UNIT 1: CHEMISTRY FOUNDATIONS

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1 Advanced Placement AP Chemistry builds students' understanding of the nature and reactivity of matter. After studying chemical reactions and electrochemistry, students move on to understand how the chemical and physical properties of materials can be explained by the structure and arrangements of the molecules and the forces between those molecules. Students will examine the laws of thermodynamics, molecular collisions, and the reorganization of matter in order to understand how changes in matter take place. Finally, students will explore chemical equilibria, including acid-base equilibria. The equivalent of an introductory collegelevel chemistry course, prepares students for the AP exam and for further study in science, health sciences, or engineering. The course provides a learning experience focused on allowing students to develop their critical thinking skills and cognitive strategies. Frequent no- and low-stakes assessments allow students to measure their comprehension and improve their performance as they progress through each activity. Students regularly engage with primary source materials, allowing them to practice the critical reading and analysis skills that they will need in order to pass the AP exam and succeed in a college chemistry course. Students perform hands-on labs that give them insight into the nature of science and help them understand chemical concepts, as well as how evidence can be obtained to support those concepts. Students also complete several virtual lab studies in which they form hypotheses; collect, analyze, and manipulate data; and report their findings and conclusions. During both virtual and traditional lab investigations and research opportunities, students summarize their findings and analyze others' findings in summaries, using statistical and mathematical calculations when appropriate. Summative tests are offered at the end of each unit as well as at the end of each semester, and contain objective and constructed response items. Robust scaffolding, rigorous instruction, relevant material, and regular active learning opportunities ensure that students can achieve mastery of the skills necessary to excel on the AP exam. This course has been authorized by the College Board to use the AP designation. *Advanced Placement and AP are registered trademarks and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse this product. Length: Two semesters UNIT 1: CHEMISTRY FOUNDATIONS LESSON 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND THE MOLE Read: Chemical Reactions and the Mole Read about how changes in matter are represented by chemical equations. Quiz: Chemical Reactions and the Mole Study: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Chemical Equations Learn how to describe the changes that rearrange atoms and form the diversity of matter. Quiz: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Chemical Equations Study: Mass Data Analysis Use chemical analysis to identify substances. Copyright 2018 Apex Learning Inc. Apex Learning and the Apex Learning logo are registered trademarks of Apex Learning Inc. 1 of 14

2 Quiz: Mass Data Analysis Practice: Chemical Reactions and the Mole Express the law of conservation of mass quantitatively and qualitatively by using symbolic representations and particulate drawings. Lab: Gravimetric Analysis Interpret data from an experiment that uses gravimetric analysis to determine the concentration of an analyte in a solution. Discuss: Gravimetric Analysis LESSON 2: STOICHIOMETRY Read: Stoichiometry Read about how the conservation of atoms makes it possible to identify stoichiometric relationships in a chemical reaction. Quiz: Stoichiometry Study: Stoichiometry Calculations Relate quantities to identify stoichiometric relationships for a reaction, including situations involving limiting reactants and situations in which the reaction has not gone to completion. Quiz: Stoichiometry Calculations Study: Analyzing Chemical Reactions Compare quantities to identify stoichiometric relationships for a reaction, including situations involving limiting reactants. Quiz: Analyzing Chemical Reactions Practice: Stoichiometry Compare moles and measured masses of substances to identify stoichiometric relationships for a reaction, including situations involving limiting reactants and situations in which the reaction has not gone to completion Lab: Mole Ratios Design a plan to collect data on the synthesis or decomposition of a compound, in order to confirm the conservation of matter and the law of definite proportions. Discuss: Mole Ratios Copyright 2018 Apex Learning Inc. Apex Learning and the Apex Learning logo are registered trademarks of Apex Learning Inc. 2 of 14

