NEPAL EARTHQUAKE 4D-IMADAS 2015 FOR RECONSTRUCTION INITIATIVE - FROM REMOTE SENSING TO 3D REMOTE MODELING -

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "NEPAL EARTHQUAKE 4D-IMADAS 2015 FOR RECONSTRUCTION INITIATIVE - FROM REMOTE SENSING TO 3D REMOTE MODELING -"

Claud Stanley
6 years ago
Views:

1 NEPAL EARTHQUAKE 4D-IMADAS 2015 FOR RECONSTRUCTION INITIATIVE - FROM REMOTE SENSING TO 3D REMOTE MODELING - - Hiroyuki Hasegawa - Center for South East Asian Studies (CSEAS) Kyoto University, - 46, Shimoadachi-cho, Yoshida Sakyo-ku, Kyoto , Japan, - hasegawa@geonetz.com KEY WORDS: Satellite Image photogrammetry, 4D- Image Map Archive, PEGASUS satellite surveying, World cadastral system, Construction Infrastructure Modeling ABSTRACT: Having learned from Kobe Earthquake (1995) and East Japan Earthquake (2011), future solutions are proposed on satellite image photogrammetry, 4D- Image Map Archive and satellite surveying. Now studying worldwide agendas, like Cadastre2014, Land Administration Domain Model Standard and Social Tenure Domain Model and German AAA Land Information System, we prepare for reconstruction plans, using 4D Image Map Archive Designed Aerial Survey (IMADAS) technology. Nepal Earthquake 4D Image Map Archive on CAD-globe, as the basis of land information, is to be prepared with map images, satellite images and 3D-CAD maps on damaged reality and historical reality in the unified World Geodetic Datum system and map projections. 1 second GNSS geodetic network adjustment forecasts the earthquake deformation of monitoring points and determines parcel points in real time 3D mapping for reconstruction projects, with 1cm accuracy on the ground, combined with drone photogrammetry to be utilized by local engineers for reconstruction. Now we propose 3D Remote modeling from satellite to ground, evolved from Remote Sensing, using the state of the art technology: photogrammetry. 1. NATURAL DISASTER - 4D- IMAGE MAP ARCHIVE DESIGNED AERIAL SURVEY ( 4D-IMADAS) Comparing with historical construction-destruction-reconstruction processes by conquest and reign of political powers, natural disasters were similar to each other in damage size, destruction pattern and human reaction. But natural disaster is mostly affected by natural causes of global tectonic position, meteorological trend and geological and geotechnical conditions. To grasp, understand and control natural and technical possibilities, we have geological, topographical and geotechnical region-site maps made by photogrammetry and field survey. As for photogrammetry, topographical and geographical maps have been used for military operations in most cases and up to now, in most countries restricted to show inaccurate positioning in 2D representation. 3D viewing or contour presentation are prohibited in many areas and in dispute. Photogrammetry evolved for many decades completely in production style from mechanical-analogue instruments to 3D-displaying, 3D-CAD assisted and theory - oriented PC system, then existing maps in the old days are now less accurate, sometimes 10 times inaccurate, when we use the original photos in film and in print media to reconstruct 3D image models on the most advanced PCphotogrammetric system, with rigorous orientations, bundle adjustment and DEM-Ortho-Mosaic production software. The antique, old aerial photos are mostly used in photo mosaicking process to produce planimetric and

topographic maps. By adding contour lines like plane table surveying, 3D expression was realized partially.

Very recently 3D- diorama, like Google Earth, shows ordinary people global, continental and regional overviews in motion with zoom-in and zoom-out functions.

1 Aerial Photography and Satellite Imagery at natural disasters In 1995 Kobe earthquake, we just started bundle triangulation with film cameras, but satellite imagery had resolution of 30m.

pixel size ( 5m in x, y, z) at well distributed check points in Kobe and Mt. Fuji areas.

