Principles of Bioenergetics. Lehninger 3 rd ed. Chapter 14
|
|
- Cornelius Randall
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 1 Principles of Bioenergetics Lehninger 3 rd ed. Chapter 14
2 2 Metabolism A highly coordinated cellular activity aimed at achieving the following goals: Obtain chemical energy. Convert nutrient molecules into the cell s own characteristic molecules. Degrade biomolecules.
3 Carbon Flow 3
4 Nitrogen Flow 4
5 Catabolism & Anabolism 5
6 Divergence & Convergence 6
7 7 Synthesis versus Degradation Most cells posses the enzymes to both synthesize and degrade a particular molecule. Is this not wasteful? No, since the cell: Regulates each process. Segregates their location.
8 Antoine Lavoisier 8 respiration is nothing but a slow combustion of carbon and hydrogen (A.L. Lavoisier )
9 9 Bioenergetics The quantitative study of cellular energy transductions and the chemical reactions underlying these transductions. Obviously, biological energy transductions obey the laws of Thermodynamics. ΔG = ΔH TΔS
10 10 ΔG = ΔH TΔS G: Gibbs free energy at constant temperature and pressure; Units are Joule per mole. H: Enthalpy; Units are Joule per mole. Τ: Temperature; Units in Kelvins. S: Entropy; Units are Joule per mole times temperature in Kelvins.
11 11 ΔG: Free Energy at constant temperature and pressure (Joules per mole) If ΔG < 0 then the reaction will be spontaneous. The value of ΔG is directly related to the equilibrium constant ΔG 0 = RT lnk eq Actual free energy depends on the reactant and product concentrations: aa + bb cc + dd ΔG = ΔG 0 + RT ln [C]c [D] d [A] a [B] b
12 Free energies are additive, thus a 12 favorable reaction (ΔG 1 < 0) can drive an unfavorable reaction (ΔG 2 > 0), when ΔG 1 + ΔG 2 <0
13 13 S: entropy According to Boltzmann: S = k ln W where W is the number of states in the system. Thus any reaction such as aa + bb cc + dd in which a+b < c+d, can be said to be driven by entropy.
14 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O 14
15 15 Phosphoryl groups and ATP ATP: Adenosine triphosphate, a ribonucleotide, is the energy currency of the cell.
16 16
17 17 Why is the hydrolysis of ATP Relieves electrostatic repulsion between the negatively charges phosphates. Inorganic phosphate can be stabilized by resonance hybrid. ADP 2- can ionize. highly exergonic? The products are better solvated than the reactants.
18 ATP 4 + H 2 O ADP 3 + Pi 2 + H + 18 Under standard conditions: ΔG '0 = 30.5kJ /mol But in the cell the phosphorylation potential ΔGp is: ΔGp = ΔG '0 + RT ln [ADP][P i ] [ATP] = 51.8kJ /mol
19 19
20 High Energy Phosphorylated Compounds 20
21 21
22 Thioesters hydrolysis is also highly exergonic 22
23 23 Making use of ATP Since the ATP hydrolysis is very favorable (i.e. ΔG << 0) it can drive unfavorable reactions, but how? It does so not by harnessing the energy of hydrolysis, but rather through the coupling of group transfer.
24 24
25 25
26 26 Biological Oxidation-Reduction The flow of electrons can do work. Electrons flow from a reducing agent to an oxidizing agent due to their different electron affinities. This difference in affinities is called the electromotive force (emf). The reducing agent undergoes oxidation and the oxidized undergoes reduction.
27 27 Redox reactions can be described as Half-reactions: Fe 2+ + Cu 2+ Fe 3+ + Cu + (1) Fe 2+ Fe 3+ + e - (2) Cu 2+ + e - Cu +
28 28 Redox reactions in bio-chemicals R C O H + R C O 4OH - + 2Cu 2+ + Cu OH 2 O + 2H 2 O R C O H + R C O 2OH - + OH 2e - + H 2 O + + 2Cu 2+ 2e - 2OH - Cu 2 O H 2 O +
29 Electronegativity series: O > N > S > C > H 29
30 30 Dehydrogenation = oxidation Carbon is less electronegative than all atoms it is bound to, except hydrogen. Thus all atoms that bind to carbon oxidize it except hydrogen. Thus removing a hydrogen and replacing that bond with any other atom (including carbon) is synonymous with oxidation.
