U. S. History to 1865

Transcription

1 Social Studies Interactive Notebook U. S. History to 1865 First Nine Weeks Name:

2 USI.2a The student will use maps, globes, photographs, pictures, or tables to a) locate the seven continents and five oceans There are seven continents on our Earth. Continents are large land masses surrounded by water. The seven continents are: North merica south merica frica sia ustralia ntarctica Europe (Europe is considered a continent even though it is not entirely surrounded by water. The land mass is frequently called Eurasia.) The five oceans are: tlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean rctic Ocean Indian Ocean Southern Ocean

3 Label the seven continents and five oceans on the map below. 1. Which continent is not entirely surrounded by water? 2. Which ocean is on the east coast of the United States? 3. Which ocean is directly to the north of North merica? 4. Which state do you live in? 5. Which continent is South frica located in? 6. Which continent is the southernmost of all the continents? 7. What is the name of the city/town in which you live? 8. What is the name of the country you live in? 9. Which continent is also a country and an island? 10. Which ocean is on the west coast of the United States? Memory Tip: Mnemonic to remember the 7 continents - Eat n pple s Nighttime Snack Eat - Europe n- sia pple- frica s- ustralia - ntarctica Nighttime- North merica Snack- South merica

4 Imaginary lines of latitude and longitude run around the surface of the globe and divide the Earth into sections. We can use these imaginary lines to locate any point on the Earth and identify its absolute location. Lines of longitude run north and south on the globe. Lines of longitude are sometimes called meridians and they are not parallel to each other. Meridians of longitude run vertically from one pole to the other. The Prime Meridian is an imaginary line that divides the Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. Longitude describes east-west position in relation to the prime meridian. Meridians extend for 180 degrees east and 180 degrees west around the globe and meet at the International Date Line. Lines of latitude are sometimes called parallels. Parallels of latitude circle the globe horizontally. The equator is one of the parallels of latitude. Latitude describes north-south position in relation to the equator: the equator is at 0 degrees latitude; the North Pole is at 90 degrees north; and the South Pole is at 90 degrees south. Parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude identify the locations of key United States cities on a U. S. map. Memory Tip: Lat - itude, fat - itude (hands stretched out from right to left) Long - itude, long (hands stretched out from head to toes) Longitudinal lines are like the outsides of a ladder, while lines of latitude are like the rungs of a ladder. Lines of latitude (rungs or steps on a ladder) start at the Equator and measure from 0 to 90 degrees north and south. Lines of longitude (outside pieces of the ladder) start at the Prime Meridian and run east and west from 0 to 180 degrees.

5 Lines of latitude and longitude separate the globe into Northern and Southern and Eastern and Western hemispheres. s you can see by the maps below, North merica (which of course contains the United States) is in the Northwestern hemisphere. Review: 1. Which way do lines of latitude run? 2. Where do lines of latitude begin? 3. In which direction do lines of longitude run? 4. Where do lines of longitude begin?

6 USI.2b The student will use maps, globes, photographs, pictures, or tables to b) locate and describe the location of the geographic regions of North merica: Coastal Plain, ppalachian Mountains, Canadian Shield, Interior Lowlands, Great Plains, Rocky Mountains, Basin and Range, and Coastal Range. Region ( - H) Location Physical characteristics. Coastal Plain long the tlantic Ocean and Gulf Broad lowland providing many excellent harbors of Mexico B. ppalachian Highlands West of the Coastal Plain extending from eastern Canada to western Old, eroded mountains (oldest mountain range in North merica) labama; includes the Piedmont C. Canadian Shield Wrapped around Hudson Bay in a horseshoe shape Hills worn by erosion and hundreds of lakes carved by glaciers D. Interior Lowlands West of the ppalachian Mountains and east of the Great Plains Rolling flatlands with many rivers, broad river valleys, and grassy hills E. Great Plains West of Interior Lowlands and east Flat land that gradually increases in elevation of the Rocky Mountains F. Rocky Mountains West of the Great Plains and east of the Basin and Range G. Basin and Range West of Rocky Mountains and east of the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascades H. Coastal Range long the Pacific Coast that stretch from California to Canada westward; grasslands Rugged mountains stretching from laska almost to Mexico; high elevations Contains the Continental Divide, which determines the directional flow of rivers rea of varying elevations containing isolated mountain ranges and Death Valley, the lowest point in North merica Contains fertile valleys and rugged mountains Memory Tip: The eight regions, in order from east to west, remembering to move up for

7 the Canadian Shield, can be remembered by the following pattern: CB-RG-IC-C Write it down from left to right (east to west) just as the regions are placed on the map of North merica. C B - R G - I C - C O S T L R N G E S I N and R N G E O C K Y M O U N T I N S R E T P L I N S N T E R I O R L O W L N D S N D I N S H I E L D P P L C H I N H I G H L N D S O S T L P L I N Regions Song (sing it to the tune of Y-M-C-).