2 topographic maps. By adding contour lines like plane table surveying, 3D expression was realized partially. Especially, for many decades of years, topographical perception and recognition on contour lines was regarded as the skill of military people, alpinists and geographers. Very recently 3D- diorama, like Google Earth, shows ordinary people global, continental and regional overviews in motion with zoom-in and zoom-out functions. Car-navigation systems are used as the best traveler s guide for the tourism and business purposes. 1.1 Aerial Photography and Satellite Imagery at natural disasters In 1995 Kobe earthquake, we just started bundle triangulation with film cameras, but satellite imagery had resolution of 30m. In 1996 we could use 10m pixel satellite imagery on Magnetic Tape medium for photogrammetric orientation ( 3D image modeling ) in off-line computing mode, and we reached to the accuracy level of 1/2 pixel size ( 5m in x, y, z) at well distributed check points in Kobe and Mt. Fuji areas. Now we are able to model satellite stereo images on PC-3D display via digital image data files and advanced modeling software with 3D-CAD mensuration commands. Then if we could have proper platforms for image acquisition, 3D modeling, mensuration and designing for reconstruction would be the basic infrastructure model supplier in the damaged areas. This might be called Remote 3D Modeling. Figure 1. Mt. Fuji; Left ; :: Right; :: Map draped 3D diorama (1997) 1.2 3D-CAD map production for reconstruction projects We now regard 3D image models with 3D CAD-PC as the product of photogrammetric mapping. With existing maps before the disasters, we could generate the damaged reality of 3D image models as reconstruction basis. For this purpose 3D-CAD would be a promoter or a working horse of modeling, designing and landscape representation for the people with local administration. For these procedures the experiences of surveying organization like Survey of India in 19 th century give us important guide lines in policy making and application process. We respected geodesy and map projection as the basis of Photogrammetric 3D modeling in more advanced stages of Global representation of geographical events in different time periods. This idea guides me to the concept of CAD-Globe on AutoCAD Map 3D in 1992.

INDIAN-LL map projection on AutoCAD Map3D -

3 Figure 2. CAD-Globe in 1992 and India-LCC map projection on WGS84 geodetic datum with 1: 1,000,000 maps Figure 3. INDIAN-LL map projection on AutoCAD Map3D - Nepal_250K image maps;1955 Figure 4. WGS84-LL map projection : Nepal-250K satellite image ortho-mosaic map;1986

4 Figure 5. CAD-Globe and 3D diorama by Autodesk InfraWorks360 Figure 6. 3D diorama from Satellite Image and enlarged portion for designing

1.3 Ground Control Points by real time GNSS surveying For ground control points of 3D modeling and mapping, we could apply real time

used earthquake monitoring and alerting.

even in urban tall building area and in dense forestry area.

displacement and adjusted accuracy at site in real time mode.

5 1.3 Ground Control Points by real time GNSS surveying For ground control points of 3D modeling and mapping, we could apply real time GNSS surveying of 1cm ground accuracy in real time mode, referring to UN-Global Geodetic Reference Frame initiative, which is commonly used earthquake monitoring and alerting. We realized Global geodetic network adjustment derived from German national geodetic network adjustment projects for more than 15 years even in urban tall building area and in dense forestry area. This type of nationwide geodetic network adjustments could be done on mobile PC + CAD environment, showing 3D coordinates, 3D displacement and adjusted accuracy at site in real time mode. We made proposals for volcanic eruption observatories in Japan with 3 steps, starting from national geodetic network adjustment to real time kinematic 3D mensuration at seismographs and gravimeters, corresponding to eruption activities. Figure 7. Satellite Geodesy and DREF91 Figure 8. Sakura-jima PEGASUS volcanic eruption observation plan Figure 9. PEGASUS Meister of GNSS and TS surveying

1.4 SAR imagery analysis and mensuration Daily and instantaneous observations are operated with satellite imagery, including SAR imagery, and photogrammetric workstation could have 3D

3D stereo image model or 3D diorama image model could be combined with 3D-CAD for mensuration, landscape modeling and designing of reconstruction projects. Figure 10.

3D-IMAGE MODELING FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES For reconstruction of buildings and facilities, starting from current damaged reality expressed many photographic

6 1.4 SAR imagery analysis and mensuration Daily and instantaneous observations are operated with satellite imagery, including SAR imagery, and photogrammetric workstation could have 3D stereo image model on 3D display. 3D stereo image model or 3D diorama image model could be combined with 3D-CAD for mensuration, landscape modeling and designing of reconstruction projects. Figure 10. GeoEye stereo model on Summit-AutoCAD- Hobart- Tasmania- Australia Figure 11. ENVI- epipolar images-stereo model and Etna volcano sarmap_ D-IMAGE MODELING FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES For reconstruction of buildings and facilities, starting from current damaged reality expressed many photographic materials and video media, we could put them in proper locations of 3D coordinates corresponding to basic 3D CAD maps in unified geodetic reference frame in the world. Those 3D CAD maps are derived from existing maps by scanning and map projection on PC-display. Damaged and existing buildings and facilities are reconfigured on the 3D CAD maps for modeling, designing and construction procedures.