31 31 Electron transfer modes Directly as electrons: Fe 2+ + Cu 2+ Fe 3+ + Cu + As hydrogen atoms: AH 2 A + 2e - + H + As a hydride ion (H - ): AH 2 + B + A + BH + H + Direct combination with oxygen: R-CH / 2 O 2 R-CH 2 -OH
32 32
33 33 Reduction potentials = e - affinity E = E 0 + RT ni = E V ln[electron acceptor] [electron donor] n ln [electron acceptor] [electron donor] ΔG = niδe, or ΔG '0 = niδe '0 I = 96,480 J/V mol R = J/mol K
34 34 Glucose oxidation is highly exergonic The complete oxidation of glucose is our major source of energy. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O The process involves many steps each catalyzed by a specific enzyme. ΔG 0 = -2,840 kj/mol
35 NAD +, NADP +, FAD & FMN: 35 universal electron carriers NAD + (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP + (phosphorylated form of NAD + ) are reversal redox cofactors in which. In their capacity as reducing agents, the substrate undergoes a double dehydrogenation (oxidation) and NAD + (or NADP + ) accepts a hydride ion (H - ), with a release of a H + to the environment. NAD + + 2e - + 2H + NADH + H + CH 3 CH 2 OH + NAD + Ethanol CH 3 CHO + NADH + H + Acetaldehyde
36 36 Nicotinic acid Nicotine COOH N N N CH 3
37 37 FMN, FAD and flavoproteins Flavoproteins are enzymes that use FMN or FAD cofactors in redox reactions. The cofactor is derived from riboflavin (vitamin B 2 ). FAD and FMN can accept either 1 or 2 hydrogens, thereby accepting 1 or 2 electrons, and are therefore more versatile than NAD + or NADP +. The fully reduced forms are written as FADH 2 and FMNH 2
38 38 Riboflavin (B 2 ) O H 3 C N NH H 3 C N N O HO HO HO CH 2 CH CH CH CH 2 OH
39 39
40 40
BIOCHEMISTRY. František Vácha. JKU, Linz.
BIOCHEMISTRY František Vácha http://www.prf.jcu.cz/~vacha/ JKU, Linz Recommended reading: D.L. Nelson, M.M. Cox Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry D.J. Voet, J.G. Voet, C.W. Pratt Principles of Biochemistry
More informationPhotosynthetic autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to convert low-g CO 2 and H 2 O into energy-rich complex sugar molecules.
Chapters 7 & 10 Bioenergetics To live, organisms must obtain energy from their environment and use it to do the work of building and organizing cell components such as proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids,
More informationDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Lethbridge. Biochemistry II. Bioenergetics
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Lethbridge II. Bioenergetics Slide 1 Bioenergetics Bioenergetics is the quantitative study of energy relationships and energy conversion in biological
More informationThe products have more enthalpy and are more ordered than the reactants.
hapters 7 & 10 Bioenergetics To live, organisms must obtain energy from their environment and use it to do the work of building and organizing cell components such as proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids,
More informationLecture 7: Enzymes and Energetics
Lecture 7: Enzymes and Energetics I. Biological Background A. Biological work requires energy 1. Energy is the capacity to do work a. Energy is expressed in units of work (kilojoules) or heat energy (kilocalories)
More informationChapter 13 Principles of Bioenergetics
Chapter 13 Principles of Bioenergetics 1. Cells need energy to do all their work To generate and maintain its highly ordered structure (biosynthesis of macromolecules) To generate all kinds of movement
More informationBasic Concepts of Metabolism. Stages of Catabolism. Key intermediates 10/12/2015. Chapter 15, Stryer Short Course
Basic Concepts of Metabolism Chapter 15, Stryer Short Course Digestion Formation of key intermediate small molecules Formation of ATP Stages of Catabolism Key intermediates 1 Fundamental Needs for Energy
More informationCHAPTER 15 Metabolism: Basic Concepts and Design
CHAPTER 15 Metabolism: Basic Concepts and Design Chapter 15 An overview of Metabolism Metabolism is the sum of cellular reactions - Metabolism the entire network of chemical reactions carried out by living
More informationOverview of Metabolism and Bioenergetics!
