A.P. Chemistry Course Syllabus

Transcription

1 A.P. Chemistry Course Syllabus Teacher: Crystal Dykes website: Text: Chang, R. and Goldsby, K. (2013). Chemistry, 11th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. Required Materials: pen or pencil paper section dividers (8-12) scientific calculator large 3-ring binder Remind: Text the to to sign up for Honors Chemistry I/A.P. Chemistry Remind texts. If you had signed up for reminders for honors physical science last spring, this is the same class code so you won t need to sign up again. Tentative Schedule Subject to Change!! Unit Major Concepts Labs Time MIDTERM EXAM Chapter 22 Organic and Biological Molecules Exp. 39: Preparation and Alkanes, alkenes & alkynes Properties of Organic Aromatic hydrocarbons Esters Chemistry Functional groups 1 week Polymers Molecular Structures and isomerism Geometry Review Chapter 13 Chemical Kinetics Reaction rates Differential rate laws Determining the form of rate laws from initial rates Lab: Rate of Decomposition of Calculation of the rate constant Calcium Inetgrated rate law Carbonate Kinetics Graphical determination of rate laws 2 Weeks Reaction mechanisms and rate determining steps Lab: Kinetics of Molecularity of elementary steps Crystal Violet Factors affecting reaction rates Fading Activation energy Collision theory Catalysis Equilibrium Chapter 14 Chemical Equilibrium Exp. 26-II: Dynamic equilibrium Spectrophoto- The equilibrium constant metric Law of mass action and equilibrium 2 ½ determination of expressions weeks an equilibrium Relationship between Kc and Kp constant Calculation of equilibrium constant from equilibrium concentrations

2 Acids and Bases Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics Calculations of equilibrium and initial concentrations of reactants and/or products Heterogeneous equilibria Reaction quotient calculations Common ion effect LeChatelier s Principle Chapter 14 Acids and Bases The nature of acids and bases Three definitions of acids and bases Amphoterism Acid & base strength Acid and base dissociation equations and dissociation constants Autoionization of water, Kw & pkw The ph scale Calculations of hydronium and hydroxide concentrations, ph and poh Calculations of ph of strong acids & bases Calculations of ph of weak acids & bases Polyprotic acids and bases Acid-base properties of salts Effect of structure on acids and bases Chapter 15 Applications of Aqueous Equilibria Common ions in acid/base solutions Buffers Calculations using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation Titration and ph curves Acid-Base indicators Calculations of ph throughout a weak/strong titration Solubility equilibria and solubility product constants Calculation of molar solubilities and Ksp values Prediction of precipitation reactions A.P. Chemistry Midterm Exam Chapter 6- Thermochemistry The nature of energy Enthalpy and calorimetry calculations Standard enthalpies of formation Heat of reaction Hess s Law Chapter 16 Spontaneity, Entropy & Free Energy Spontaneous processes & entropy First Law of Thermodynamics (review) Second Law of Thermodynamics Entropy changes State functions Free energy Free energy changes and chemical reactions Dependence of free energy on enthalpy and entropy changes Lab: Applications of LeChâtelier s Principle Lab: Acidity of Beverages Lab: Measuring and Calculating ph & poh Lab: Acid Base Titrations Labs: Properties of Buffer Solutions & Buffers in Household Products Exp. 27: The Solubility Product of Silver Acetate Exp. 17-I: Determination of a Calorimeter Constant Exp. 17-II: Specific Heats of Metals and Glass Exp. 17-V: Heat of Solution of a Salt 3 weeks 2 weeks

3 Electrochemistry Review for A.P. Chemistry Exam Temperature and spontaneity Dependence of free energy on pressure Free energy and equilibrium Free energy and work Chapter 17 Electrochemistry Galvanic cells Faraday s laws calculations Writing half reactions Standard reduction potentials Calculations of cell potential Cell potentials, electrical work & free energy Prediction of direction of redox reactions Dependence of cell potential on concentrations Nernst equation Relationship of free energy change and electrode potentials Corrosion Electrolytic cells / electrolysis Chemistry I Topic Overviews Problem sets A.P. Chemistry Free Response Questions Practice Multiple Choice Tests Exp. 32: Electrochemistry I: Chemical Cells Exp. 48: Identification of an Unknown Salt 1 ½ weeks Procedures for Parental Access to Course Materials Course materials are available on Canvas ( Students will have hard copies of all handouts. To sign up for Remind, text the to

4 Additional Resources Cesa, I., Ed. (2003.) Flinn ChemTopic Labs: Equilibrium. Batavia, IL: Flinn Scientific, Inc. Cesa, I., Ed. (2003.) Flinn ChemTopic Labs: Introduction to Chemistry. Batavia, IL: Flinn Scientific, Inc. Cesa, I., Ed. (2003.) Flinn ChemTopic Labs: The Periodic Table. Batavia, IL: Flinn Scientific, Inc. Hague, G. R. & Smith, J. D. (2001). The Ultimate Chemical Equations Handbook. Batavia, IL: Flinn Scientific, Inc.

