Smart Ceramics. Preparation, Properties, and Applications. edited by. Ajay Kumar Mishra

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1 Smart Ceramics Preparation, Properties, and Applications edited by Ajay Kumar Mishra

3 Smart Ceramics

5 Smart Ceramics Preparation, Properties, and Applications edited Edited by Ajay Kumar Mishra

6 Published by Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd. Penthouse Level, Suntec Tower 3 8 Temasek Boulevard Singapore editorial@panstanford.com Web: British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Smart Ceramics: Preparation, Properties, and Applications Copyright 2018 Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. Cover image, taken by Lingyan Shi from Adrian Rodriguez-Contreras Lab, shows a trans-cranial image of brain microvessels filled up with Texas red dextran 70 kda and wrapped with Gcamp-6 GFAP astrocytes, using a multiphoton fluorescence microscope. ISBN (Hardcover) ISBN (ebook)

7 Contents Preface xv 1. Recent Trends in Sol-Gel-Based Nanoceramics 1 Pradeep Pratap Singh and Ambika 1.1 Introduction Classification of Ceramic Nanocomposites Sol-Gel Methods and Chemistry Colloidal Sol-Gel Methods Polymer-Assisted Sol-Gel Methods Applications of Sol-Gel in Nanoceramics Nanosized Films and Nanostructured Coatings Nanoceramics as Surfaces for Self-Cleaning Function Nanoceramics in Molecular Separation Membranes Nanoceramics in Abrasives Nanoceramics in Engineering Materials Nanoceramics in Electronics Nanoceramics in Biomaterials Hybrid Nanoceramics in Drug and Protein Delivery Miscellaneous Future Aspects Conclusions Ceramic Materials: General Introduction, Properties, and Fabrication Methods 33 Deepak Pathania, Rishu Katwal, and Pankaj Thakur 2.1 Introduction 34

8 vi Contents 2.2 Ceramics in the Past Classification Synthesis Method of Ceramic Materials The Sol-Gel Method The Electrochemical Method The Combustion Method Coprecipitation The Spray Pyrolysis Method Ceramic Properties Magnetic Properties Thermal Properties Electrical Properties Mechanical Properties Ceramic-Based Nanomaterials for Multifunctional Application 73 Sangeeta Ahikari, Ajay Kumar Mishra, and Debasish Sarkar 3.1 Introduction Opportunities and Future Perspectives Overview of Ceramic-Based Nanomaterials What Makes Ceramic-Based Nanomaterials Persuading? Strategies of Synthesis for Purposeful Use Promising Ceramic-Based Nanomaterials Tungsten Trioxide Zinc Oxide Titanium Dioxide Barium Titanate Zirconium Dioxide Hydroxyapatite Silicon Carbide Conclusions 110

9 Contents vii 4. Fabrication of Porous Nanoceramic Materials Based on Sol-Gel Chemistry 121 Neetu Talreja and Dinesh Kumar 4.1 Background What Are Nanoceramics? Synthesis of Nanoceramic Composites Challenges Involved in Processing Coprecipitation Pyrolysis or Spray Decomposition Solution Combustion The Sol-Gel Method Advantages of sol-gel Disadvantages of sol-gel Chemistry of the Sol-Gel Process Properties of Sol-Gel Ceramics Thermal Resistance Mechanical Properties Some Common Examples of Nanoceramics via the Sol-Gel Process Silica-Based Ceramics Zirconium-Based Ceramics Alumina-Based Ceramics Other Advanced Nanoceramics Composites YAG-/SIC-Based Composites SiC-/TiC-Based Composites SI 3 N 4 /SIC Nanocomposites Applications of Sol-Gel-Derived Ceramics Biomedical Applications Nanoceramics for dental applications Sol-Gel-Derived Ceramic-Carbon Composite Electrodes Sol-Gel-Derived Ceramic Membranes 136