verview of Metabolism and Bioenergetics! Wichit Suthammarak Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital -- July 30 th, 2014! Metabolism Chemical transformation! Cell or organism! A
More informationPathways that Harvest and Store Chemical Energy
6 Pathways that Harvest and Store Chemical Energy Energy is stored in chemical bonds and can be released and transformed by metabolic pathways. Chemical energy available to do work is termed free energy
More information2054, Chap. 8, page 1
2054, Chap. 8, page 1 I. Metabolism: Energetics, Enzymes, and Regulation (Chapter 8) A. Energetics and work 1. overview a. energy = ability to do work (1) chemical, transport, mechanical (2) ultimate source
More informationBIOLOGICAL SCIENCE. Lecture Presentation by Cindy S. Malone, PhD, California State University Northridge. FIFTH EDITION Freeman Quillin Allison
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE FIFTH EDITION Freeman Quillin Allison 8 Lecture Presentation by Cindy S. Malone, PhD, California State University Northridge Roadmap 8 In this chapter you will learn how Enzymes use
More informationOutline. Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes. Forms of Energy. Chapter 6
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes Chapter 6 Forms of Energy Outline Laws of Thermodynamics Metabolic Reactions ATP Metabolic Pathways Energy of Activation Enzymes Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration 1 2 Forms
More information(kilo ) or heat energy (kilo ) C. Organisms carry out conversions between potential energy and kinetic energy 1. Potential energy is energy;
I. Biological work requires energy A. Energy is the to do work B. Energy is expressed in units of work (kilo ) or heat energy (kilo ) C. Organisms carry out conversions between potential energy and kinetic
More informationActivity: Identifying forms of energy
Activity: Identifying forms of energy INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM Metabolism Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism Metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with
More information3.1 Metabolism and Energy
3.1 Metabolism and Energy Metabolism All of the chemical reactions in a cell To transform matter and energy Step-by-step sequences metabolic pathways Metabolic Pathways Anabolic reactions Build large molecules
More informationI. Flow of Energy in Living Things II. Laws of Thermodynamics & Free Energy III. Activation Energy IV. Enzymes V. Reaction Coupling VI.
Chapter 6 Energy & Metabolism I. Flow of Energy in Living Things II. Laws of Thermodynamics & Free Energy III. Activation Energy IV. Enzymes V. Reaction Coupling VI. Metabolism I. Flow of Energy in Living
More informationThis is an example of cellular respiration, which can be used to make beer and wine using different metabolic pathways For these reasons we call this
Chapter 6 Carvings from ancient Egypt show barley being crushed and mixed with water (left) and then put into closed vessels (centre) where airless conditions are suitable for the production of alcohol
More informationChemistry 5.07SC Biological Chemistry I Fall Semester, 2013
Chemistry 5.07SC Biological Chemistry I Fall Semester, 2013 Lecture 10. Biochemical Transformations II. Phosphoryl transfer and the kinetics and thermodynamics of energy currency in the cell: ATP and GTP.
More informationLecture Series 9 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy
Lecture Series 9 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy Reading Assignments Review Chapter 3 Energy, Catalysis, & Biosynthesis Read Chapter 13 How Cells obtain Energy from Food Read Chapter 14
More informationBiology Reading Assignments:
Biology 205 5.13.08 Reading Assignments: Chapter 3 Energy, Catalysis and Biosynthesis pgs. 83-94; 106-116 (Note the various roles of nucleotide based carrier molecules); work questions 3-2 and 3-3 Chapter
More informationWelcome to Class 8! Introductory Biochemistry! Announcements / Reminders! Midterm TA led Review Sessions!
Announcements / Reminders Midterm TA led Review Sessions Welcome to Class 8 Sunday, February 23 from 8-10pm Location: Science Center Main Room (315) Office Hours Prof Salomon: SFH 270 on Thursday Feb 20,
More informationFree Energy. because H is negative doesn't mean that G will be negative and just because S is positive doesn't mean that G will be negative.
Biochemistry 462a Bioenergetics Reading - Lehninger Principles, Chapter 14, pp. 485-512 Practice problems - Chapter 14: 2-8, 10, 12, 13; Physical Chemistry extra problems, free energy problems Free Energy
More informationSection A: The Principles of Energy Harvest
CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION: HARVESTING CHEMICAL ENERGY Section A: The Principles of Energy Harvest 1. Cellular respiration and fermentation are catabolic, energy-yielding pathways 2. Cells recycle
More informationEnergy Transformation. Metabolism = total chemical reactions in cells.
