:30 17:00 Geology, rock mechanics, hydraulic processes, (bio) geochemistry, hydrochemistry NEA IRT hearing 12 December 2 Example question #1 Geology Can
More informationP Jon Haycox, Damion Duckworth ASC, Applied Seismology Consultants. June 2009
P-11-29 Acoustic emission and ultrasonic monitoring results from deposition hole DA3545G1 in the Prototype Repository between October 28 and March 29 Jon Haycox, Damion Duckworth ASC, Applied Seismology
More informationSeismic Refraction Investigation at a Radioactive Waste Disposal Site
Geosciences 2012, 2(2): 7-13 DOI: 10.5923/j.geo.20120202.02 Seismic Refraction Investigation at a Radioactive Waste Disposal Site A. M. A Dawood 1,*, T. T. Akiti 2, E. T. Glover 1 1 National Radioactive
More informationAlthough most karstic regions
Urban Geophysics: Geophysical Signature of Mount Bonnell Fault and Its Karstic Features in Austin, TX by Mustafa Saribudak, Environmental Geophysics Associates, Austin, TX Although most karstic regions
More informationThe failure of the sounding assumption in electroseismic investigations
The failure of the sounding assumption in electroseismic investigations F.D. Fourie, J.F. Botha Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
More informationElectrical Surveying (part A)
Electrical Surveying (part A) Dr. Laurent Marescot Course given at the University of Fribourg (2009) Contact: laurent@tomoquest.com www.tomoquest.com 1 Introduction Electrical surveying Resistivity method
More informationInitial Borehole Drilling and Testing in or Near Ignace
JUNE 2016 PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL SUITABILITY Initial Borehole Drilling and Testing in or Near Ignace DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION WITH COMMUNITIES In 2010, the Nuclear Waste Management Organization
More informationDETAILED SEISMIC TOMOGRAPHY IN RADIAL BOREHOLES
DETAILED SEISMIC TOMOGRAPHY IN RADIAL BOREHOLES 1. Background and Project Objectives and Method Selection To obtain a better understanding of the properties of the disturbed zone and its dependence on
More informationThe Mine Geostress Testing Methods and Design
Open Journal of Geology, 2014, 4, 622-626 Published Online December 2014 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojg http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2014.412046 The Mine Geostress Testing Methods and Design
More informationStress measurements a Scandinavian perspective. Jonny Sjöberg Itasca Consultants AB (Sweden)
Stress measurements a Scandinavian perspective Jonny Sjöberg Itasca Consultants AB (Sweden) Scandinavian experiences Deep overcoring the Borre probe OC experiences & quality control A new LVDT overcoring
More informationP Forsmark site investigation. Borehole: KFM01A Results of tilt testing. Panayiotis Chryssanthakis Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo
P-03-108 Forsmark site investigation Borehole: KFM01A Results of tilt testing Panayiotis Chryssanthakis Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo June 2003 Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB Swedish Nuclear Fuel
More informationHYDROGEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE UG2 PYROXENITE AQUIFERS OF THE BUSHVELD COMPLEX
R. Gebrekristos, P.Cheshire HYDROGEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE UG2 PYROXENITE AQUIFERS OF THE BUSHVELD COMPLEX R. Gebrekristos Digby Wells Environmental P. Cheshire Groundwater Monitoring Services Abstract
More informationGround subsidence is a worldwide problem especially
Ground Engineering: GPR A Case Study on Ground Subsidence Using Ground Penetrating Radar Nur Azwin Ismail and Rosli Saad Geophysics Section, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia Ground subsidence
More information11301 Reservoir Analogues Characterization by Means of GPR
11301 Reservoir Analogues Characterization by Means of GPR E. Forte* (University of Trieste) & M. Pipan (University of Trieste) SUMMARY The study of hydrocarbon reservoir analogues is increasing important
More informationInitial Borehole Drilling in the Hornepayne and Manitouwadge Area
MAY 2017 PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL SUITABILITY Initial Borehole Drilling in the Hornepayne and Manitouwadge Area In 2010, the Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO) began technical and
More informationMT Prospecting. Map Resistivity. Determine Formations. Determine Structure. Targeted Drilling
MT Prospecting Map Resistivity Determine Formations Determine Structure Targeted Drilling Cross-sectional interpretation before and after an MT survey of a mineral exploration prospect containing volcanic
More informationGeophysics and Mapping. presented by: Stephen Brown
Geophysics and Mapping presented by: Stephen Brown Recommended book for INIGEMM Geophysics for the mineral exploration geoscientist, by Michael Dentith and Stephen Mudge, Cambridge University Press, 2014.