8 Young man, let s take a trip out of town. I said, young man, take a long look around. I said, young man, we have regions to learn. There are eight geographic regions. First stop is the Coastal Plain. Excellent harbors and broad lowlands. Next up, ppalachian Highlands North merica s oldest mountains, rounded and eroded. Regions C-CI-GR-BC Regions C-CI-GR-BC The Canadian Shield, wraps around Hudson Bay In a cool, giant horseshoe way. You ll see glacier-carved lakes, you ll see erosionworn hills, You ll see rock formations, yes, you will. Young man, to stop now would be strange, With the next stop, you re in the Basin and Range. Isolated mountain ranges, elevations will change, The lowest, creepiest point will be Death Valley. Regions C-CI-GR-BC Regions C-CI-GR-BC You ve made it, all the way to the West nd now, young man, you might think the Coastal Range best. California to Canada we will go, Rugged mountains, fertile valleys below. You will find eight places, different and unique s you travel east to west, through the geographic regions! (repeat) Regions C-CI-GR-BC Regions C-CI-GR-BC Next stop, the Interior Lowlands, rolling flatlands is what you will see. Many rivers, broad river valleys, you ll cross over grass-covered hills. Next, you ll go west if you re wise. Flat grasslands of the Great Plains will gradually rise You can see the Rocky Mountains in the distance, look to your right! Regions C-CI-GR-BC Regions C-CI-GR-BC laska to Mexico, to rugged mountains we go, High elevations, the mountains rise and rise. Continental Divide determines the rivers' direction When you make the Rocky Mountains connection. Regions C-CI-GR-BC Regions C-CI-GR-BC

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10 USI.2c The student will use maps, globes, photographs, pictures or tables to c) locate and identify the water features important to the early history of the United States: Great Lakes, Mississippi River, Missouri River, Ohio River, Columbia River, Colorado River, Rio Grande, St. Lawrence River, tlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Memory Tip: To remember the rivers from east to west: So Over My Mother's Ridiculously Corny Comments St. Lawrence Ohio Mississippi Missouri Rio Grande Colorado Columbia So Over My Mother's Ridiculously Corny Comments t. L a w r e n c e h i o i s s i s s i p p i i s s o u r i i o G r a n d e o l o r a d o o l u m b i a

11 Trade, transportation, and settlement The location of the United States, with its tlantic and Pacific coasts has provided access to other areas of the world. The tlantic Ocean (fast, strong currents) served as the highway for explorers, early settlers, and later immigrants. The Pacific Ocean (largest of the five oceans) was an early exploration destination. The rctic is the smallest of the five oceans and contains polar ice caps. The Indian Ocean lies between frica and southern sia and ustralia. The Southern Ocean encircles ntarctica and was added as an ocean in The Gulf of Mexico provided the French and Spanish with exploration routes to Mexico and other parts of merica. The port of New Orleans functioned as a link between the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. New Orleans was settled by the French who eventually found their way through the Great Lakes region and traveled down the Mississippi River. Inland port cities grew in the Midwest along the Great Lakes. Locate Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, and Buffalo on the map below. Being located along a large body of passable water (the Great Lakes) helped these cities develop in the time before trucks and highways. The Great Lakes is a group of five lakes that include Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario. These lakes can be remembered by the mnemonic Super Man Helps Every One (the lakes from west to east). The St. Lawrence River forms part of the northeastern border with Canada and connects the Great Lakes (out of Lake Ontario) to the tlantic Ocean. It made it possible for deep water ships to travel between the tlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes. The Ohio River was the gateway to the west. Early settlers used this river as a means of migrating west from the original thirteen colonies to the interior regions of the United States. It empties into the Mississippi River. The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers (called the M & M) were used to transport farm and industrial products. They were links to ports and other parts of the world. Both the Ohio and the Missouri are tributaries of the Mississippi River. tributary is a stream that flows into a larger body of water. The Rio Grande forms the border between Mexico and the United States. It begins in Colorado and flows into the Gulf of Mexico. The Colorado River was explored by the Spanish as they explored the southwestern part of the United States. It carved many canyons, the most famous of which is the Grand Canyon. The Columbia River was explored by Lewis and Clark as they explored from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. It begins in Canada and ends in the Pacific.