Energy Transformation Metabolism = total chemical reactions in cells. metabole = change Metabolism is concerned with managing the material and energy resources of the cell -Catabolism -Anabolism -Catabolism
More informationBiology Reading Assignment: Chapter 9 in textbook
Biology 205 5.10.06 Reading Assignment: Chapter 9 in textbook HTTP://WUNMR.WUSTL.EDU/EDUDEV/LABTUTORIALS/CYTOCHROMES/CYTOCHROMES.HTML What does a cell need to do? propagate itself (and its genetic program)
More informationBioenergetics, or biochemical thermodynamics, is the study of the energy changes accompanying biochemical reactions. Biologic systems are essentially
Bioenergetics Bioenergetics, or biochemical thermodynamics, is the study of the energy changes accompanying biochemical reactions. Biologic systems are essentially isothermic and use chemical energy to
More informationChapter 8 Notes. An Introduction to Metabolism
Chapter 8 Notes An Introduction to Metabolism Describe how allosteric regulators may inhibit or stimulate the activity of an enzyme. Objectives Distinguish between the following pairs of terms: catabolic
More informationChapter 8: Energy and Metabolism
Chapter 8: Energy and Metabolism Why do organisms need energy? How do organisms manage their energy needs? Defining terms and issues: energy and thermodynamics metabolic reactions and energy transfers
More informationCellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy. 9.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy 9.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels 9.2 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate 9.3 The citric acid
More informationEnergy and Cells. Appendix 1. The two primary energy transformations in plants are photosynthesis and respiration.
Energy and Cells Appendix 1 Energy transformations play a key role in all physical and chemical processes that occur in plants. Energy by itself is insufficient to drive plant growth and development. Enzymes
More informationChapter 6: Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell
Chapter 6: Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell What is Energy? Answer: The capacity to do work Types of Energy: 1) Potential Energy = Stored energy Positional (stored in location of object) Chemical (stored
More informationI. Enzymes as Catalysts Chapter 4
8/29/11 I. Enzymes as Catalysts Chapter 4 Enzymes and Energy Lecture PowerPoint Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Enzymes Activation Energy A class
More informationLecture 2: Biological Thermodynamics [PDF] Key Concepts
Lecture 2: Biological Thermodynamics [PDF] Reading: Berg, Tymoczko & Stryer: pp. 11-14; pp. 208-210 problems in textbook: chapter 1, pp. 23-24, #4; and thermodynamics practice problems [PDF] Updated on:
More informationLecture 20. Chemical Potential
Lecture 20 Chemical Potential Reading: Lecture 20, today: Chapter 10, sections A and B Lecture 21, Wednesday: Chapter 10: 10 17 end 3/21/16 1 Pop Question 7 Boltzmann Distribution Two systems with lowest
More informationFlow of Energy. Flow of Energy. Energy and Metabolism. Chapter 6
Energy and Metabolism Chapter 6 Flow of Energy Energy: the capacity to do work -kinetic energy: the energy of motion -potential energy: stored energy Energy can take many forms: mechanical electric current
More information10/26/2010. An Example of a Polar Reaction: Addition of H 2 O to Ethylene. to Ethylene
6.5 An Example of a Polar Reaction: Addition of H 2 O to Ethylene Addition of water to ethylene Typical polar process Acid catalyzed addition reaction (Electophilic addition reaction) Polar Reaction All
More informationBiochemical Pathways
Biochemical Pathways Living organisms can be divided into two large groups according to the chemical form in which they obtain carbon from the environment. Autotrophs can use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
More informationMetabolism and Enzymes
Energy Basics Metabolism and Enzymes Chapter 5 Pgs. 77 86 Chapter 8 Pgs. 142 162 Energy is the capacity to cause change, and is required to do work. Very difficult to define quantity. Two types of energy:
More informationChapter 6- An Introduction to Metabolism*
Chapter 6- An Introduction to Metabolism* *Lecture notes are to be used as a study guide only and do not represent the comprehensive information you will need to know for the exams. The Energy of Life
More informationObjectives INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM. Metabolism. Catabolic Pathways. Anabolic Pathways 3/6/2011. How to Read a Chemical Equation
Objectives INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM. Chapter 8 Metabolism, Energy, and Life Explain the role of catabolic and anabolic pathways in cell metabolism Distinguish between kinetic and potential energy Distinguish
