Regional Geography C. LANGDON WHITE. Professor Emeritus Stanford University EDWIN J. FOSCUE TOM L. MCKNIGHT

Transcription

1 Regional Geography of Anglo-America Sixth Edition C. LANGDON WHITE Professor Emeritus Stanford University EDWIN J. FOSCUE Late of Southern Methodist University TOM L. MCKNIGHT Professor of Geography University of California, Los Angeles PRENTICE-HALL, INC., Englewood Cliffs, N.J

2 Contents PREFACE xi 1 2 THE ANGLO-AMERICAN CONTINENT Continental Parameters 2 A View from Space 2 The Countries of Anglo-America i Selected General Bibliography on Canada and the United States THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF ANGLO-AMERICA The Pattern of Landforms 9 The Pattern of Climate 19 The Pattern of Natural Vegetation 23 The Pattern of Soil 26 The Pattern of Wildlife 28 Ecosystems 28 Selected Bibliography 30 Hi

3 3 THE POPULATION OF ANGLO-AMERICA 31 Melting Pot or Potpourri? 31 The Peopling of Anglo-America 33 The Contemporary Population of Anglo-America 41 Trends and Questions 50 Selected Bibliography 53 4 THE ANGLO- AMERICAN CITY 55 The Location of Anglo-American Cities 56 Historical Development of Anglo-American Cities 58 Urban Morphology: Changing Patterns 63 Urban Functions: Growing Diversity 76 Urban Population: Variety in Abundance 77 Urban Ills: Massive Maladjustments 80 Urban Delights: The Proof of the Pudding 82 Urban Dichotomy: Central Cities Versus Suburbs 82 Urban Decline? The Population Turnaround 83 Urban Tomorrow: The Outreach of City Life 84 Selected Bibliography 87 THE REGIONS OF ANGLO-AMERICA 89 The Geographical Region 97 The Problem of Regional Boundaries 91 The Problem of Regional Statistics 93 Determination of Regions 93 Changing Regions 97 The Goal of Regional Geography 98 Regions of Anglo-America 98 Selected Bibliography 100

4 NORTHEASTERN ANGLO-AMERICA 101 v Contents A Region of Scenic Charm and Economic Disadvantage The Physical Setting 104 Acid Rain Settlement and Early Development 770 The Present Inhabitants 777 The Decline of Agriculture 773 Present-Day Agriculture 774 Forest Industries 776 Fishing 777 Mining 720 Recreation 727 Urbanism and Urban Activities 722 The Outlook 724 Selected Bibliography FRENCH CANADA A Culturally Oriented Region French Canada as a Region and a Concept 729 The Region and its Parts 730 The Environment 737 Settling the Region 733 A Long-Lot Landscape The Bilingual Road to Separatism The Primary Economy 73S Urban-Industrial French Canada Recreation 144 The Outlook 144 Selected Bibliography MEGALOPOLIS Extent of the Region 147 Character of the Region 749 The Urban Scene 750 The Rural Scene 76S Recreation and Tourism 773 Bonanza in Atlantic City: The Revitalization of a Resort The Role of the Region 776 Selected Bibliography

5 vi 9/"V THE APPALACHIANS contents I I ANDTHEOZARKS 179 The Regional Character 779 The Environment 787 Settlement of the Appalachian Highlands 785 The Pennsylvania Dutch A World Apart 186 Settlement of the Ozark-Ouachita Uplands 188 Agriculture 789 Forest Industries 790 Mineral Industries of the Appalachians 797 Mineral Industries of the Ozark-Ouachita Uplands 793 River Basin "Development" 793 Cities and Industries 796 Resorts and Recreation 798 The "Appalachia Problem" 799 The Outlook 200 Selected Bibliography THE INLAND SOUTH 203 The Physical Environment 204 Peopling and People of the Inland South 208 The Changing Image of the Inland South 270 The Rise and Decline of Cotton in the Inland South 277 Farming in the Inland South: Productive Diversity 274 Forest Products 279 The Pine Decline 219 Minerals and Mining 227 Urban-Industrial Dynamism 222 The Outlook 225 Selected Bibliography THE SOUTHEASTERN COAST 229 The Physical Setting 229 Major Wetland Problem Areas 233