5 Description of A.P. Chemistry Labs Lab: Paper Chromatography: Identification of Dyes in Skittles Candies Time: One 90-minute period Students will perform a physical separation of the dyes in Skittles candies by paper chromatography. Students will calculate the Rf for compare the dyes used in the various colors of Skittles candies and will identify the dyes that are the same in the different colors of candy Exp. 8 Separation of a Mixture by Filtration and Simple Distillation Time: One 90-minute period plus 30 additional minutes. Students will separate a mixture of charcoal and benzoic acid and will re-crystallize the acid. Students will perform gravimetric analysis to determine the efficiency of their work. Students will perform a simple distillation using and ionic compound dissolved in water. Exp. 18 I & II Spectroscopy Lab: Emission Spectra of Hydrogen Time: One 90-minute period Students will use a spectroscope to record known wavelengths of the emission spectrum of mercury. Students will produce a calibration curve for the spectroscope. Students will record wavelengths of the emission spectrum of hydrogen. Students will calculate the accepted values for the observed lines in the spectrum and will compare their measurements with these accepted values. Students will observe the more complex emission spectra of other elements such as nitrogen and neon. Exp. 20 Properties of Some Representative Elements Time: One 90-minute period For safety reasons, some parts of this procedure will be performed by the instructor. Students will observe and record observations of samples of common representative elements. Students will perform reactions with various elements and will compare reactivities of elements from different groups. Exp. 44 Qualitative Analysis of the Group II Cations Time: One 90-minute period Students will perform a series of reactions using known Group II cations and will record observations. Students will use their observations of known reactions to identify the cation present in an unknown solution. Exp. 6: The Solubility of a Salt Time: One Two 90-minute periods Students will determine the temperatures at which various concentrations of a solution formed from a particular salt are saturated. Students will find the maximum solubilities at six different temperatures. Students will construct a solubility curve for the salt and will identify it. Exp. 19: Molecular Models and Properties Time: One-two 90-minute periods Students will use molecular model kits to build accurate representations of a variety of molecular shapes as predicted by VSEPR theory. Students will calibrate a pipet. Students will prepare a monolayer of stearic acid. Students will use the volume of the monolayer to calculate the length of the stearic acid molecule.

6 Lab: Percent Water in a Hydrate Time: One 90-minute period plus 30 minutes Students will accurately measure the mass of a hydrate. Students will heat the hydrate to a constant mass. Students will calculate the percent water in the hydrate and will identify the hydrate based on this percentage. Exp. 11-I: Stoichiometry and Limiting Reactant Time: One 90-minute period Students will perform a series of acid-base reactions with different mole ratios of acid:base. Students will record the temperatures during the reactions and will use the data to draw conclusions about the extent of each reaction. Exp. 5: Determination of Melting Point Time: One 90-minute period Students will measure and record temperature changes in a substance before, during and after melting. Students will construct a heating curve for the process. Students will interpret the data to explain the plateau in temperature. Exp. 13-I, 13-II & 13-III: Preparation and Properties of Some Common Gases Time: One 90-minute period Students will generate and collect three common gases. Students will perform various tests on the gases and observe the properties of the different gaseous substances. Exp. 14-III: Graham s Law Time: One 90-minute period Students will construct a Graham s Law apparatus and will observe the reaction of hydrogen chloride and ammonia gases to form ammonium chloride. Students will take measurements of the distance traveled by each gas and will perform calculations to confirm Graham s Law. Exp. 23: Determination of Molar Mass by Freezing Point Depression Time: One 90-minute period Students will determine the melting points of a pure substance and of a solution made with a known mass of an unknown solute. Students will construct cooling curves for both determinations. Students will calculate the molality of the solution based on change in freezing point. Students will calculate the molar mass of the unknown solute. Lab: Reactions of Copper Time: Two 90-minute periods plus minute segments on three subsequent class days Students will use quantitative techniques to perform a series of reactions which will begin and end with pure copper. Students will isolate the copper-containing products at each step in the process. Students will perform error analysis on their yield of copper to evaluate their lab technique. Exp. 31: Determination of Iron by Redox Titration Time: Two 90-minute periods Students will prepare potassium permanganate solutions and standard solution ferrous ammonium sulfate hexahydrate, an iron(ii) ion source. Students will standardize the potassium permanganate solution. Students will titrate an unknown iron solution using the standardized permanganate solution.