More informationHow Cells Work. Learning Objectives
How Cells Work Chapter 5 Learning Objectives 1. Physics tells us that in any energy transformation: a) energy is neither created nor destroyed, and b) there is always some energy lost in an unusable form
More informationAn Introduction to Metabolism
Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism Dr. Wendy Sera Houston Community College Biology 1406 Key Concepts in Chapter 8 1. An organism s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of
More informationAn Introduction to Metabolism
Chapter 8 1 An Introduction to Metabolism PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from
More informationOverview of Metabolism and Bioenergetics
verview of Metabolism and Bioenergetics The Space Needle! Mount Rainier! Seattle, Washington, USA! July, 2009! Wichit Suthammarak, MD, hd Department of Biochemistry Metabolism hemical transformation ell
More informationChapter 8 Metabolism: Energy, Enzymes, and Regulation
Chapter 8 Metabolism: Energy, Enzymes, and Regulation Energy: Capacity to do work or cause a particular change. Thus, all physical and chemical processes are the result of the application or movement of
More informationChapter 6: Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell
Chapter 6: Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell What is Energy? Answer: The Capacity to do Work Types of Energy: 1) Kinetic Energy = Energy of movement Light (movement of photons) Heat (movement of particles)
More informationChapter 6. Ground Rules Of Metabolism
Chapter 6 Ground Rules Of Metabolism Alcohol Dehydrogenase An enzyme Breaks down ethanol and other toxic alcohols Allows humans to drink Metabolism Is the totality of an organism s chemical reactions Arises
More informationLecture 21 - Introduction to Metabolism: Bioenergetics
Lecture 21 - Introduction to Metabolism: Bioenergetics Key Concepts Energy conversion in biological systems Metabolic redox reactions Review of thermodynamic principles and coupled reactions The adenylate
More information9/25/2011. Outline. Overview: The Energy of Life. I. Forms of Energy II. Laws of Thermodynamics III. Energy and metabolism IV. ATP V.
Chapter 8 Introduction to Metabolism Outline I. Forms of Energy II. Laws of Thermodynamics III. Energy and metabolism IV. ATP V. Enzymes Overview: The Energy of Life Figure 8.1 The living cell is a miniature
More informationAn Introduction to Metabolism
An Introduction to Metabolism I. All of an organism=s chemical reactions taken together is called metabolism. A. Metabolic pathways begin with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of
More informationEnergy in Chemical and Biochemical Reactions
Energy in Chemical and Biochemical Reactions Reaction Progress Diagram for Exothermic Reaction Reactants activated complex Products ENERGY A + B Reactants E a C + D Products Δ rxn Reaction coordinate The
More informationChapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism
Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Key Concepts 8.1 An organism s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics 8.2 The free-energy change of a reaction tells us
More informationAn Introduction to Metabolism
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism
More informationCHAPTER 8. An Introduction to Metabolism
CHAPTER 8 An Introduction to Metabolism WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW: Examples of endergonic and exergonic reactions. The key role of ATP in energy coupling. That enzymes work by lowering the energy of activation.
More informationChapter 15 part 2. Biochemistry I Introduction to Metabolism Bioenergetics: Thermodynamics in Biochemistry. ATP 4- + H 2 O ADP 3- + P i + H +
Biochemistry I Introduction to Metabolism Bioenergetics: Thermodynamics in Biochemistry ATP 4- + 2 ADP 3- + P i 2- + + Chapter 15 part 2 Dr. Ray 1 Energy flow in biological systems: Energy Transformations
More information1. Metabolism is the total of all the chemical processes that occur in an organism.
ENERGY AND METABOLISM A. ENERGY 1. Metabolism is the total of all the chemical processes that occur in an organism. a. Catabolism is the process of converting complex to simple or simpler molecules with
More informationCellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Lecture 13 9/30/05 I. General Principles Cellular Respiration: arvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9 Lecture utline 1. Regulation of Enzymes: competitive, allosteric, phosphorylation 2. Equilibrium 3. Digestion
More informationBiochemical bases for energy transformations. Biochemical bases for energy transformations. Nutrition 202 Animal Energetics R. D.