3 Explore: Isotopes and Mass Spectrometry Analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations by examining scientific evidence LESSON 3: CHEMISTRY FOUNDATIONS WRAP-UP Test (CS): Chemistry Foundations Wrap-Up Test (TS): Chemistry Foundations Wrap-Up UNIT 2: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY LESSON 1: CHEMISTRY REACTIONS Read: Chemical Reactions Read about the changes matter undergoes during chemical reactions. Quiz: Chemical Reactions Study: Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Translate an observed chemical change into a balanced chemical equation, and justify your choice of equation type (molecular, ionic, or net ionic). Quiz: Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Study: Metals in Aqueous Solutions Translate observed chemical changes involving metals in aqueous solution into balanced chemical equations. Quiz: Metals in Aqueous Solutions Practice: Chemical Reactions Identify redox reactions and explain your identification in terms of electron transfer. Lab: Redox Titration Perform a redox titration to determine the concentration of a solution. Discuss: Redox Titration LESSON 2: ELECTROCHEMISTRY Read: Electrochemistry Read about how electrochemistry shows the interconversion between chemical and electrical energy in galvanic and electrolytic cells. Copyright 2018 Apex Learning Inc. Apex Learning and the Apex Learning logo are registered trademarks of Apex Learning Inc. 3 of 14

4 Quiz: Electrochemistry Study: Evidence of a Chemical Reaction Evaluate the classification of a process as a physical change, a chemical change, or an ambiguous change, based on macroscopic observation. Quiz: Evidence of a Chemical Reaction Study: Electrochemistry and Technology Use concepts of electrochemistry to identify the underlying problems that are preventing a battery from working properly. Quiz: Electrochemistry and Technology Practice: Electrochemistry Analyze data regarding galvanic or electrolytic cells to identify properties of the underlying redox reactions. Lab: Electrochemistry: Galvanic Cells Analyze data regarding galvanic or electrolytic cells to identify properties of the underlying redox reactions. Explore: Redox Reactions and the Body Analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations by examining scientific evidence. Discuss: Electrochemistry: Galvanic Cells LESSON 3: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY WRAP-UP Test (CS): Chemical Reactions and Electrochemistry Test (TS): Chemical Reactions and Electrochemistry UNIT 3: THERMODYNAMICS LESSON 1: ENERGY CHANGES IN MATTER Read: Energy Changes in Matter Read about the energy changes that take place during physical and chemical processes. Quiz: Energy Changes in Matter Copyright 2018 Apex Learning Inc. Apex Learning and the Apex Learning logo are registered trademarks of Apex Learning Inc. 4 of 14

5 Study: Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Generate explanations or make predictions about the transfer of thermal energy between systems that occurs due to kinetic energy from molecular collisions. Quiz: Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Study: Calculating Energy Changes in Chemical and Physical Processes Use the law of conservation of energy to compare the magnitudes of energy changes occurring in different systems as well as to identify the systems, the types of energy changes, and the directions of energy flow. Quiz: Calculating Energy Changes in Chemical and Physical Processes Practice: Energy Changes in Matter Use the law of conservation of energy to compare the magnitudes of energy changes occurring in different systems, as well as to identify the systems, the types of energy changes, and the directions of energy flow. Lab: Enthalpy of Fusion of Ice Design and interpret the results of an experiment in which calorimetry is used to determine the change in enthalpy of a chemical process at constant pressure. Lab: Enthalpy of Reaction Design and interpret the results of an experiment in which calorimetry is used to determine the change in enthalpy of a chemical process at constant pressure. Discuss: Enthalpy of Fusion of Ice Discuss: Enthalpy of Reaction LESSON 2: THERMODYNAMICS Read: Thermodynamics Read about how the laws of thermodynamics describe the essential role of energy and explain and predict the direction of changes in matter. Quiz: Thermodynamics Study: Understanding Thermodynamics Determine whether a chemical or physical process is thermodynamically favorable by calculating the change in standard Gibbs free energy. Quiz: Understanding Thermodynamics Copyright 2018 Apex Learning Inc. Apex Learning and the Apex Learning logo are registered trademarks of Apex Learning Inc. 5 of 14

