About the Authors Preface Student's Guide to Using this Text Matter-Its Properties and Measurement The Scientific Method Properties of Matter

Transcription

1 About the Authors Preface Student's Guide to Using this Text Matter-Its Properties and Measurement The Scientific Method Properties of Matter Classification of Matter Measurement of Matter: SI (Metric) Units Density and Percent Composition: Their Use in Problem Solving Uncertainties in Scientific Measurements Significant Figures Focus on The Scientific Method at Work: Polywater Atoms and the Atomic Theory Early Chemical Discoveries and the Atomic Theory Electrons and Other Discoveries in Atomic Physics The Nuclear Atom Chemical Elements Atomic Masses Introduction to the Periodic Table The Concept of the Mole and the Avogadro Constant Using the Mole Concept in Calculations Focus on Occurrence and Abundances of the Elements Chemical Compounds Types of Chemical Compounds and Their Formulas The Mole Concept and Chemical Compounds Composition of Chemical Compounds Oxidation States: A Useful Tool in Describing Chemical Compounds Naming Compounds: Organic and Inorganic Compounds Names and Formulas of Inorganic Compounds Names and Formulas of Organic Compounds Focus on Mass Spectrometry-Determining Molecular Formulas Chemical Reactions

2 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry Chemical Reactions in Solution Determining the Limiting Reactant Other Practical Matters in Reaction Stoichiometry Focus on Industrial Chemistry Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions The Nature of Aqueous Solutions Precipitation Reactions Acid-Base Reactions Oxidation-Reduction: Some General Principles Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations Oxidizing and Reducing Agents Stoichiometry of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions: Titrations Focus on Water Treatment Gases Properties of Gases: Gas Pressure The Simple Gas Laws Combining the Gas Laws: The Ideal Gas Equation and the General Gas Equation Applications of the Ideal Gas Equation Gases in Chemical Reactions Mixtures of Gases Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases Gas Properties Relating to the Kinetic-Molecular Theory Nonideal (Real) Gases Focus on Earth's Atmosphere Thermochemistry 220 Getting Started: Some Terminology Heat Heats of Reaction and Calorimetry Work

3 The First Law of Thermodynamics Heats of Reaction: DU and DH Indirect Determination of DH: Hess's Law Standard Enthalpies of Formation Fuels as Sources of Energy Focus on Fats, Carbohydrates, and Energy Storage Electrons in Atoms Electromagnetic Radiation Atomic Spectra Quantum Theory The Bohr Atom Two Ideas Leading to a New Quantum Mechanics Wave Mechanics Quantum Numbers and Electron Orbitals Interpreting and Representing the Orbitals of the Hydrogen Atom Electron Spin: A Fourth Quantum Number Multielectron Atoms Electron Configurations Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table Focus on Helium-Neon Lasers The Periodic Table and Some Atomic Properties Classifying the Elements: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table Metals and Nonmetals and Their Ions The Sizes of Atoms and Ions Ionization Energy Electron Affinity Magnetic Properties Periodic Properties of the Elements Focus on the Periodic Law and Mercury Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts Lewis Theory: An Overview Covalent Bonding: An Introduction

4 Polar Covalent Bonds and Electrostatic Potential Maps Writing Lewis Structures Resonance Exceptions to the Octet Rule Shapes of Molecules Bond Order and Bond Lengths Bond Energies Focus on Molecules in Space: Measuring Bond Lengths Chemical Bonding II: Additional Aspects What a Bonding Theory Should Do Introduction to the Valence-Bond Method Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals Multiple Covalent Bonds Molecular Orbital Theory Delocalized Electrons: Bonding in the Benzene Molecule Bonding in Metals Some Unresolved Issues Can Electron Charge-Density Plots Help? Focus on Photoelectron Spectroscopy Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces Intermolecular Forces and Some Properties of Liquids Vaporization of Liquids: Vapor Pressure Some Properties of Solids Phase Diagrams Van der Waals Forces Hydrogen Bonding Network Covalent Solids and Ionic Solids Crystal Structures Energy Changes in the Formation of Ionic Crystals Focus on Liquid Crystals Solutions and Their Physical Properties Types of Solutions: Some Terminology

5 Solution Concentrations Intermolecular Forces and the Solution Process Solution Formation and Equilibrium Solubilities of Gases Vapor Pressures of Solutions Osmotic Pressure Freezing-Point Depression and Boiling-Point Elevation of Nonelectrolyte Solutions Solutions of Electrolytes Colloidal Mixtures Focus on Chromatography Chemical Kinetics Rate of a Chemical Reaction Measuring Reaction Rates Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rates: The Rate Law Zero-Order Reactions First-Order Reactions Second-Order Reactions Reaction Kinetics: A Summary Theoretical Models for Chemical Kinetics The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates Reaction Mechanisms Catalysis Focus on Combustion and Explosions Principles of Chemical Equilibrium Dynamic Equilibrium The Equilibrium Constant Expression Relationships Involving Equilibrium Constants The Magnitude of an Equilibrium Constant The Reaction Quotient, Q: Predicting the Direction of Net Change Altering Equilibrium Conditions: Le ChÃótelier's Principle Equilibrium Calculations: Some Illustrative Examples Focus on The Nitrogen Cycle and the Synthesis of Nitrogen Compounds