Biochemical bases for energy transformations Biochemical bases for energy transformations Nutrition 202 Animal Energetics R. D. Sainz Lecture 02 Energy originally from radiant sun energy Captured in chemical
More informationMetabolism, Energy and Life - 1
Metabolism, Energy and Life - 1 Thousands of chemical reactions occur in our cells and tissues to keep us alive (and hopefully healthy). Monomers are assembled into the macromolecules we need for cell
More informationAn Introduction to Metabolism
An Introduction to Metabolism The living cell is a microscopic factory where life s giant processes can be performed: -sugars to amino acids to proteins and vise versa -reactions to dismantle polymers
More informationBiological Chemistry and Metabolic Pathways
Biological Chemistry and Metabolic Pathways 1. Reaction a. Thermodynamics b. Kinetics 2. Enzyme a. Structure and Function b. Regulation of Activity c. Kinetics d. Inhibition 3. Metabolic Pathways a. REDOX
More informationMETABOLISM CHAPTER 04 BIO 211: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I. Dr. Lawrence G. Altman Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill.
BIO 211: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I CHAPTER 04 1 Please wait 20 seconds before starting slide show. Mouse click or Arrow keys to navigate. Hit ESCAPE Key to exit. CELLULAR METABOLISM Dr. Lawrence G. Altman
More informationCELL METABOLISM OVERVIEW Keep the big picture in mind as we discuss the particulars!
BIO 211: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I CHAPTER 04 CELLULAR METABOLISM 1 Please wait 20 seconds before starting slide show. Mouse click or Arrow keys to navigate. Hit ESCAPE Key to exit. Dr. Lawrence G. Altman
More informationEnzyme Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of
Enzyme Enzyme Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates and the enzyme
More informationMetabolism. Fermentation vs. Respiration. End products of fermentations are waste products and not fully.
Outline: Metabolism Part I: Fermentations Part II: Respiration Part III: Metabolic Diversity Learning objectives are: Learn about respiratory metabolism, ATP generation by respiration linked (oxidative)
More informationBIOLOGY 10/11/2014. An Introduction to Metabolism. Outline. Overview: The Energy of Life
8 An Introduction to Metabolism CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Outline I. Forms of Energy II. Laws of Thermodynamics III. Energy and metabolism IV. ATP V. Enzymes
More informationC. Incorrect! Catalysts themselves are not altered or consumed during the reaction.
Human Physiology - Problem Drill 04: Enzymes and Energy Question No. 1 of 10 Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as needed, (3) Pick the answer,
More informationMetabolism and Energy. Mrs. Stahl AP Biology
Metabolism and Energy Mrs. Stahl AP Biology The Energy of Life The living cell is a miniature chemical factory where thousands of reactions occur The cell extracts energy stored in sugars and other fuels
More informationAn Introduction to Metabolism. Chapter 8
An Introduction to Metabolism Chapter 8 METABOLISM I. Introduction All of an organism s chemical reactions Thousands of reactions in a cell Example: digest starch use sugar for energy and to build new
More informationLecture 3: Thermodynamics
3 LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS Lecture 3: Thermodynamics Matter and energy are conserved Margaret A. Daugherty Fall 2004 Entropy always increases Absolute zero is unattainable System and Surroundings 1st Law
More information*The entropy of a system may decrease, but the entropy of the system plus its surroundings must always increase
AP biology Notes: Metabolism Metabolism = totality of an organism's chemical process concerned with managing cellular resources. Metabolic reactions are organized into pathways that are orderly series
More informationAN INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM. Metabolism, Energy, and Life
AN INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM Metabolism, Energy, and Life 1. The chemistry of life is organized into metabolic pathways 2. Organisms transform energy 3. The energy transformations of life are subject
More informationAn Introduction to Metabolism
Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from
More informationMetabolism and enzymes
Metabolism and enzymes 4-11-16 What is a chemical reaction? A chemical reaction is a process that forms or breaks the chemical bonds that hold atoms together Chemical reactions convert one set of chemical
More informationChapter Cells and the Flow of Energy A. Forms of Energy 1. Energy is capacity to do work; cells continually use energy to develop, grow,
Chapter 6 6.1 Cells and the Flow of Energy A. Forms of Energy 1. Energy is capacity to do work; cells continually use energy to develop, grow, repair, reproduce, etc. 2. Kinetic energy is energy of motion;
More informationAn Introduction to Metabolism
Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism Edited by Shawn Lester PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley
More informationChapter 6 Active Reading Guide An Introduction to Metabolism
Name: AP Biology Mr. Croft Section 1 1. Define metabolism. Chapter 6 Active Reading Guide An Introduction to Metabolism 2. There are two types of reactions in metabolic pathways: anabolic and catabolic.