12 Landforms and water features set the stage for and influence the course of events in United States history. Geographic features are related to patterns of trade, locations of cities and towns agricultural and fishing industries, and the westward frontier movement. mountain plain plateau peninsula

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15 Use the word bank to answer the following questions. Ohio River tlantic Ocean Great Lakes Rio Grande River Pacific Ocean St. Lawrence Mississippi River Gulf of Mexico Columbia River Colorado River Missouri River 1. This body of water served as an early exploration route, a travel route for settlers, and later a watery highway for immigrants. 2. This body of water is a tributary that branches off to the east of the Mississippi River. It is called the Gateway to the West. 3. This body of water was used as an exploration route for the French and Spanish that came to explore the Southwest region of the United States. 4. This body was explored by the Spanish in the Southwest portion of the United States. 5. This body of water is the longest river in North merica. It is a tributary of the Mississippi and branches to the west. 6. This body of water was an exploration destination. It is also the largest ocean in the world. 7. This body of water connects the tlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes, specifically Lake Ontario. Part of it forms a natural border between the state of New York and Canada. 8. This body of water forms a natural border between Texas and Mexico. 9. This body of water is in the Northwest and was explored by Lewis and Clark. 10. This river was used to transport farm and industrial products. It flows into the Gulf of Mexico. 11. This body of water is where inland port cities sprang up in the Midwest.

16 USI.3a The student will demonstrate knowledge of how early cultures developed in North merica by a) describing how archaeologists have recovered material evidence of ancient settlements including Cactus Hill. rchaeology is the recovery of material evidence remaining from the past. rchaeologists study human behavior and culture through the recovery and analysis of artifacts. rtifacts are objects that provide information about human behavior in the past. rchaeological discoveries of early Indian settlements have been made in southeastern Virginia. Scientists are not in agreement as to when and how people entered the Western Hemisphere. In 1993, archaeologists began researching the area located about 45 miles south of Richmond. This area, Cactus Hill, is one of the oldest archaeological sites in the United States and is located on the Nottoway River in southeastern Virginia. Evidence has been found that humans lived at Cactus Hill as early as 18,000 years ago.

17 rchaeology and Cactus Hill Graphic Organizer Review of rchaeology and Cactus Hill History and Social Science Standards of Learning Enhanced Scope and Sequence: United States History to 1865

18 USI.3b The student will demonstrate knowledge of how early cultures developed in North merica by b) locating where the merican Indians lived, with emphasis on rctic (Inuit), Northwest (Kwakiutl), Plains (Lakota), Southwest (Pueblo), and Eastern Woodland (Iroquois). Prior to the arrival of Europeans, merican Indians were dispersed (spread out) across different environments in North merica. The Inuit inhabited present-day laska and northern Canada. They lived in rctic areas where the temperature is below freezing much of the year. Kwakiutl homeland includes the Pacific Northwest coast, characterized by a rainy, mild climate. Lakota people inhabited the interior of the United States, called the Great Plains and characterized by dry grasslands. Pueblo tribes inhabited the Southwest in present-day New Mexico and rizona, where they lived in desert areas and areas bordering cliffs and mountains. Iroquois homeland includes northeast North merica, the Eastern Woodland, which is heavily forested. Members of these tribes live in their homelands and in many areas of North merica today. Geography and climate affected how various merican Indian groups met their basic needs. Resources influenced what was produced and how it was produced. merican Indians fished, hunted, and harvested crops for food. Clothing was made from animal skins and plants. Their shelter was made of resources found in their environment (e.g., sod, stones, animal skins, wood). Types of Resources: Natural resources: come directly from nature merican Indians fished in the rivers, hunted animals, and grew crops Human resources: people working to produce goods and services People who fished, made clothing, and hunted animals were examples of human resources Capital resources: goods produced and used to make other goods and services The canoes, bows, and spears were examples of capital resources.

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20 USI.4a The student will demonstrate knowledge of European exploration in North merica and West frica by a) describing the motivations, obstacles, and accomplishments of the Spanish, French, Portuguese, and English exploration. Major European countries were in competition to extend their power into North merica and claim the land as their own. 3 Motivating forces for exploration: Economic - Gold, natural resources, and trade Religious - Spread of Christianity Competitions for empire and belief in superiority of own culture Memory Tip: Remember these motivations by remembering the 3 G's: Gold (economic), God (religious) and Glory (competition and superiority) Draw a picture below to help you remember each of the 3 G's. Gold God Glory

