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1 Kuntarti
2 Principles of Bioenergetics Definitions the study of energy transformations in living organism (Albert L Lehninger) the study of the balance between energy intake in the form of food and energy utilization by living organism for life-sustaining processes (Joe M Fox) the study of energy changes accompanying biochemical reactions (Peter A Mayes)
3 1. Unidirectional Flow of Energy Through The Biosphere Key event: photosynthesis the capture of the sun s energy & its transduction into chemical energy 2 phase: an oxidation reduction reaction 1) water is oxidized; light energy chemical energy (ATP & NADPH) water is the primary reductant (electron donor) 2) the synthesis of a reduced product of CO 2 CO 2 is electron acceptor
4 The carbon-oxygen Cycle
5 2. Free Energy is the Useful Energy in System The 1 st law thermodynamics = the law conservation of energy the total energy of a system, including its surroundings, remains constant within in the system, energy may be transferred or transformed from one part to another or into another form of energy The 2 nd law thermodynamics the total entropy of a system must increase if a process is to occur spontaneously
6 The 2 nd Law thermodynamics Entropy represents the extent of disorders or randomness of the systems; the entropy will continue to increase until equilibrium is reached. G = H - T S G (free energy change); H (enthalpy/ heat) T (absolute temperature); S (change in entropy) If G is negative loss of free energy exergonic If G is positive free energy can be gained endergonic If G is great the system is stable If G is zero the system is at equilibrium
7 3. Transfer of Free Energy in Consecutive Reactions Coupled by a Common Intermediate Endergonic processes (gain of free energy) proceed by coupling to exergonic processes (loss of free energy)
8 The transfer of energy through a common intermediate of sequential is the hallmark of metabolic process in biologic systems. The common intermediate: organophosphate derivates Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Phosphoeneolpiruvate + D-glukose pyruvate + glocose-6-phosphate 1. Phosphoeneolpiruvate + ADP ATP + pyruvate 2. ATP + glucose glucose-6-phosphate + ADP 1. ATP ADP + phosphate ((hydrolisis) with large & (-) G/ exergonic) 2. Glucose + phosphate glucose-6-phosphate;( with (+) G/ endergonic) Net: ATP + glucose ADP + glucose-6-phosphate; with a large & (-) G
9 4. High-Energy Phosphates play a Central Role in Energy Capture & Transfer Lipmann the concept role of the high-energy phosphates & the high-energy phosphate bond in bioenergetics Low-energy phosphates the ester phosphates has G < G ATP ADP, pyrophosphate, glucose-1-phosphate, fructrose-6-phosphate, AMP, glucose-6-phosphate, glycerol-3-phospate High-energy phosphates has G > G ATP phosphoenolpyruvate, carbamoyl phosphate, 1,3- diphosphoglycerate, creatine phosphate, coenzyme- A (acetyl-coa), etc
10 5. High-energy phosphates act as the Energy Currency of the cell An ATP/ADP cycle generate ~(P) Three major sources of ~(P) 1. Oxidative phosphorylation is the greatest quantitative source of ~(P) in aerobic organism the free energy comes from respiratory chain oxidation within mitochondria 2. Glycolysis 3. The Citric acid cycle Phosphagens: storage of high-energy phosphate creatine phosphate in vertebrate skeletal muscle, heart, spermatozoa & brain arginine phosphate in invertebrate muscle
11 References: 1. Frisell, W.R Human Biochemistry. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co, Inc. 2. Murray, R.K., Granner, D.K., Mayes, P.A., & Rodwell, V.W Harper s Biochemistry. 24 th edition. London: Prentice-Hall International, Inc.
Bioenergetics, or biochemical thermodynamics, is the study of the energy changes accompanying biochemical reactions. Biologic systems are essentially
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