6 Primary Industries 238 vii Manufacturing 248 contents Urban Boom in the Space Age 250 The Dynamic Demographics of Florida 244 Ports, Waterways, and Barges 257 Recreation 259 The Outlook 267 Selected Bibliography THE ANGLO-AMERICAN HEARTLAND 263 Extent of the Region 264 The Look of the Landscape 265 The Physical Setting 268 Human Occupance of the Heartland 277 The Incredible Opulence of Heartland Agriculture 274 Minerals 285 Heartland Manufacturing 286 The Diminishing Significance of the American Manufacturing Belt 288 Transportation 294 The Urban System of the Heartland 297 The Outlook 300 Selected Bibliography 300 THE GREAT PLAINS AND PRAIRIES 303 The Changing Regional Image 305 The Physical Setting 306 Sequent Occupance of the Great Plains and Prairies 37 7 Contemporary Population of the Great Plains and Prairies 375 Crop Farming 376 The "Mining" of the Ogallala 324 Livestock Raising 326 Mineral Industries 328 The Ebb and Flow of Urbanization in the Great Plains and Prairies 330 A Transit Land 333 Limited Tourism 334 The Outlook 335 Selected Bibliography 336

7 14 THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS Extent of the Region 339 Origin of the Rocky Mountains 340 Major Geomorphic Subdivisions 347 Vertical Zonation: The Topographic Imperative 347 A Forest Epidemic: The Example of the Mountain Pine Beetle 349 The Opening of the Region to Settlement 350 The Mining Industry 352 Forestry 355 Agriculture and Stock Raising 355 Water "Development" 357 The Tourist Industry 359 Transportation 365 Settlement Nodes 366 The Outlook 366 Selected Bibliography 367 THE INTERMONTANE WEST 369 Assessment of the Region 377 Topographic Variety 372 An Arid, Xerophytic Environment 375 Settlement of the Region 378 Land Ownership in the Intermontane Region 380 The Contemporary Population: Varied and Rapidly Increasing 381 Contemporary Controversies in Navajoland 384 The Water Problem 387 Agriculture 389 Pastoralism 394 Mining 395 Forestry 398 Tourism 399 Specialized Southwestern Living 402 Suburbia in the Sun: The Southwest's Rush to Urbanism 402 The Outlook 405 Selected Bibliography 406

8 16 THE CALIFORNIA REGION 409 " Contents The California Image: Benign Climate and Landscape Diversity 477 Population: Sensational Growth, Now Slowing 472 Rearranging the Waters: Complex and Controversial 414 Settlement of the Region 476 Southern California 479 The Central Valley 428 The Sierra Nevada 433 The Central Coast and Bay Area 437 The Outlook 444 Selected Bibliography THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 447 The Physical Setting 447 Population 452 Centuries of Political Change 454 The Hawaiian Economy: Specialized, Lively, Erratic 454 Cane and "Pines" 455 The De-Sweetening of Hawaii 455 Urban Primacy: A One-City Region 460 Problems and Prospects 467 The Outlook 463 Selected Bibliography THE NORTH PACIFIC COAST 465 The Terrain; Steep and Spectacular 467 Wilderness Cataclysm: Mt. St. Helens Becomes Active 469 Climate: Moist and Monotonous 473 The World's Most Magnificent Forests 474 Occupance of the Region 475 Wood Products Industries: Big Trees, Big Cut, Big Problems 478 Agriculture: Sparse and Specialized 482

9 The Ups and Downs of Commercial Fishing 484 Power Generation 487 The Limited Benefits of Mining 488 Alaska's "Other" Petroleum 488 Urbanism: Major Nodes and Scattered Pockets 489 Spectacular Scenery 493 The Vital Role of Ferries in the Region 495 The Outlook 496 Selected Bibliography THE BOREAL FOREST 499 A Harsh Subarctic Environment 507 The Occupance 506 The Economy 507 Subarctic Urbanism: Administrative Centers and Unifunctional Towns 520 Transportation: Decreasing Remoteness and Increasing Accessibility 522 Tourism 524 Some "New" Northern Concerns 524 Native Land Claims in the North 524 The Outlook 530 Selected Bibliography THE TUNDRA 533 The Physical Setting 535 The People 547 Political and Linguistic Development Among the Canadian Inuit 542 The Diminishing Subsistence Economy of the Region 546 The Rise of a Money Economy and Agglomerated Settlements 547 Nodes of Settlement 550 Economic Specialization 557 Transportation 554 The Outlook 554 Selected Bibliography 555 INDEX 558