We learned that Roman soldiers were trained to build cities and their facilities besides battle training.

Civil engineers should be well trained the state of the art technology for quick recovery and reconstruction of the facilities damaged. 2.

and reconstruction activities. Some representative components are CMOS digital camera, drones - helicopters and automatic bundle adjustment software. Figure 12.

2 3D-Image models as 3D land information basis ( multi-purpose cadastral system) Multi-purpose cadastral system is alias of German GIS for national land information system.

For this purpose AAA-schema ( GeoInfoDoc ) is already prepared for legal, administrative and technological applications. Figure 14.

7 We learned that Roman soldiers were trained to build cities and their facilities besides battle training. We could learn from the history of the Roman empire, from infrastructural development technology. Civil engineers should be well trained the state of the art technology for quick recovery and reconstruction of the facilities damaged. 2.1 New aerial photogrammetry with digital camera and drones and helicopters New configuration of photogrammetric components gives us the most advanced potential for disaster research works and reconstruction activities. Some representative components are CMOS digital camera, drones - helicopters and automatic bundle adjustment software. Figure 12. CMOS digital camera and anti- vibration devices, Helicopter (2014) and flight plan (2015) 2.2 3D-Image models as 3D land information basis ( multi-purpose cadastral system) Multi-purpose cadastral system is alias of German GIS for national land information system. Based on global, European and national geodetic networks, 3D land information systems produced many 3D city models for land administrations. For this purpose AAA-schema ( GeoInfoDoc ) is already prepared for legal, administrative and technological applications. Figure 14. FIG-Cadastre2014, GeoInfoDoc and German Land Information System 2.3 Spatial similarity transformation of Building models in 3D cadastral system 3D cadastral system needs transformation of buildings in reality onto 3D rectangular coordinates, and for this processing photogrammetry provides a good tool of spatial similarity transformation onto Digital Elevation Model with TIN-Grid surfaces. Spatial similarity transformation is also used for geodetic reference frame adjustment. Photogrammetrists called the spatial similarity transformation as the principal concept of photogrammetry absolute orientation from stereo model to referenced object coordinate system. (cf. Fig. 15.)

8 2.4 4D-Image Map Archive and 3D-diorama Modeling for 3D cadastral system For 3D cadastral system, 4D Image Map Archive provides basic materials of 3D image models oriented in the reference system, and measurable and designable objects, 3D image diorama models on 3D-CAD environment. Figure 15. Absolute orientation; concept: T. Luhmann ( NahbereichsPhotogrammetrie; 2000) 3. NEPAL - 4D - IMAGE MAP ARCHIVE For reconstruction projects in Nepal, local administrations could utilize old map collections to configure historical reality by maps, aerial photos and satellite images. Practical procedures are supported by planning and designing maps which are to be generated on 3D-CAD systems according to international standard like ISO. As we have been producing national fundamental maps with 3D-CAD with photogrammetric stations, the first counter measures are setting up operational specifications, working procedures and construction time schedule. As we have already proposed those specifications to the supervising organizations in Japan on the international standard with 3D-CAD and satellite surveying, we could easily translate those specifications into English documents. The other essential aspect for such projects is development of human resources in well prepared educational system and experiences. My experience of study and training in ITC, the Netherlands showed good achievements and results in wide range of professional aspects. 3.1 Old map collections in Japanese Libraries and international Map Libraries CSEAS Kyoto University has one of the largest collections of old maps in south eastern Asian countries. Sometimes we referred to international Map Libraries, such as British Library Map Liabrary, University of Texas at Austin Map Library for our configuration process of 4D Image Map Archive Designed Area Studies. Since map grid numbers are mostly derived from the numbering rules of Survey of India and U S Army Map Service, we could find componential commonality to our stored map numbers in the inventory catalogues. The major characteristics in our 4D-IMADAS are the followings; (1) Image maps are in TIF or JPEG format of stable image resolution. (2) Retrieval from map lockers by written index maps is to be shifted to EXCEL and AutoCAD drawing files. (3) Individual image maps have their GeoTif or JGW files for GIS operation in the proper map projection system. (4) Map production history and peripheral data are included in the original image maps. (5) We are now learning the way of disclosure of map information from international organizations.

