Magnetic measurements (Pt. IV) advanced probes
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1 Magnetic measurements (Pt. IV) advanced probes Ruslan Prozorov 26 February 2014 Physics 590B
2 types of local probes microscopic (site-specific) NMR neutrons Mossbauer stationary Bitter decoration magneto-optics (Kerr and Faraday effects) stationary and scanning Hall probes, micro-squid Magnetic force microscope Confocal NV-centers nanoscope electron microscopy Lorentz microscopy electron holography X-Ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD) Spin Polarized Low Energy Electron Microscopy (SPLEEM) 26 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) NMR spectroscopy is one of the principal techniques used to obtain physical, chemical, electronic and structural information about molecules due to either the chemical shift Zeeman effect, or the Knight shift effect, or a combination of both, on the resonant frequencies of the nuclei present in the sample. It is a powerful technique that can provide detailed information on the topology, dynamics and three-dimensional structure of molecules in solution and the solid state. 326 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
4 Mossbauer spectroscopy Mössbauer spectroscopy (German: Mößbauer) is a spectroscopic technique based on the resonant emission and absorption of gamma rays in solids. This resonant emission and absorption was first observed by Rudolf Mössbauer in 1957 and is called the Mössbauer effect in his honor. Mössbauer spectroscopy is similar to NMR spectroscopy in that it probes nuclear transitions and is thus sensitive to similar electron-nucleus interactions as cause the NMR chemical shift. Furthermore, due to the high energy and extremely narrow line widths of gamma rays, it is one of the most sensitive techniques in terms of energy resolution having the capability of detecting changes of just a few parts per In its most common form, Mössbauer Absorption Spectroscopy, a solid sample is exposed to a beam of gamma radiation, and a detector measures the intensity of the beam transmitted through the sample. The atoms in the source emitting the gamma rays must be of the same isotope as the atoms in the sample absorbing them. In accordance with the Mössbauer effect, a significant fraction (given by the Lamb-Mössbauer factor) of the emitted gamma rays will not lose energy to recoil and thus will have approximately the right energy to be absorbed by the target atoms, the only differences being attributable to the chemical environment of the target, which is what we wish to observe. The gammaray energy of the source is varied through the Doppler effect by accelerating it through a range of velocities with a linear motor. A typical range of velocities for 57Fe may be +/-11 mm/s (1 mm/s = nev). 426 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
5 neutron diffraction a magnetic peaks will reflect doubling of the lattice constant a 526 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
6 spatially-resolving probes 626 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
7 726 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
8 scanning probes 826 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
9 2D electron gas (2DEG) 926 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
10 Hall probe February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
11 scanning Hall probe February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
12 12 26 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
13 magnetic fields in superconductors February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
14 14 26 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
15 Scanning Hall probe images of Vortices, 1997 Scanning Hall probes YBaCuO film, 1000G A. Oral et al. University of Bath Supercond. Sci. Technol. 10, 17 (1997) February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
16 16 26 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
17 17 26 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
18 scanning SQUID February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
19 Scanning SQUID Microscopy of half-integer vortex, 1996 Scanning SQUID Microscopy YBaCuO grown on tricrystal substrate J. R. Kirtley et al. IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 1336 (1996) February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
20 20 26 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
21 Magnetic force microscope February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
22 Magnetic-force microscopy of Vortex Lattice February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
23 magnetic head read/write February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
24 electron microscopy probes February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
25 Lorentz microscopy February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
26 26 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
27 dynamic measurements February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
28 Lorentz microscopy Fe-Pd alloys February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
29 29 26 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
30 electron holography February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
31 31 26 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
32 32 26 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
33 stationary probes February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
34 First image of Vortex lattice, 1967 Bitter Decoration Pb-4at%In rod, 1.1K, 195G U. Essmann and H. Trauble Max-Planck Institute, Stuttgart Physics Letters 24A, 526 (1967) February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
35 Vortex lattice in high-tc superconductor, 1987 Bitter Decoration YBa2Cu3O7 crystal, 4.2K, 52G P. L. Gammel et al. Bell Labs Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2592 (1987) February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
36 36 26 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
37 37 26 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
38 Magneto-optical imaging: Kerr effect Kerr Polar Longitudinal Transverse February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
39 CeAgSb 2 20 m 26 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 39
40 Faraday effect February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
41 magneto-optical imaging: Faraday effect February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
42 Magneto-optics (Faraday effect) P A LIGHT POLARIZATION H=0 M H H February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
43 43 26 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
44 Existing magneto-optical setup P CCD A ~ 2.5 K base temperature ~ 2-10 m spatial resolution ~ 0.5 G field sensitivity EM LHe X-Y stage February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
45 credit card February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
46 46 26 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
47 type-ii superconductors Meissner State Partial Penetration Trapped Flux February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
48 dendrites Magneto-opitcal studies of a c- oriented epitaxial MgB2 film show that below 10 K the global penetration of vortices is dominated by complex dendritic structures abruptly entering the film. Figure shows magneto-optical images of flux penetration (image brightness represents flux density) into the virgin state at 5 K. The respective images were taken at applied fields (perpendicular to the film) of 3.4, 8.5, 17, 60, 21, and 0 mt February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
49 Topological hysteresis in stress-free lead FC - H ZFC + H tubes suggested by L. D. Landau, J. Phys. USSR 7, 99 (1943) February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
50 Similarity to other systems (a) photochemical reaction (irradiation of mercury dithizonate with visible light) (b) intermediate state in Pb (a-b) Turing instability in a disk gel reactor (c-d) intermediate state in pure lead February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
51 Topologies of reversible and irreversible regimes M(1-N) (G) H (Oe) February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV (Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
52 using NV centers for magnetic field mapping Experimental proof of principle. Imaging of magnetosome chains in magnetotactic bacteria with sub micron resolution. Still far below theoretical limits. We propose to use NV centers to study magnetic phenomena in individual nano-objects with superior sensitivity and resolution. Nature 496, 486 (2013) 52
53 building NV-magnetoScope Nitrogen vacancy in diamond: paramagnetic (S=1) defect with strongly localized electronic states m=0 state produces high level of red photoluminescence m= 1 states produce very few red photons. single NV center optical manipulation and readout. The sample is illuminated with green light and red light fluorescence is measured. Microwave excitation is used to initialize spin state. Spin rotates in external field changing population of m=0 state and leading to the change of red light intensity. Hence, we can measure magnetic field by measuring photoluminescence. Theoretical limits: resolve picotesla level magnetic fields in the volume of a single NV center (2x2x2 Å 3 ). From signal level - limited measurements of macroscopic assemblies to resolution of individual nanoparticles. Study magnetic response at the nanoscale with pico Tesla sensitivity. 53
54 nanoscale magnetic phenomena of interest 100 nm microscopic origin of a magnetic hysteresis difference between local moment and itinerant nanoparticles the role of the environment interaction between individual nanoparticles size dependence of fundamental energy scales, such as Curie/Weiss temperature, blocking temperature and Verwey transition temperature limitations of applying thermodynamics to nanoparticles M/M (200 K) nano crystals T V =115 K size effect? imperfections? large single crystal T V =122 K Fundamental questions in nanomagnetism to be studied with individual nano-object measurement tools: NV-magnetoScope Spin - polarized STS Force-fluorescence microscope T 26 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part IV 54(Advanced Probes). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov
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