10 viii Contents Nanocomposite Electrodes Nanoceramic Sensors Future Aspects Conclusion Technology of Refractory Materials Based on SHS in Metal Oxide Systems 143 S. M. Fomenko, Е. Е. Dilmuhambetov, and Z. А. Mansurov 5.1 Introduction Macrokinetics of SHS Porous Oxides Influence of Silica Sols on Aluminothermal Combustion of Oxide Systems in an SHS Regime Coagulation of Silica Sol in Heterogeneous Environments The Influence of Silica Sol on SHS in the Al Silicon Oxide System The Influence of Silica Sol on SHS in Al Iron Oxide and Al Chrome Oxide Systems Carbonaceous SHS Refractory Materials Experience in Application of SHS Refractories in Thermal Generating Units Reconstruction of Shaft Furnaces for Limestone Calcining Use of Carbonaceous SHS Materials at Fettle of Melting Induction Furnaces ICT Conclusion Aliovalent Doping of Multiferroic BiFeO 3 Nanoparticles for Enhanced Functionality 187 Bhavya Bhushan and Amiya Priyam 6.1 Introduction Experimental Details Results and Discussions Nature of the Dopant Structural analysis 192

11 Contents ix Thermal analysis UV-Vis absorption and bandgap Hyperfine analysis Magnetization analysis Dielectric analysis Concentration of the Dopant Structural and morphological analysis FTIR and UV-Vis absorption analysis Magnetization analysis Equimolar Codoping Structural and morphological analysis Magnetization analysis Conclusions Ferroelectric Nanoceramic Materials 225 K. Sivasakthi, S.Varun, and S. C. G. Kiruba Daniel 7.1 Introduction Types of Nanoceramic Materials Synthesis of Nanoceramic Materials (Other Than Sol-Gel) Two-Photon Lithography Hydrothermal Synthesis Template Synthesis Sol-Gel-Based Synthesis of Ferroelectric Nanoceramic Materials Different Ferroelectric Ceramics Obtained by Sol-Gel Methods Lead titanate BST synthesis Lead zirconate titanate PMZT (Mn-doped PZT) Lead magnesium niobium titanate 242

12 Contents Strontium titanate ceramics Lithium tantalate and lithium niobate Nanosized alloy-metal oxide composite and ceramics Applications of Ferroelectric Nanoceramics Conclusions Chemistry behind the Performance of Ceramic Membranes and Their Future in Membrane Technology 253 Derrick S. Dlamini, Nomcebo P. Khumalo, Simphiwe Zwane, Ajay K. Mishra, and Bhekie B. Mamba 8.1 Introduction Polymeric versus Ceramic Membranes Polymeric Membranes Ceramic Membranes Surface Modification of Ceramic Membranes Future Prospects of Ceramic Membranes in Water Treatment Conclusions Sol-Gel-Based Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Air and Water Purification 275 Rohit Bhatia, Seema Garg, and Pankaj Attri 9.1 Introduction Aqueous Sol-Gel Chemistry Nonaqueous Sol-Gel Chemistry Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using the Sol-Gel Method for Removing Pollutants from Water and Air Conclusion Ceramic Nanofibers and Their Applications 303 Sanjay R. Dhakate 10.1 Introduction Electrospinning 307

13 Contents xi Monolithic Fibers Composite or Blend Fibers Core-Shell Fibers Electrospinning of Ceramic Nanofibers Ceramic Nanofibers Applications of Ceramic Nanofibers Nanofiber Membranes for Filtration Ceramic Nanofibers for Photovoltaic Cells Conclusion Corrosion-Resistant Ceramic Nanomaterial Systems Derived through Sol-Gel Technology 355 S. C. Mojaki, A. K. Mishra, and S. B. Mishra 11.1 Introduction Corrosion Corrosion Protection Protective Methods Coating protection Inhibition protection Cathodic protection Anodic protection Ceramic Nanomaterials on Corrosion Protection Synthetic Methods of Ceramic Nanomaterials Sol-Gel Technique Mechanism of Sol-Gel-Derived Ceramic Coatings Characterizations Conclusion TiO 2 Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Applications 381 Nityananda Agasti 12.1 Introduction Preparation of TiO 2 Nanomaterials The Hydrothermal Method 384