9 3.2 Unified Map Grid Numbering system for different production periods in Nepal As concrete projects, we could support unified map grid numbering in UN-GGRF for old and forthcoming maps in different production periods in Nepal, similar to other counties. 3.3 Nationwide Assembly of Image Maps for reconstruction projects on 3D-CAD As we have already shown the samples of 250K maps in 1955, we could arrange Image Maps for reconstruction projects into sets of national assembly on 3D-CAD system. 3.4 Database retrieval and usage on Nepal 4D- Image Map Archive According to the rules of disclosure of map information, we could set up Nepal 4D- Image Map Archive on 3D-CAD system. This approach has an advantage of installation plan that educational organizations are supplied full version of product series free of charge, as Autodesk, Inc. announced. So education and training would be effectively prepared for the practical procedures of reconstruction projects. 4. NEPAL 4D- IMAGE MAP ARCHIVE PROJECT Based on feasibility studies of social potentials and economic recovery and reconstruction, looking at potential industries like tourism and agriculture, so called Construction Information Modeling/Management initiative could be embarked on an effort to reconstruct the country. Along this direction, Nepal 4D- Image Map Archive project could be organized in such an institute like CSEAS Kyoto University, which accepted many foreign students for many decades. 4.1 Configuration of Nepal-Image Map Archive for reconstruction project For reconstruction projects, practical technological leaders as well as grand planners of framework prospect would be the promoters. Like Indian great trigonometric survey plan, they need to have sound theoretical background and the state of the art technology. After the World War II, ITC, the Netherlands succeeded in such projects by educating and training the forthcoming leaders to produce topographic maps for developing countries 4.2 Contribution of the state of the art technology; evolution of Aerial Survey It is quite fortunate and favorable for us to use satellite imagery, satellite surveying and 3D-CAD and GIS software with disclosed map information worldwide. Now, among them aerial survey has the most advanced components as follows; (1) PC- 3D-CAD based photogrammetric station, including satellite stereo model (2) CMOS digital cameras

Maps on old geodetic datum without gravity centered origin are to be transformed into geocentric GNSS based coordinate system which is the basis of map projections and the forthcoming 3D maps for

10 (3) UAS, UAV and drone photogrammetry (4) Satellite surveying for Ground Control Points (5) Aerial LIDAR point cloud 4.3 UN-GGRF initiative and 1cm accuracy real time satellite surveying In 2014 UN-GGRF initiative was started for Global Geospatial Information Management. Maps on old geodetic datum without gravity centered origin are to be transformed into geocentric GNSS based coordinate system which is the basis of map projections and the forthcoming 3D maps for Building Information Modeling and Civil Infrastructure Modeling/Management. 4.4 Earthquake disaster forecasting and world standard Cadastral system After the earthquakes damaged cities, regions and countries in the world have experienced quite different trajectories in individual courses. One of our learnings is the case of the Great Lisbon earthquake in 1755 which caused the fatal effects on politics, theology and philosophy, and this earthquake also induced the beginning to earthquake seismology. Another learning from Kobe earthquake 1995 and East Japan earthquake 2011 is the establishment stage of cadastral system as land information system. As the basis of social system, Nepal earthquake set various trials on the people in the country and international supports for reconstruction process in the history. Figure 16. Japan GSI; Global Map of central Nepal and CSEAS satellite ortho-image 3D-diorama Acknowledgement This research paper has been prepared and submitted for the ACRS 2015, along with research project of CSEAS, Kyoto University, for establishing 4D-IMADAS. Author would like to express deep gratitude to Professor Dr. Yasuyuki Kono; Director of CSEAS for his powerful support to this research project. References: 1. Nahbereichs Photogrammetrie 2000; Thomas Luhmann 2. Close Range Photogrammetry 2013; Thomas Luhmann et.al. 3. Satellite Geodesy 2003; Guenter Seeber 4. Ausgleichungsrechnung 2008; Wolfgang Niemeier 5. Map Projections-A Working Manual 1987 ; John P. Snyder

Presented at the FIG Congress 2018, May 6-11, 2018 in Istanbul, Turkey

Cadastre2014 Japan to Osaka- ALKIS type Cadastre (9390) Hiroyuki HASEGAWA and Marie SATO, Japan GeoNet, Inc.,Osaka and Researcher : Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto Presented at the FIG Congress 2018, May