6 Acids and Bases Arrhenius Theory: A Brief Review Brà nsted-lowry Theory of Acids and Bases Self-Ionization of Water and the ph Scale Strong Acids and Strong Bases Weak Acids and Weak Bases Polyprotic Acids Ions as Acids and Bases Molecular Structure and Acid-Base Behavior Lewis Acids and Bases Focus on Acid Rain Additional Aspects of Acid-Base Equilibria The Common-Ion Effect in Acid-Base Equilibria Buffer Solutions Acid-Base Indicators Neutralization Reactions and Titration Curves Solutions of Salts of Polyprotic Acids Acid-Base Equilibrium Calculations: A Summary Focus on Buffers in Blood Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibria Solubility Product Constant, Ksp Relationship Between Solubility and Ksp Common-Ion Effect in Solubility Equilibria Limitations of the Ksp Concept Criteria for Precipitation and Its Completeness Fractional Precipitation Solubility and ph Equilibria Involving Complex Ions Qualitative Cation Analysis Focus on Shells, Teeth, and Fossils Spontaneous Change: Entropy and Free Energy Spontaneity: The Meaning of Spontaneous Change

7 The Concept of Entropy Evaluating Entropy and Entropy Changes Criteria for Spontaneous Change: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Standard Free Energy Change, DGÂ Free Energy Change and Equilibrium DGÂ and as Functions of Temperature Coupled Reactions Focus on Coupled Reactions in Biological Systems Electrochemistry Electrode Potentials and Their Measurement Standard Electrode Potentials DG, and as a Function of Concentrations Batteries: Producing Electricity Through Chemical Reactions Corrosion: Unwanted Voltaic Cells Electrolysis: Causing Nonspontaneous Reactions to Occur Industrial Electrolysis Processes Focus on Membrane Potentials Chemistry of the Main-Group Elements I: Groups 1, 2, 13, and 14 Group 1: The Alkali Metals Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals Ions in Natural Waters: Hard Water Group 13 Metals: The Boron Family Group 14 Metals: The Carbon Family Focus on Gallium Arsenide Main-Group Elements II: Groups 18, 17, 16, 15, and Hydrogen Group 18: The Noble Gases Group 17: The Halogens Group 16: The Oxygen Family Group 15: The Nitrogen Family Hydrogen: A Unique Element

8 Focus on The Ozone Layer and Its Environmental Role The Transition Elements General Properties Principles of Extractive Metallurgy Metallurgy of Iron and Steel First-Row Transition Metal Elements: Scandium to Manganese The Iron Triad: Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel Group 11: Copper, Silver, and Gold Group 12: Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury Lanthanides Focus on High Temperature Superconductors Complex Ions and Coordination Compounds Werner's Theory of Coordination Compounds: An Overview Ligands Nomenclature Isomerism Bonding in Complex Ions: Crystal Field Theory Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds and Crystal Field Theory Color and the Colors of Complexes Aspects of Complex-Ion Equilibria Acid-Base Reactions of Complex Ions Some Kinetic Considerations 1 Applications of Coordination Chemistry Focus on Colors in Gemstones Nuclear Chemistry Radioactivity Naturally Occurring Radioactive Isotopes Nuclear Reactions and Artificially Induced Radioactivity Transuranium Elements Rate of Radioactive Decay

9 Energetics of Nuclear Reactions Nuclear Stability Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion Effect of Radiation on Matter Applications of Radioisotopes Focus on Radioactive Waste Disposal Organic Chemistry Organic Compounds and Structures: An Overview Alkanes Alkenes and Alkynes Aromatic Hydrocarbons Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers Aldehydes and Ketones Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives Amines Heterocyclic Compounds Nomenclature of Stereoisomers in Organic Compounds An Introduction to Substitution Reactions at Hybridized Carbon Atoms Synthesis of Organic Compounds Polymerization Reactions Focus on Natural And Synthetic Dyes Chemistry of the Living State Chemical Structure of Living Matter: An Overview Lipids Carbohydrates Proteins Aspects of Metabolism Nucleic Acids Focus on Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code Appendixes Mathematical Operations

10 Exponential Arithmetic Logarithms Algebraic Operations Graphs Using Conversion Factors (Dimensional Analysis) Some Basic Physical Concepts Velocity and Acceleration Force and Work Energy Magnetism Static Electricity Current Electricity Electromagnetism SI Units SI Base Units SI Prefixes Derived SI Units A Units to Be Discouraged or Abandoned A16 Data Tables Ground-State Electron Configurations Equilibrium Constants Standard Electrode (Reduction) Potentials at 25 Â C Concept Mapping Glossary Answers to Practice Examples and Selected Exercises Answers to Concept Assessment Questions and Self-Assessment Exercises Photo Credits Index Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.