6 Study: Applying Principles of Thermodynamics Use tables of standard enthalpies of formation to calculate the standard enthalpy of reactions involving the extraction of elemental metals from metal oxides. Quiz: Sources of Energy Practice: Thermodynamics Determine whether a chemical or physical process is thermodynamically favorable by calculating the change in standard Gibbs free energy. Explore: Endothermic and Exothermic Processes in Nature Analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations by examining scientific evidence. LESSON 3: THERMODYNAMICS WRAP-UP Test (CS): Thermodynamics Test (TS): Thermodynamics Wrap-up UNIT 4: ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND BONDING LESSON 1: ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND PERIODICITY Read: Atomic Structure and Periodicity Read about the relationship between atomic structure and periodicity. Quiz: Atomic Structure and Periodicity Study: The Structure of the Atom Analyze data relating to electron energies for patterns and relationships. Quiz: The Structure of the Atom Study: Atomic Models Given information about a particular model of the atom, determine if the model is consistent with specified evidence. Quiz: Atomic Models Practice: Atomic Structure and Periodicity Copyright 2018 Apex Learning Inc. Apex Learning and the Apex Learning logo are registered trademarks of Apex Learning Inc. 6 of 14

7 Predict and justify trends in atomic properties based on location on the periodic table and the shell model. Lab: Spectroscopy Justify the selection of a particular type of spectroscopy to measure properties associated with vibrational or electronic motions of molecules. Interpret the results of an experiment regarding the absorption of light to determine the concentration of an absorbing species in a solution. Discuss: Spectroscopy Explore: Materials and the Periodicity of Elements Analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations by examining scientific evidence. LESSON 2: BONDING Read: Bonding Read about the forces of attraction that hold atoms together. Quiz: Bonding Study: Models of Bonding Predict the type of bonding present between two atoms in a binary compound, based on location in the periodic table and the electronegativity of the elements. Quiz: Models of Bonding Study: Examining the Composition of Materials Analyze data relating to electron energies in order to identify patterns and relationships. Quiz: Examining the Composition of Materials Practice: Bonding Use Lewis diagrams and VSEPR to predict the geometry of molecules, identify hybridization, and make predictions about polarity. Lab: Types of Compounds Design a plan to collect and interpret data needed to deduce the type of bonding in a sample of a solid. Discuss: Types of Compounds LESSON 3: ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND BONDING WRAP-UP Copyright 2018 Apex Learning Inc. Apex Learning and the Apex Learning logo are registered trademarks of Apex Learning Inc. 7 of 14

8 Test (CS): Atomic Structures and Bonding Test (TS): Atomic Structures and Bonding UNIT 5: SEMESTER 1 EXAM LESSON 1: SEMESTER 1 EXAM Exam: Semester 1 Exam Take a computer-scored exam to demonstrate your mastery of concepts and skills covered this semester. Duration: 1 hr Scoring: 100 points Final Exam: Semester 1 Exam Take a teacher-scored exam to demonstrate your mastery of concepts and skills covered this semester. Duration: 1 hr Scoring: 100 points UNIT 6: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES LESSON 1: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND THE PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS Read: Intermolecular Forces and the Properties of Solids and Liquids Read about how the properties of solids and liquids are the result of intermolecular forces. Quiz: Intermolecular Forces and the Properties of Solids and Liquids Study: Intramolecular Forces versus Intermolecular Forces Evaluate the classification of a process as a physical change, chemical change, or ambiguous change, based on the distinction between rearrangements of covalent interactions and noncovalent interactions. Quiz: Intramolecular Forces versus Intermolecular Forces Study: Solubility of Ionic Compounds Create and interpret representations that link the concept of molarity with particle views of solutions. Quiz: Solubility of Ionic Compounds Practice: Intermolecular Forces and the Properties of Solids and Liquids Predict properties of substances based on their chemical formulas, and provide explanations of their properties based on particle views. Lab: Paper Chromatography Design and interpret the results of a separation experiment (filtration, paper chromatography, column chromatography, or distillation) in terms of the relative strengths of interactions among the components. Explore: Intermolecular Forces and the Properties of Biological Molecules Copyright 2018 Apex Learning Inc. Apex Learning and the Apex Learning logo are registered trademarks of Apex Learning Inc. 8 of 14

