Xray Magnetic Circular Dichroism Investigation in Ferromagnetic Semiconductors. Khashayar Khazen Condensed Matter National Lab-IPM
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1 Xray Magnetic Circular Dichroism Investigation in Ferromagnetic Semiconductors Khashayar Khazen Condensed Matter National Lab-IPM
2 IPM School of Physics School of Nano Condensed Matter National Lab Technology: Energy production & storage Information technology Quantum electronics Construction materials Catalysts Novel coatings High-tech textiles Water desalination Medical treatments Novel 2D materials (Coordination of 32 international projects) Fundamental science: Plasmonics Surface charge transfer Mechanical properties Liquid crystals Valleytronics France: CNRS, Sorbonnes Universities, ESPCI, Ecole Polytechnique, Universite Paris Sud, Institut Curie Denmark: European Centre for Electron Nanoscopy Irland: Trinity College Dublin Germany: University of Paderborn Netherlands: Groningen University Belgium: University of Antwerp Australia: IPIR, ISEM USA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology China: North-West university
3 Ferromagnetic semiconductors Unified Information Storage and Processing Unit (III-V semiconductors doped by transition metals) Compatibility with currently used microelectronic technology Magnetism control: Electrical control via charge density and wave function Optical control via spin-orbit coupling between photon angular momentum and carrier spins Structural control via strain
4 How to make GaAs ferromagnetic? P-type conductivity: Mn 2+ acceptor + h Magnetic ions: Mn 2+ S=5/2 J Mn-Mn =0.23 mev Magnetic coupling: Zener kinetic exchange T c α J 2 pd.x Mn.p 1/3 Intrinsic ferromagnetic phase with highest T C ~190K Intrinsic limit of Curie temperature in GaMnAs J Mn-h = -54 mevnm 3 Phys. Rev. B, 81, (2010) Thin solid films 519, 8212 (2010) K. Khazen PhD thesis
5 Room Temperature Ferromagnetic Ga 1-x Mn x As? External control of magnetic order: Interlayer coupling 2nm Maccherozzi et al, PRL 2008
6 Room Temperature Ferromagnetic Ga 1-x Mn x As? External control of magnetic order: Interlayer coupling 2nm Maccherozzi et al, PRL 2008 Detailed magnetic properties investigations: Magneic resonance Magnetometry XPS X-ray diffraction and reflection Ion beam analysis Spin polarized neutron reflectivity XMCD
7 Room temperature Ferromagnetic Ga 1-x Mn x As? A. Two step layer growth LPN-Alcatel, Simon Fraser Univ
8 Room temperature Ferromagnetic Ga 1-x Mn x As? A. Two step layer growth LPN-Alcatel, Simon Fraser Univ Landau-Lifshtiz: Ferromagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy M.dat Fe/GaMnAs inplane 145 lu 4K,P= 20dB,G=7.96E+5,B= 10G,Freq= M.dat Fe/GaMnAs inplane 100 lu 4K,P= 20dB,G=7.96E+5,B= 10G,Freq= M.dat Fe/GaMnAs inplane 55 lu 4K,P= 20dB,G=7.96E+5,B= 10G,Freq= EPR Signal (arb.u.) Magnetic Field (G) T=4K M.dat GaMnAs/Fe,Bret sample,out-of-plane,144dg,0dg de inplane,294k,p= 20dB,G=5.E+3,B= 10G,Freq= M.dat GaMnAs/Fe,Bret sample,out-of-plane,144dg,0dg de inplane,294k,p= 20dB,G=5.E+5,B= 10G,Freq= Magnetic Field(G) T=300K H eff K anisotropy Polycrystalline Fe and single crystalline GaMnAs Presence of second phase superparamagnetic particles in the interface
9 Room temperature Ferromagnetic Ga 1-x Mn x As? B. One step layer growth Nottingham RHEED XRR SLD (10^-6 A -2) Epitaxial growth of Fe over GaMnAs z (nm)
![B//[001] 0 40K 240000 220000 110 100 1-10 EPR Signal (arb.u.](/docs-images/85/91718685/images/10-1.jpg ") -2000-4000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 Magnetic Field (G) 35K 30K 25K 20K 15K 10K 4K EPR Signal (arb.u.")
10 Room temperature Ferromagnetic Ga 1-x Mn x As? B. One step layer growth Nottingham RHEED XRR SLD (10^-6 A -2) Epitaxial growth of Fe over GaMnAs z (nm) B//[001] 0 40K EPR Signal (arb.u.) Magnetic Field (G) 35K 30K 25K 20K 15K 10K 4K EPR Signal (arb.u.) Mn509 T=300K Magnetic Field (G) No second phase formation The interface magnetism and its origin can not be studied via FMR
11 XMCD spectroscopy Sharp increases in Xray Absorption coefficient: Absorption edges Transferring low energy bound electrons to empty states just above the Fermi energy Element specific Process
12 XMCD spectroscopy Circularly polarized photons Angular momentum transfer to electrons Attenuation coefficient dependence on the relative orientation of the photon helicity and sample magnetization
13 XMCD spectroscopy Circularly polarized photons Angular momentum transfer to electrons Attenuation coefficient dependence on the relative orientation of the photon helicity and sample magnetization Allowed transitions l = ±1 and m = ±1 and ms = 0
14 XMCD spectroscopy Circularly polarized photons Angular momentum transfer to electrons Attenuation coefficient dependence on the relative orientation of the photon helicity and sample magnetization Allowed transitions Difference in right and left-handed polarized XA l = ±1 and m = ±1 and ms = 0
15 XMCD spectroscopy Main detection techniques: (i) Auger decay: an intermediate electron drops into the hole and the liberated energy results in the ejection of another electron (ii) Fluorescent decay: where the photoelectron generated by the absorption event recombines with the hole left behind re-emitting an x-ray photon
16 XMCD spectroscopy Main detection techniques: (i) Auger decay: an intermediate electron drops into the hole and the liberated energy results in the ejection of another electron (ii) Fluorescent decay: where the photoelectron generated by the absorption event recombines with the hole left behind re-emitting an x-ray photon As each detected particle originates from different spatial region Attenuation length of Xray, for (Ga,Mn)As=561 nm Escape depth of electrons =2.9nm Depth resolution
17 XMCD at the Mn L2,3 edge Diamond Light Source, I06 beamline Experiments led by Kevin Edmonds James Heigh and Peter Wadely PhD thesis
18 XMCD at the Mn L2,3 edge Diamond Light Source, I06 beamline Conditions: Room temperature measurements TEY detection A small but clear Mn-related peak observed at room temperature Comparison of the peak with reference, Mn, FeMn, MnAS, etc, revealed that it is a localized Mn 2+ localized state
19 XMCD at the Mn L2,3 edge Diamond Light Source, I06 beamline Conditions: T=2K measurements TEY and FY detection Attenuation Anti-parallel alignment of the Mn moment at H=0 Signal from the surface shows frustration Proposed model: proximity polarisation of the Mn ions near to the Fe layer thickness of the strongly coupled layer of x = 0.9 nm K. Olejnik et al, PRB 2010
20 Take-home message Element-resolved character, nano/micro spatial resolution, and possibility to distinguish spin/orbital contributions important role in novel magnetic system development But, it should be noted that using synchrotron based techniques should be justified. Not limited to conventional and classic techniques available at the beamlines. much more to be explored!
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