Lecture 18 Luminescence Centers
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1 Lecture 18 Luminescence Centers Read: FS9 (Al2O3 sapphire with different colors) Purdue University Spring 2016 Prof. Yong P. Chen Lecture 18 (3/24/2016) Slide 1
2 Basic physics: Vibronic aborption & emission Crystal field effect Luminescence Centers Color centers F-centers etc. in alkali halides NV center in diamond Topics Paramagnetic impurities in ionic crystals Rare earth ion (eg Nd3+ in YAG) Transition metal ion (eg. Ti3+ in Al2O3) Applications ruby Solid state based light generation (laser, LED/phosphor etc.) Quantum information & photonics (pump) Purdue University Spring 2016 Prof. Yong P. Chen Lecture 18 (3/24/2016) Slide 2
3 Slide credit: T. Justel Purdue University Spring 2016 Prof. Yong P. Chen Lecture 18 (3/24/2016) Slide 3
4 Atom-like (emitter) in a solid (host lattice) defects Dopants ( ion ) Conduction Band (host) Valence Band (host) Purdue University Spring 2016 Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu) Lecture 18 (3/24/2016) Slide 4
5 Luminescence systems/materials Defects or dopants Slide credit: T. Justel Purdue University Spring 2016 Prof. Yong P. Chen Lecture 18 (3/24/2016) Slide 5
6 (simplified) general picture Conduction Band (host) e (defect/donor levels) g Host lattice is an insulator (semiconductor) Electronic band structure Phonon (bands) Luminescence center (defect/dopant) Atom-like emitter in-gap two/few-level systems Electronic levels/states coupled to host lattice vibration (continuum/phonon bands) Vibronic absorption & emission (basic idea similar to molecules) but: Localized atom-like electronic (optical) excitation + extended phonons (vibration) in host lattice Valence Band (host) (contrast to local electronic + local & discrete vibration in molecule) Purdue University Spring 2016 Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu) Lecture 18 (3/24/2016) Slide 6
7 Vibronic absorption and emission Localized atom-like electronic (optical) excitation + extended phonons (vibration) in host lattice (contrast to local electronic + local vibration in molecule) (vibronic bands) e nħω 2 g nnħω 1 Stokes shift zero phonon line E-vib/phonon coupling line broadening Meaning of configuration coordinate Purdue University Spring 2016 Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu) Lecture 18 (3/24/2016) Slide 7
8 Color Center/Defect Center: F-centers (in alkali halides) Produced by: excess cation.. irradiation.. ~1/a 2 dependence Purdue University Spring 2016 Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu) Lecture 18 (3/24/2016) Slide 8
9 Electron in box ~1/a 2 dependence Purdue University Spring 2016 Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu) Lecture 18 (3/24/2016) Slide 9
10 Absorption and Emission Spectrum Bands of F Center in KCl Strong e-vibron/phonon coupling May be used for widely tunable laser Also more complicated color centers eg. F2+ center Purdue University Spring 2016 Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu) Lecture 18 (3/24/2016) Slide 10
11 Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers in diamond NV SiV Excited state ( 3 E) 1.4 GHz m = +1 m = 1 m = 0 ISC 1 A S=0 NV0, NV- (common), 1.95 ev (ZPL) Crystal field splitting m = +1 m = 1 Ground state ( 3 A) 2.9 GHz m = 0 S=1 (triplet) Purdue University Spring 2016 Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu) Lecture 18 (3/24/2016) Slide 11
12 Optical Pumping & Readout Excited state ( 3 E) m = +1 m = 1 m = 0 ISC 1 A Ground state ( 3 A) ESR m = +1 m = 1 m = 0 Initialization: m = 0 state Readout (PL): population of m = 0 Purdue University Spring 2016 Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu) Lecture 18 (3/24/2016) Slide 12
13 How to produce NVs Natural Irradiation implantation Interesting for 10 µm Quantum info/photonics/spintronics Can address/control individual NV (optically) single photon source 2-level system in ground state (qubit) ESR (microwave) to manipulate spin (qubit) Long spin coherence time Jelezko Purdue University Spring 2016 Prof. Yong P. Chen Lecture 18 (3/24/2016) Slide 13
14 Sensitive Magnetometer Purdue University Spring 2016 Prof. Yong P. Chen Lecture 18 (3/24/2016) Slide 14
15 Purdue University Spring 2016 Prof. Yong P. Chen Lecture 18 (3/24/2016) Slide 15
16 Paramagnetic Impurities (Dopants/Ions) in Ionic Crystal crystal field effect vs. (screened) SOC~Z 2 (larger radius, stronger coupling) Transition metal (smaller radius, weaker coupling) Rare-earth Purdue University Spring 2016 Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu) Lecture 18 (3/24/2016) Slide 16
17 Rare-earth ions: 4f electrons (also have divalent forms) Common 3+ ions: Ce3+ Pr3+ Nd3+ Pm3+ Sm3+ Eu3+ Gd3+ Tb3+ Dy3+ Ho3+ Er3+ Tm3+ Yb3+ Purdue University Spring 2016 Prof. Yong P. Chen Lecture 18 (3/24/2016) Slide 17
18 2S+1 L J (ground state term --- Hund s rule) Purdue University Spring 2016 Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu) Lecture 18 (3/24/2016) Slide 18
19 Nd3+ ion Relative weak effect by host crystal Commonly put in Y3Al3O15 ( YAG ) etc. (crystal field splt) S=3/2, L=6, J=9/2 Purdue University Spring 2016 Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu) Lecture 18 (3/24/2016) Slide 19
20 Nd3:YAG laser Freq. double: 532nm Pumped at ~800nm (diode laser or lamp) Purdue University Spring 2016 Prof. Yong P. Chen Lecture 18 (3/24/2016) Slide 20
21 Er3+ doped fiber Purdue University Spring 2016 Prof. Yong P. Chen Lecture 18 (3/24/2016) Slide 21
22 Transition-metal ions: 3d electrons Ti3+: Al2O3 (Ti:Sapphire) Widely tunable Laser! Time-linewidth relation: f t~1 - Can generate ultrafast (fs) pulsed laser! Purdue University Spring 2016 Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu) Lecture 18 (3/24/2016) Slide 22
23 Phosphors and Solid State Lighting Purdue University Spring 2016 Prof. Yong P. Chen Lecture 18 (3/24/2016) Slide 23
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