9 Analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations by examining scientific evidence. Discuss: Paper Chromatography Discussion, Chromatography LESSON 2: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND THE PROPERTIES OF GASES Read: Intermolecular Forces and the Properties of Gases Read about how the properties of gases are the result of intermolecular forces. Quiz: Intermolecular Forces and the Properties of Gases Study: Solving Equations Involving Gases Apply mathematical relationships or estimation to determine macroscopic variables for ideal gases. Quiz: Solving Equations Involving Gases Study: Gas Behavior Use the law of conservation of energy to compare the magnitudes of the energy changes occurring in two or more interacting systems. Quiz: Gas Behavior Practice: Intermolecular Forces and the Properties of Gases Refine multiple representations of a sample of matter in the gas phase to accurately portray the effects of changes in their macroscopic properties. Lab: Types of Chemical Reactions Evaluate the classification of a process as a physical change, chemical change, or ambiguous change, based on both macroscopic observations and the distinction between rearrangements of covalent interactions and noncovalent interactions. Discuss: Types of Chemical Reactions LESSON 3: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES WRAP-UP Test (CS): Intermolecular Forces Wrap-Up Test (TS): Intermolecular Forces Wrap-Up UNIT 7: KINETICS Copyright 2018 Apex Learning Inc. Apex Learning and the Apex Learning logo are registered trademarks of Apex Learning Inc. 9 of 14

10 LESSON 1: REACTION RATES Read: Reaction Rates Read about the rate law and its dependence on reactant concentration. Quiz: Reaction Rates Study: Rate Laws Use representations of the energy profile for an elementary reaction to make qualitative predictions regarding the relative temperature dependence of the reaction rate. Quiz: Rate Laws Study: Reactions and Collisions Analyze concentration-versus-time data to determine the rate law for a zeroth-, first-, or second-order reaction. Quiz: Reactions and Collisions Practice: Reaction Rates Connect the half-life of a reaction to the rate constant of a first-order reaction, and justify this connection. Lab: The Effects of Temperature and Particle Size Design and interpret the results of an experiment regarding the factors (i.e., temperature, concentration, surface area) that may influence the rate of a reaction. Discuss: The Effects of Temperature and Particle Size LESSON 2: REACTION MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS Read: Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis Read about how rates of chemical reactions are determined by details of the molecular collisions. Quiz: Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis Study: Reaction Rates and Mechanisms Translate among reaction energy profile representations, particulate representations, and symbolic representations (chemical equations) of a chemical reaction occurring in the presence and absence of a catalyst. Quiz: Reaction Rates and Mechanisms Copyright 2018 Apex Learning Inc. Apex Learning and the Apex Learning logo are registered trademarks of Apex Learning Inc. 10 of 14

11 Study: Reaction Kinetics Explain the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions. Quiz: Reaction Kinetics Practice: Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis Explain changes in reaction rates arising from the use of acid-base catalysts, surface catalysts, or enzyme catalysts, including selecting appropriate mechanisms with or without the catalyst present. Lab: Analyzing Concentration-versus-Time Data Analyze concentration-versus-time data to determine the rate law for a zeroth-, first-, or second-order reaction. Explore: Enzymes as Biological Catalysts Analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations by examining scientific evidence. LESSON 3: KINETICS WRAP-UP Test (CS): Kinetics Wrap-Up Test (TS): Kinetics Wrap-Up UNIT 8: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM LESSON 1: GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM Read: General Equilibrium Read about the details of reactions in equilibrium. Quiz: General Equilibrium Study: Systems at Equilibrium Given a set of experimental observations regarding physical, chemical, biological, or environmental processes that are reversible, construct an explanation that connects the observations to the reversibility of the underlying chemical reactions or processes. Quiz: Systems at Equilibrium Study: Solving Equilibrium Problems Given a manipulation of a chemical reaction or set of reactions (e.g., reversal of reaction or addition of two reactions), determine the effects of that manipulation on Q or K. Quiz: Solving Equilibrium Problems Copyright 2018 Apex Learning Inc. Apex Learning and the Apex Learning logo are registered trademarks of Apex Learning Inc. 11 of 14