More informationInterpretation Report on Borehole TDEM Surveys
Interpretation Report on Borehole TDEM Surveys Junior Lake Property, Armstrong, Ontario For Landore Resources Canada Inc. Alan R. King, M.Sc., P.Geo. January 25, 2016 Introduction Alan King of Geoscience
More informationIAEA SAFETY STANDARDS Geotechnical Aspects of Site Evaluation and Foundations in NPPs, NS-G-3.6
IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS Geotechnical Aspects of Site Evaluation and Foundations in NPPs, NS-G-3.6 Regional Workshop on Volcanic, Seismic, and Tsunami Hazard Assessment Related to NPP Siting Activities and
More informationFoundation pile and cavity detection by the 3D directional borehole radar system, ReflexTracker
Foundation pile and cavity detection by the 3D directional borehole radar system, ReflexTracker K. Wada, S. Karasawa, K. Kawata, T. Ueki Matsunaga Geo-survey Co., Ltd. 1-23-1 Ooi, 140-0014, Tokyo, Japan
More informationTechniques for determining the structure and properties of permafrost
Stanford Exploration Project, Report 80, May 15, 2001, pages 1 404 Techniques for determining the structure and properties of permafrost Ray Abma 1 ABSTRACT Several methods for predicting the relationship
More informationCROSSHOLE RADAR TOMOGRAPHY IN AN ALLUVIAL AQUIFER NEAR BOISE, IDAHO. Abstract. Introduction
CROSSHOLE RADAR TOMOGRAPHY IN AN ALLUVIAL AQUIFER NEAR BOISE, IDAHO William P. Clement, Center for Geophysical Investigation of the Shallow Subsurface, Boise State University, Boise, ID, 83725 Warren Barrash,
More informationInitial Borehole Drilling and Testing in Central Huron,
JULY 2016 PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL SUITABILITY Initial Borehole Drilling and Testing in Central Huron, Huron-Kinloss and South Bruce DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION WITH COMMUNITIES In 2012, at the request
More informationHigh Resolution Geophysics: A Better View of the Subsurface. By John Jansen, P.G., Ph.D., Aquifer Science and Technology
High Resolution Geophysics: A Better View of the Subsurface By John Jansen, P.G., Ph.D., Aquifer Science and Technology Geologist Use Only Part of the Information Available To Them Most Geologist rely
More informationDemonstration of the Advanced Radio Imaging Method (RIM): Ground Truth Results for Three-Dimensional Imaging of Coal Seams
Demonstration of the Advanced Radio Imaging Method (RIM): Ground Truth Results for Three-Dimensional Imaging of Coal Seams Joseph Duncan, RIM Geophysicist Larry G. Stolarczyk, President Stolar Horizon,
More informationImproved Exploration, Appraisal and Production Monitoring with Multi-Transient EM Solutions
Improved Exploration, Appraisal and Production Monitoring with Multi-Transient EM Solutions Folke Engelmark* PGS Multi-Transient EM, Asia-Pacific, Singapore folke.engelmark@pgs.com Summary Successful as
More informationUse of Geophysical Software for Interpretation of Ice-Penetrating Radar Data and Mapping of Polar Ice Sheets
Use of Geophysical Software for Interpretation of Ice-Penetrating Radar Data and Mapping of Polar Ice Sheets Alex O. Martinez University of Kansas 2335 Irving Hill Road Lawrence, KS 66045-7612 http://cresis.ku.edu
More informationIn-situ Experiments on Excavation Disturbance in JNC s Geoscientific Research Programme
In-situ Experiments on Excavation Disturbance in JNC s Geoscientific Research Programme H. Matsui, K. Sugihara and T. Sato Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute, Japan Summary The HLW disposal program
More informationP066 Duplex Wave Migration for Coal-bed Methane Prediction
P066 Duplex Wave Migration for Coal-bed Methane Prediction N. Marmalevskyi* (Ukrainian State Geological Prospecting Institute), A. Antsiferov (UkrNIMI), Z. Gornyak (Ukrainian State Geological Prospecting
More informationGeophysical Site Investigation (Seismic methods) Amit Prashant Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
Geophysical Site Investigation (Seismic methods) Amit Prashant Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar Short Course on Geotechnical Aspects of Earthquake Engineering 04 08 March, 2013 Seismic Waves
More informationEarly Exploration Plan Activity Information
Early Exploration Plan Activity Information Activities That Require an Early Exploration Plan: Line cutting that is a width of 1.5 metres or less; Geophysical surveys on the ground requiring the use of
More informationLIST OF FIGURES APPENDICES
RESISTIVITY / INDUCED POLARIZATION SURVEY EL PORVENIR PROJECT MUNICIPALITY OF REMEDIOS, ANTIOQUIA, COLOMBIA LOGISTICS REPORT M-17427 APRIL 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract... 1 1. The Mandate... 2 2. El
More informationThe use of Underground Research Facilities in the development of deep geological disposal
The use of Underground Research Facilities in the development of deep geological disposal Radioactive Waste: Meeting the Challenge Science and Technology for Safe and Sustainable Solutions 23-24 September
More informationAvailable online Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 2016, 3(2):1-7. Research Article
Available online www.jsaer.com, 2016, 3(2):1-7 Research Article ISSN: 2394-2630 CODEN(USA): JSERBR Assessment of the Reliability of Magnetic Method to Delineate Geologic Features in a Basement Complex:
