Contents. 1 General Introduction K. Ohno... 1 References... 15

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1 Contents 1 General Introduction K. Ohno... 1 References Nanometer-Scale Structure Formation on Solid Surfaces M. Tanaka, K. Shudo, and S. Ohno Introduction Atomic Layer Etching Processes on Silicon Surfaces Introduction Real-TimeOpticalMeasurements Adsorption of Halogen Atoms: Sticking Coefficient andpotentialbarrier Site-SelectiveAdsorption Desorption of Silicon Halides and Restoration of the DAS Structure Summary Nanoscale Fabrication Processes of Silicon Surfaces with Halogens Introduction Scanning Tunneling Microscopy ThermalDesorptionProcess ClusterAlignmentbyPassiveFabrication ActiveFabrication Summary Self-Organized Nanopattern Formation on Copper Surfaces Introduction Experiments Novel Phenomena on Cu(001) c(2 2)N Nanopattern Formation at Vicinal Surfaces Strain-Dependent Nucleation of Metal Islands Strain-Dependent Dissociation of Oxygen Molecules Summary References... 89

2 VIII Contents 3 Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopy Applicable to Nano- and Micromaterials J. Takeda Introduction Femtosecond Optical Kerr Gate Luminescence Spectroscopy Time-Resolved Luminescence Spectroscopy: Up-Conversion Technique vs. Opical Kerr Gate Method Femtosecond OKG Method: Experimental Setup andresults Femtosecond Transient Grating Spectroscopy Combined withaphasemask PrincipleofTransientGratingSpectroscopy Transient Grating Spectroscopy Combined with a Phase Mask:ExperimentalSetupandResults Femtosecond Real-Time Pump-Probe Imaging Spectroscopy Principle of Real-Time Pump-Probe Imaging Spectroscopy Experimental Demonstrations of Real-Time Pump-Probe ImagingSpectroscopy References Defects in Anatase Titanium Dioxide T. Sekiya and S. Kurita Introduction GrowthofAnataseSingleCrystal ControlofDefectStates HeatTreatmentUnderOxygenPressure Heat Treatment Under Hydrogen Atmosphere PropertiesofAnatase AbsorptionEdge Photoluminescence EPRSpectra Electric Conduction CarrierControlbyPhotoirradiation Photoconductivity EPR References Organic Radical 1,3,5-Trithia-2,4,6-Triazapentalenyl (TTTA) as Strongly Correlated Electronic Systems: Experiment and Theory J. Takeda, Y. Noguchi, S. Ishii, and K. Ohno Introduction Crystalline Structure

3 Contents IX 5.3 Experimental Paramagnetic Susceptibility andelectronspinresonance Reflectivity PhotoinducedMagneticPhaseTransition ElectronicStructureCalculations ResultsWithintheLDA BreakdownoftheLDA T -MatrixTheory Results in the T -MatrixTheory ConcludingRemarks References Ab Initio GW Calculations Using an All-Electron Approach S. Ishii, K. Ohno, and Y. Kawazoe Introduction Many-Body Perturbation Theory and GW Approximation ChoiceofBasis-SetFunction ApplicationtoClustersandMolecules Alkali-MetalClusters Semiconductor Clusters Gallium Arsenide Clusters and Crystal BenzeneMolecule Why Are LDA Eigenvalues of HOMO Level Shallower ThanExperiments? Self-Consistent GW vs. First Iterative GW (G 0 W 0 ) Appendix: ProofofWTIdentity Summary References First-Principles Calculations Involving Two-Particle Excited States of Atoms and Molecules Using T -Matrix Theory Y. Noguchi, S. Ishii, and K. Ohno Background Methodology: T -MatrixTheory DoubleElectronAffinityofAlkali-MetalClusters Introduction Effect of the Coulomb Interaction in the DEA Spectra Short-Range Repulsive Coulomb Interaction Within the T -MatrixTheory Summary DoubleIonizationEnergySpectra Introduction Two-Valence-ElectronSystems...198

4 X Contents InertGasAtoms CO and C 2 H 2 Molecules Summary Two-Electron Distribution Functions and Short-Range ElectronCorrelations Introduction Methodology Ar CO CO C 2 H Summary Summary Appendix Fourier Transformation of Green s Function Fourier Transformation of K-Matrix Fourier Transformation of T -Matrix References Green s Function Formulation of Electronic Transport at Nanoscale A.A. Farajian, O.V. Pupysheva, B.I. Yakobson, and Y. Kawazoe Introduction Landauer s Transport Formalism: The Green s Function Implementation MultichannelLandauer sformula SurfaceGreen sfunctionmatchingmethod ScatteringMatrixandTransportProperties Alternative Formulation of the Total Conductance CarbonNanotubeHeterostructures Conductance of Nanotubes with Vacancy or Pentagon Heptagon Defects Doped Nanotube Junctions: Rectification and Novel Mechanism for Negative Differential Resistance Effects of Random Disorder on Transport of Nanotubes Functional Molecule Between Two Metallic Contacts Transport Through Xylyl-Dithiol Molecule Attached totwogoldelectrodes Transport Through Benzene-Dithiol Molecule Attached totwogoldelectrodes Summary References...240

5 Contents XI 9 Self-Assembled Quantum Dot Structure Composed of III V Compound Semiconductors K. Mukai Introduction ControlofQDStructurebyGrowthCondition ControlofGrowthParameters CloselyStackedQDs QDBuriedinStrainedLayer GrowthProcessofQDStructure AnalysisofQDStructure GrazingIncidenceX-RayScattering Scanning Tunneling Microscopy SummaryandPerspective References Potential-Tailored Quantum Wells for High- Performance Optical Modulators/Switches T. Arakawa and K. Tada Introduction ParabolicPotentialQuantumWell Graded-GapQuantumWell AsymmetricCoupledQuantumWell IntermixingQuantumWell Summary References Thermodynamic Properties of Materials Using Lattice-Gas Models with Renormalized Potentials R. Sahara, H. Mizuseki, K. Ohno, and Y. Kawazoe Introduction SchemeofthePotentialRenormalization ApplicationofthePotentialRenormalization Applicationto Melting BehaviorofSi Applicationto Cu AuPhaseDiagram Applicationto TransitionandNobleMetals Order Disorder Phase Transition of L1 0 FePt Alloy Using the Renormalized Potential Combined withfirst-principlescalculations Summary References Optically Driven Micromachines for Biochip Application S. Maruo Introduction Two-Photon Microstereolithography for Production of3dmicromachines...292

6 XII Contents Assembly-Free, Single-Step Fabrication Process of MovableMicroparts OpticallyDrivenMicromachines OpticalTrapping Optical Driving Method of Multiple Micromachines Optimization of Time-Divided Laser Scanning CooperativeControlofMicromanipulators OpticallyDrivenMicropump ConceptofAll-OpticallyControlledBiochip ConclusionandFutureProspect References Study of Complex Plasmas M. Shindo and O. Ishihara OverviewofComplexPlasmaResearch ChargingofaDustParticleinaPlasma Measurements of the Charge of Dust Particles Levitating in ElectronBeamPlasma[12] Various Approaches to Plasma-Aided Design ofmicroparticlessysteminionflow Analysis of Ion Trajectories Around a Dust Particle in Ion Flow[17] Wake Potential Formation to Bind Dust Particles Aligned Along Ion Flow Attractive Force Between Dust Particles Aligned PerpendiculartoIonFlow[30] Simulation Study of Cluster Design ofchargeddustparticles Complex Plasma Experiment incryogenicenvironment[38] Summary References Index...329

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