12 Practice: General Equilibrium Use Le Chatelier's principle to make qualitative predictions for systems in which coupled reactions that share a common intermediate drive the formation of a product. Lab: Reversible Reactions Use Le Chatelier's principle to design a set of conditions that will optimize a desired outcome, such as product yield. Explore: Reversible Reactions in Nature Analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations by examining scientific evidence. LESSON 2: SOLUBILITY EQUILIBRIUM Read: Solubility Equilibrium Read about the role of chemical equilibrium in the solubility of compounds in aqueous solutions. Quiz: Solubility Equilibrium Study: Salts and Solubility Characterize changes in matter using visual clues, and then create representations or written descriptions. Quiz: Salts and Solubility Study: Principles of Equilibrium Interpret data regarding the relative solubility of salts in terms of factors (e.g., common ions, ph) that influence the solubility. Quiz: Principles of Equilibrium Practice: Solubility Equilibrium Predict the solubility of a salt, or rank the solubility of salts, given the relevant Ksp values. Lab: Solubility Equilibrium Analyze the enthalpic and entropic changes associated with the dissolution of a salt, using particulate level interactions and representations. Discuss: Solubility Equilibrium LESSON 3: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM WRAP-UP Test (CS): Chemical Equilibrium Copyright 2018 Apex Learning Inc. Apex Learning and the Apex Learning logo are registered trademarks of Apex Learning Inc. 12 of 14

13 Test (TS): Chemical Equilibrium UNIT 9: ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIA LESSON 1: ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIA Read: Acid-Base Equilibria Read about the role of equilibrium in acid-base chemistry. Quiz: Acid-Base Equilibria Study: Solving Acid-Base Equilibrium Problems Identify a given solution as being the solution of a monoprotic weak acid or base (including salts in which one ion is a weak acid or base), calculate the ph and concentration of all species in the solution, and infer the relative strengths of the weak acids or bases from given equilibrium concentrations. Quiz: Solving Acid-Base Equilibrium Problems Study: Acids and the Body Based on the dependence of Kw on temperature, reason that neutrality requires that [H+] = [OH-] as opposed to requiring that ph = 7, and also consider the applications to biological systems. Quiz: Acids and the Body Practice: Acid-Base Equilibria Generate or use a particulate representation of an acid (strong, weak, or polyprotic) and a strong base to explain the species that will have large versus small concentrations at equilibrium. Lab: Acid-Base Titration Interpret data from an experiment that uses titration to determine the concentration of an analyte in a solution. Discuss: Acid-Base Titration LESSON 2: BUFFERS Read: Buffers Read about the components and resulting properties of buffer solutions. Quiz: Buffers Copyright 2018 Apex Learning Inc. Apex Learning and the Apex Learning logo are registered trademarks of Apex Learning Inc. 13 of 14

14 Study: Acids and Bases Relate the predominant form of a chemical species involving a labile proton (i.e. the protonated/deprotonated form of a weak acid) to the ph of a solution and the pka associated with the labile proton. Quiz: Acids and Bases Study: The Nature of Acids and Bases Identify a solution as being a buffer solution, and explain the buffer mechanism in terms of the reactions that would occur upon addition of acid or base. Quiz: The Nature of Acids and Bases Practice: Buffers Identify a solution as being a buffer solution, and explain the buffer mechanism in terms of the reactions that would occur upon addition of acid or base. Lab: Buffers Design a buffer solution with a target ph and buffer capacity by selecting an appropriate conjugate acid-base pair and estimating the concentrations needed to achieve the desired capacity. Explore: The Importance of Buffers in the Body Analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations by examining scientific evidence. LESSON 3: ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIA WRAP-UP Test (CS): Acid-Base Equilibria Wrap-Up Test (TS): Acid-Base Equilibria Wrap-Up UNIT 10: SEMESTER 2 EXAM LESSON 1: SEMESTER 2 EXAM Exam: Semester 2 Exam Take a computer-scored exam to demonstrate your mastery of concepts and skills covered this semester. Duration: 1 hr Scoring: 100 points Final Exam: Semester 2 Exam Take a teacher-scored exam to demonstrate your mastery of concepts and skills covered this semester. Duration: 1 hr Scoring: 100 points Copyright 2018 Apex Learning Inc. Apex Learning and the Apex Learning logo are registered trademarks of Apex Learning Inc. 14 of 14