Advances in Synthesis, Processing, and Applications of Nanostructures

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1 Advances in Synthesis, Processing, and Applications of Nanostructures

2 Advances in Synthesis, Processing, and Applications of Nanostructures Ceramic Transactions, Volume 238 Edited by Kathy Lu Navin Jose Manjooran Ri-ichi Murakami Gary Pickrell The American CerarricM Society J WILEY A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication

3 Copyright 2012 by The American Ceramic Society. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) , fax (978) , or on the web at Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Ill River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) , fax (201) , or online at Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) , outside the United States at (317) or fax (317) Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available. ISBN: ISSN: Printed in the United States of America

4 Contents Preface vii CONTROLLED SYNTHESIS, PROCESSING AND APPLICATIONS OF STRUCTURAL AND FUNTIONAL NANOMATERIALS Effect of Annealing and Transition Metal Doping on Structural, 3 Optical and Magnetic Properties of ZnO Nanomaterial Navendu Goswami Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of Graphene Encapsulated 17 Palladium Nanoparticles Junchi Wu and Nitin Chopra Well Adhered, Nanocrystalline, Photoactive, Ti0 2, Thin Films 31 Dip-Coated On Corona-Treated Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) by Modified Sol-Gel Processing at ~95 C and Drying at ~130 C H.C. Pham, D.A.H. Hanaor, Ü.M. Cox, and C.C. Sorrell Large-Scale Synthesis of MoS 2 -Polymer Derived SiCN Composite 45 Nanosheets R. Bhandavat, L. David, U. Barrera, and G. Singh Synthesis of Ti0 2 /Sn0 2 Bifunctional Nanocomposites 53 Huaming Yang and Chengli Huo Fabrication of Porous Mullite by Freeze Casting and Sintering of 57 Alumina-Silica Nanoparticles Wenle Li, Margaret Anderson, Kathy Lu, and John Y. Walz v

5 Low Temperature Sintering of a Gadolinium-Doped Ceria for Solid 65 Oxide Fuel Cells Pasquale F. Lavorato, and Leon L. Shaw NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR ENERGY, HEALTHCARE, AND INDUSTRY Current Status and Prospects of Nanotechnology in Arab States 79 Bassam Alfeeli, Ghada Al-Naqi, and Abeer Al-Qattan Finite Element Modeling for Mode Reduction in Bundled Sapphire 93 Photonic Crystal Fibers Neal T. Pfeiffenberger and Gary R. Pickrell p-type Silicon Optical Fiber 103 Brian Scott, Ke Wang, Adam Floyd, and Gary Pickrell Synthesis and Characterization of Cobalt Aluminate and Fe Nanocomposite Electrode for Solar Driven Water Splitting to Produce Hydrogen Sudhakar Shet, Kwang-Soon Ahn, Yanfa Yan, Heli Wang, Nuggehalli Ravindra, John Turner, and Mowafak Al-Jassim Influence of Substrate Temperature and RF Power on the Formation 115 of ZnO Nanorods for Solar Driven Hydrogen Production Sudhakar Shet, Heli Wang, Yanfa Yan, Nuggehalli Ravindra, John Turner, and Mowafak Al-Jassim Porous Material Fabrication using Ice Particles as a Pore Forming 121 Agent Samantha Smith and Gary Pickrell Random-Hole Optical Fiber Sensors and Their Sensing Applications 129 Ke Wang, Brian Scott, Neal Pfeiffenberger, and Gary Pickrell Wetting Properties of Silicon Incorporated DLC Films on Aluminum 135 Substrate Tae Gyu Kim, Van Cao Nguyen, Hye Sung Kim, Soon-Jik Hong, and Ri-ichi Murakami Nanoporous Ag Prepared by Electrochemical Dealloying of 141 Melt-Spun Cu-Ag-Si Alloys Guijing Li, FeiFei Lu, Linping Zhang, Zhanbo Sun, Xiaoping Song, Bingjun Ding, and Zhimao Yang Effect of Film Thickness on Electrical and Optical Properties of 149 ZnO/Ag Dual Layer Film Hiromi Yabe, Eri Akita, Pangpang Wang, Daisuke Yonekura, Ri-ichi Murakami, and Xiaoping Song Author Index 157 vi Advances in Synthesis, Processing, and Applications of Nanostructures

6 Preface There have been extraordinary developments in nanomaterials in the past two decades. Nanomaterial processing is one of the key components for this success. This volume is a collection of the papers presented at three nanotechnology related symposia held during the Materials Science and Technology 2011 conference (MS&T'll), October 16-20, 2011 in Columbus, Ohio. These symposia included Controlled Processing of Nanoparticle-based Materials and Nanostructured Films; Nanotechnology for Energy, Healthcare, and Industry; and Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Noble Metal Nanostructures. Nanoparticle-based materials and nanostructured films hold great promise to enable a broad range of new applications. This includes high energy conversion efficiency fuel cells, smart materials, high performance sensors, and structural materials under extreme environments. However, many barriers still exist in understanding and controlling the processing of nanoparticle-based materials and nanostructured films. In particular, agglomeration must be controlled in powder synthesis and processing to enable the fabrication of homogeneous green or composite microstructures, and microstructure evolution must be controlled to preserve the size and properties of the nanostructures in the finished materials. Also, novel nanostructure designs are highly needed at all stages of bulk and thin film nanomaterial formation process to enable unique performances, low cost, and green engineering. This volume focuses on three general topics, 1) Processing to preserve and improve nanoscale size, structure, and properties, 2) Novel design and understanding of new nanomaterials, such as new synthesis approaches, templating, and 3D assembly technologies, and 3) Applications of nanoparticle assemblies and composites and thin films. We would like to thank all symposium participants and session chairs for contributing to these high-quality and well attended symposia. Special thanks also go out to the reviewers who devoted time reviewing the papers included in this volvii

7 ume. The continuous support from The American Ceramic Society is also gratefully acknowledged. This volume reflects the quality, the scope, and the quality of the presentations given and the science described during the conference. KATHY LU NAVIN JOSE MANJOORAN RI-ICHI MURAKAMI GARY PICKRELL viii Advances in Synthesis, Processing, and Applications of Nanostructures

BASICS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA

BASICS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA BASICS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA BRIAN M. TISSUE Virginia Tech Department of Chemistry Blacksburg, VA Cover Design: Wiley Cover