7 Exp. 39: Preparation and Properties of Esters Time: One 90-minute lab period Students will prepare fragrant esters from various organic acids and alcohols. Students will compare their ester with those of other students. Exp. 25: Experimental Determination of a Rate Law Time: One 90-minute lab period plus 30 minutes on the following class day Students will mix reactants in specific concentrations and time each reaction. Students will construct three graphs (concentration vs. time, natural log of concentration vs. time and reciprocal of concentration vs. time) to determine the form of the rate law. Students will interpret data in terms of collision theory Lab: Qualitative Effects of a Catalyst Time: One 90-minute period Students will observe the effects of ptyalin (salivary amylase) on starch. Students will observe the effects of a heavy metal on the enzyme ptyalin. Students will observe the effects of protease on gelatin. Students will observe the effects of catalase from potatoes on the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Exp. 26-II: Spectrophotometric Determination of an Equilibrium Constant Time: One 90-minute class period plus 45 minutes on a the following class day Students will combine the same reactants in five different proportions and then use spectrophotometry to determine the equilibrium concentration of the product. Students will construct a graph of known concentrations vs. absorbance in order to interpret the absorbance values obtained in the lab. Exp. 26-III: LeChatelier s Principle Time: One 90-minute period Students will predict the effect of various stressors on an equilibrium system. Students will apply stressors to an equilibrium system and will observe the effects. Students will interpret their observations in terms of LeChatelier s Principle Lab: Measuring and Calculating ph & poh Time: One 90-minute period Students will make predictions of the ph of various solutions (acids, bases, salts, molecular solids & alcohols) Students will test ph of solutions with ph paper and record results. Students will test ph of solutions with a ph meter and record results. Students will use ph meter readings to calculate hydronium ion concentration, poh and hydroxide ion concentration. Exp. 29-I: Analysis of an Unknown Acid Sample Time: One 90-minute period plus 15 minutes the following class day Students will use a primary standard to determine precise concentration of a sodium hydroxide solution. Students will titrate a weak acid of unknown concentration with the known sodium hydroxide solution. Students will determine the concentration of the unknown acid sample. Students will calculate the ph of the solution at various points during the titration. Exp. 27: The Solubility Product of Silver Acetate

8 Time: One 90-minute period Students will perform a titration with standard potassium chloride to determine the amount of silver acetate present in a saturated solution. Students will use data to calculate the solubility product of the silver acetate. Exp. 17-I: Determination of a Calorimeter Constant Time: One 90-minute period Students will construct a simple coffee cup calorimeter. Students will monitor the temperature change of hot and cold water mixed in the calorimeter and use the data to calculate the calorimeter constant. Exp. 17-II: Specific Heats of Metals and Glass Time: One 90-minute period Students will use the calorimeter to measure the temperature change of various samples of metal and glass. Students will use the data to calculate the specific heat capacity of the metals and glass. Exp. 17-V: Heat of Solution of a Salt Time: Forty-five minutes Students will use the calorimeter to monitor the temperature change as a salt dissolves. Students will use the data to determine the heat of solution of the salt. Students will compare their calculated value to a known value. Exp. 32: Electrochemistry I: Chemical Cells Time: One-two 90-minute periods Students will construct an electromotive series by observing the ability of metals to replace other metals and/or hydrogen in sulfuric acid and other sulfate solutions. Students will construct a copper/zinc voltaic cell, a zinc/magnesium voltaic cell and a copper/magnesium voltaic cell. Students will measure the potential of each of the constructed cells. Lab: Modeling Nuclear Decay Time: Forty-five minutes Students will model the process of nuclear decay using a sample of 100 pennies. (Heads = not decayed; Tails = decayed) Students will graph the results and relate their findings to the half-lives of radioactive elements. Exp. 48: Identification of an Unknown Salt Time: One-two 90-minute periods Using methods from the previous laboratories, students will design an experiment using a series of tests to identify the components of an unknown salt. Lab: Inquiry Design a Method to Properly Inflate an Air Bag Time: One 90-minute period Students will design a procedure to precisely fill a 1-quart Zip-Loc bag with carbon dioxide gas.

9 Relevant Chemistry I Labs: Laboratory Techniques Mixture separation by filtration and evaporation Water Purification (Inquiry lab Students design a procedure.) Conservation of Mass Flame Tests Reactivity of Halide Ions Molecular Models Identification of Bond Types (based on investigations of physical properties) Gravimetric Determination of the Formula of Magnesium Oxide Evidence for Chemical Change (Investigation of a variety of reaction types) Mole Relationships in a Chemical Reaction (Students isolate and measure one product of a chemical reaction to determine if the expected stoichiometric amount of product is produced.) Molar Volume of Hydrogen Gas Measuring ph Strong Acid/Strong Base Titration