14 xii Contents The Solvothermal Method The Sol-Gel Method Template-Assisted Synthesis Chemical Vapor Deposition Preparation of TiO 2 Nanostructures Preparation of TiO 2 Nanostructures of Various Shapes/Morphologies Preparation of TiO 2 Nanostructures of Different Crystal Facets Photocatalytic Application of TiO 2 Nanomaterials Mechanism of Photocatalysis in TiO Photocatalytic Applications Photocatalytic water splitting and hydrogen production Photocatalytic oxidation of alcohols Photocatalytic reduction of CO Photocatalytic degradation of pollutants Sol-Gel-Fabricated Bioceramics for Clinical Application 413 Neetu Talreja and Dinesh Kumar 13.1 What Are Bioceramics? Classification of Bioceramics Inert Bioceramics Porous Bioceramics Disadvantages of porosity Bioactive Ceramics Resorbable Bioceramics Sol-Gel Process for Bioceramics Steps Involved in the Sol-Gel Process Agitation Casting Gelation 419

15 Contents xiii Syneresis Drying Densification Biocompatibility of Ceramics Biomedical Application Biosensors Tissue Engineering or Scaffolds Dental Applications Orthopedics Cardiovascular Applications Wound Dressing Ceramics for the Drug Delivery System Bioceramics as a Carrier for Viral Antigen Conclusions and Future Perspectives Sol-Gel-Based Bioceramics: From Materials to Medicine 431 Bharti Arora, Ji Hoon Park, Eun Ha Choi, and Pankaj Attri 14.1 Introduction Bioceramics Sol-Gel Methodology and Applications Biomedical Applications of Sol-Gel Bioceramics Bioactive Sol-Gel Coatings and Implants Bioactive Sol-Gel Glasses Encapsulation within Sol-Gel Matrices Conclusion 443 Index 449

17 Preface The term smart ceramic materials refers to ceramic materials fabricated from ultrafine particles. These materials have attracted the interest of researchers and scientists because of their potential to manipulate the length scale in the nanorange, leading to better and some unusual material properties. Smart ceramics have been synthesized to ensure control of particle size, surface contamination, and degree of agglomeration. The sol-gel route has been mainly utilized for the synthesis of smart ceramics because of its ability to produce a large variety of compositions and ensure homogeneous mixing of the constituent particles at low temperature. Recent advances in nanotechnology have paved the way for the development of new smart materials. Sol-gel bioceramics play an important role in the biomedical field because of their superior biological and mechanical properties. Because of their unique physical and chemical properties, various metal oxide nanoparticles have emerged as the materials of choice in the removal of various types of pollutants from air and water. Porous nanostructured ceramics are an attractive class of materials that have found potential in various applications, ranging from simple to complexones, such as bioimaging, sensors, paints pigments, optics, and electronics, because of their surface- and size-dependent properties. Smart ceramics play a crucial role in industrial applications, particularly in the field of bone surgery, for example, the development of bone substitutes for loadbearing bone parts. This represents one of the most challenging applications, especially due to the difficulty of expressing high bioactivity and bone-like mechanical properties. Smart ceramic materials have also attracted researchers from the area of biomedical science, especially in tissue engineering, dental applications, and drug and antigen delivery using modified ceramics. This book describes innovation in technologies through the development of functionalized ceramic materials from the

18 xvi Preface perspective of energy, environment, and healthcare applications. It describes recent and expected challenges, along with potential solutions, in advanced techniques for the synthesis and characterization of nanostructured ceramics and their composites: bioceramics, bioactive ceramics, multifunctional nanoceramics, transparent ceramics, nanocoreshells, nanowires, thin films, nanotubes, and nanorods. The applications include environmental applications, healthcare applications, electrochemical sensors, high-temperature superconductors, fuel in nuclear reactors, electrical insulators, refractory material, electrical transformers, and magnetic core memory. The book will be more beneficial to researchers, scientists, engineers, and technologists working in industry, national/ international research laboratories and academia with interest in traditional and advanced smart ceramic composites. Researchers registered for their postgraduate/graduate/undergraduate degrees in the areas of smart ceramics, nanomaterials, nanoscience, and engineering will also be highly benefitted. Ajay Kumar Mishra University of South Africa, South Africa 2017

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