More informationInvestigation of shallow leakage zones in a small embankment dam using repeated resistivity measurements
Investigation of shallow leakage zones in a small embankment dam using repeated resistivity measurements Pontus Sjödahl 1, Sam Johansson 2, Torleif Dahlin 3 Resistivity measurements were carried out in
More information* **
MT. BULGA REVISITED Bob Whiteley* and Tak Ming Leung** * rjwhiteley@optusnet.com.au ** tak-ming_leung@rta.nsw.gov.au Mt Bulga is located near Orange, New South Wales some 260 km west of Sydney. The first
More informationHamed Aber 1 : Islamic Azad University, Science and Research branch, Tehran, Iran. Mir Sattar Meshin chi asl 2 :
Present a Proper Pattern for Choose Best Electrode Array Based on Geological Structure Investigating in Geoelectrical Tomography, in order to Get the Highest Resolution Image of the Subsurface Hamed Aber
More informationEOSC252 - Exercise 9
Name: 1. Introduction EOSC252 - Exercise 9 Dielectric properties This is really nothing more than a multiple choice / short answer quiz-style assignment. You will need to have done the readings about dielectric
More informationOak Ridge IFRC. Quantification of Plume-Scale Flow Architecture and Recharge Processes
Oak Ridge IFRC Quantification of Plume-Scale Flow Architecture and Recharge Processes S. Hubbard *1, G.S. Baker *2, D. Watson *3, D. Gaines *3, J. Chen *1, M. Kowalsky *1, E. Gasperikova *1, B. Spalding
More information(9C/(9t)t = a(x,t) (92C/3x2)t + b(x,t) (9C/9 x)t + c(x,t)ct + d(x,t)
ABSTRACT Safe management Including disposal of radioactive wastes from the various parts of the nuclear fuel cycle is an important aspect of nuclear technology development. The problem of managing radioactive
More informationThe Greenland Analogue Project
The Greenland Analogue Project Jon Engström, GTK Lillemor Claesson Liljedahl, SKB Anne Kontula, Posiva Oy Timo Ruskeeniemi, GTK NAWG-15, Prague 24.5.2017 The Greenland Analogue Project Greenland Analogue
More informationTR Site investigations. Technical Report. Investigation methods and general execution programme. Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB.
Technical Report TR-01-29 Site investigations Investigation methods and general execution programme Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB January 2001 Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste
More informationSabal Trail Pipeline Project Evaluation of Karst Topography and Sinkhole Potential for Pipeline and Facilities
November 11, 2014 Sabal Trail Pipeline Project Evaluation of Karst Topography and Sinkhole Potential for Pipeline and Facilities Gulf Interstate Engineering Attention: Mr. Denys Stavnychyi - Project Engineer
More informationDetecting the Weathering Structure of Shallow Geology via for Ground-Penetrating Radar
International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering 2009. 6, 3: 207-214 Detecting the Weathering Structure of Shallow Geology via for Ground-Penetrating Radar Kun Fa Lee abc *, Reason Hong b, Yu Min
More informationA Case Study on Ground Subsidence Using Ground Penetrating Radar
2012 International Conference on Environmental, Biomedical and Biotechnology IPCBEE vol.41 (2012) (2012) IACSIT Press, Singapore A Case Study on Ground Using Ground Penetrating Radar Nur Azwin Ismail +
More informationPART A: Short-answer questions (50%; each worth 2%)
PART A: Short-answer questions (50%; each worth 2%) Your answers should be brief (just a few words) and may be written on these pages if you wish. Remember to hand these pages in with your other exam pages!
More informationGround-Water Exploration in the Worthington Area of Nobles County: Summary of Seismic Data and Recent Test Drilling Results
Ground-Water Exploration in the Worthington Area of Nobles County: Summary of Seismic Data and Recent Test Drilling Results Jim Berg and Todd Petersen Geophysicists, DNR Waters January 2000 Table of Contents
More informationSURVEYING FOR GOLD. Page 1 of 25
SURVEYING FOR GOLD Page 1 of 25 Page 2 of 25 Contents Introduction to Lozar Radar... 4 The Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) system and Methodology... 4 Lozar Radar Surveying for Gold... 7 How Lozar Radar
More informationSabal Trail Pipeline Project Evaluation of Karst Topography and Sinkhole Potential for Pipeline and Facilities
November 11, 2014 Sabal Trail Pipeline Project Evaluation of Karst Topography and Sinkhole Potential for Pipeline and Facilities Gulf Interstate Engineering Attention: Mr. Denys Stavnychyi - Project Engineer
More informationDETECTING ADVERSE COAL SEAM GEOLOGYAHEAD OF MINING USING ADVANCED RADIOWAVE GEOPHYSICS
The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy SURFACE MINING 2014 16 September 2014 Session 2: 10:35 11:00 DETECTING ADVERSE COAL SEAM GEOLOGYAHEAD OF MINING USING ADVANCED RADIOWAVE GEOPHYSICS
More informationModeling pressure response into a fractured zone of Precambrian basement to understand deep induced-earthquake hypocenters from shallow injection
Modeling pressure response into a fractured zone of Precambrian basement to understand deep induced-earthquake hypocenters from shallow injection S. Raziperchikolaee 1 and J. F. Miller 1 Abstract Analysis
More information