21 4 Obstacles to exploration: Poor maps and navigational tools Disease/starvation Fear of unknown Lack of adequate supplies Draw a picture of each of the 4 obstacles: Poor maps and Disease/starvation Fear of unknown Lack of adequate supplies navigational tools ccomplishments of exploration: Exchanged goods and ideas Improved navigational tools and ships Claimed territories (see individual countries below) Draw a picture of the 3 accomplishments Exchanged goods and ideas Improved navigational tools and ships Claimed territories

22 Regions of North merica explored by Spain, France, and England Spain - Francisco Coronado claimed southwest United States for Spain France - Samuel de Champlain established the French settlement of Quebec France - Robert La Salle claimed the Mississippi River Valley England - John Cabot explored eastern Canada Regions explored by Portugal - The Portuguese made voyages of discovery along West frica

23 USI.4b The student will demonstrate knowledge of European exploration in North merica and West frica by b) describing cultural and economic interactions between Europeans and merican Indians that led to cooperation and conflict with emphasis on the merican Indian concept of land. The interactions between merican Indians and Europeans sometimes led to cooperation and other times resulted in conflicts. merican Indians established their own different cultures in merica long before the Europeans arrived. The Indians walked the paths through the land and learned of the land by experience. They knew of the waters, the trees, the landforms, and the various animals. They dug up the earth and grew plants for food, dyes, medicines, and cloth. They tamed animals, developed patterns of trade, built towns and buildings, developed systems of beliefs, and created systems of government. merican Indians related to different and demanding environments, not only by adapting their ways to it, but also by shaping the physical environment to meet their needs. For example, by building irrigation (watering) systems and using fire to clear brush, they prepared land to grow crops and helped the growth of wild game. They were the first people to live on this land. It was their homeland. fter the arrival of European explorers, merican Indians struggled to preserve their cultures while adapting to rapidly changing conditions. The Europeans brought many diseases from their countries, such as smallpox, one of the most deadly. The Europeans established permanent settlements in merica and forced the Indians to move away from their tribal homelands. The Indians believed that the land was to be used and shared but not owned, while the Europeans, particularly the English, claimed private ownership of land. This disagreement resulted in a serious conflict between the merican Indians and the Europeans. Cultural interaction reas of cooperation reas of conflict Spanish - Conquered and enslaved merican Indians - Brought Christianity to the New World - Brought European diseases French - Established trading posts - Spread Christian religion English - Established settlements and claimed ownership of land - Learned farming techniques from merican Indians -Traded with merican Indians merican Indians - Taught farming techniques to European settlers - Believed that land was to be shared or used but not owned Europeans brought weapons and metal farm tools Trade Crops Land Competition for trade Differences in cultures Disease Language difference

24 European Exploration from 1400 to 1700 Spain France England Portugal Explorer Reasons for Exploration Obstacles to Exploration Regions Explored and ccomplishments Impact of Exploration History and Social Science Standards of Learning Enhanced Scope and Sequence: United States History to 1865

25 Interaction of European and merican Indian Cultures Spanish French English merican Indians Cooperation in Economic Interactions reas of Conflict History and Social Science Standards of Learning Enhanced Scope and Sequence: United States History to 1865

26 USI.4c The student will demonstrate knowledge of European exploration in North merica and West frica by c) identifying the location and describing the characteristics of West frican societies (Ghana, Mali, and Songhai) and their interactions with traders. Ghana, Mali and Songhai each dominated West frica in turn from 300 to D. These three empires were located in the western region of frica, south of the Sahara Desert, near the Niger River. Ghana, Mali, and Songhai became powerful by controlling trade in West frica. The Empire of Ghana was the first empire in West frica. It was rich in gold and traded gold for salt and cloth. Muslims conquered Ghana around 1200 and built the Empire of Mali. Mali had a powerful leader named Mansa Musa who used his army to increase Mali s wealth. The Empire of Mali was replaced by the Songhai Empire. Trade and farming were important to the Songhai Empire. The Songhai Empire remained powerful until about Each empire used its location as a center of trade for West frica and became powerful by controlling trade in the area. The Portuguese carried goods from Europe to West frican empires, trading metals, cloth, and other manufactured goods for gold. Portuguese sailors began to explore the West frican coast in the 1400s. frican people and frican goods played an important role in increasing European interest in world resources. The Portuguese were interested in the gold trade as well as the buying and selling of enslaved fricans. NCIENT EMPIRES OF MLI, GHN, ND SONGHI FRIC TODY

27 The Empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai Empire of Ghana Directions: Write about each empire. Include its importance, location, history, and impact on European trade. Empire of Mali Empire of Songhai History and Social Science Standards of Learning Enhanced Scope and Sequence: United States History to 1865