More informationAdvanced Cell Biology. Lecture 8
Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 8 Alexey Shipunov Minot State University January 28, 2013 Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 8 January 28, 2013 1 / 33 Outline Questions and answers Energy and
More informationAn Introduction to Metabolism
An Introduction to Metabolism Chapter 8 Objectives Distinguish between the following pairs of terms: catabolic and anabolic pathways; kinetic and potential energy; open and closed systems; exergonic and
More information20. Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
20. Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation 20.1 What Role Does Electron Transport Play in Metabolism? Electron transport - Role of oxygen in metabolism as final acceptor of electrons - In inner
More informationMetabolism, Energy and Life
BSC 2010 - Exam I Lectures and Text ages I. Intro to Biology (2-29) II. Chemistry of Life Chemistry review (30-46) Water (47-57) Carbon (58-67) Macromolecules (68-91) III. Cells and Membranes Cell structure
More informationCHEM N-2 November 2014
CHEM1612 2014-N-2 November 2014 Explain the following terms or concepts. Le Châtelier s principle 1 Used to predict the effect of a change in the conditions on a reaction at equilibrium, this principle
More informationGround Rules of Metabolism CHAPTER 6
Ground Rules of Metabolism CHAPTER 6 Antioxidants You ve heard the term. What s the big deal? Found naturally in many fruits and vegetables Added to many products What do they actually do? Antioxidants
More informationEnergy Transformation and Metabolism (Outline)
Energy Transformation and Metabolism (Outline) - Definitions & Laws of Thermodynamics - Overview of energy flow ecosystem - Biochemical processes: Anabolic/endergonic & Catabolic/exergonic - Chemical reactions
More informationf) Adding an enzyme does not change the Gibbs free energy. It only increases the rate of the reaction by lowering the activation energy.
Problem Set 2-Answer Key BILD1 SP16 1) How does an enzyme catalyze a chemical reaction? Define the terms and substrate and active site. An enzyme lowers the energy of activation so the reaction proceeds
More informationChapter 6: Energy and Metabolism
Chapter 6: Energy and Metabolism Student: 1. Oxidation and reduction reactions are chemical processes that result in a gain or loss in A) atoms. B) neutrons. C) electrons. D) molecules. E) protons. 2.
More informationBIOLOGY. An Introduction to Metabolism CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 8 An Introduction to Metabolism Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick The Energy of Life The living
More informationEnergy is the capacity to do work
1 of 10 After completing this chapter, you should, at a minimum, be able to do the following. This information can be found in my lecture notes for this and other chapters and also in your text. Correctly
More informationChapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism
Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Name Period Concept 8.1 An organism s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics 1. Define metabolism. 2. There are two types
More informationAn Introduction to Metabolism
Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from
More informationAn Introduction to Metabolism
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 6 An Introduction to Metabolism Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION The
More informationMetabolism. AP Biology Chapter 8
Metabolism AP Biology Chapter 8 Energy Energy management Bioenergetics is the study of how organisms manage their energy resources. Energy is the capacity to do work. Energy exists in various forms Cells
More informationEnergy. Energy & Laws of Thermodynamics. Energy - Outline. Energy - the capacity to do work
http://www.biotopics.co.uk/jmolapplet/atpjdisplay.htm - utline Flow of in living organism otential energy and kinetic energy Laws of Thermodynamics and energy transformations Biochemical pathways and energy
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Nafeth Abu Tarboush
number 6 Done by أنس القيشاوي Corrected by Zaid Emad Doctor Nafeth Abu Tarboush 1 P a g e In the previous lecture, we talked about redox reactions and the reduction potential briefly and how it can help
More informationMitoSeminar II: Some calculations in bioenergetics
MitoSeminar II: Some calculations in bioenergetics MUDr. Jan Pláteník, PhD. Ústav lékařské biochemie 1.LF UK Helpful comments of Prof. MUDr. Jiří Kraml, DrSc., are acknowledged. 1 Respiratory chain and
More information- BIOENERGETICS - DR. A. TARAB DEPT. OF BIOCHEMISTRY HKMU
- BIOENERGETICS - DR. A. TARAB DEPT. OF BIOCHEMISTRY HKMU Bioenergetics the field of biochemistry concerned with the transfer and use of energy by biological system BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE: Suitable fuel
More informationChemical Thermodynamics. Chapter 18
Chemical Thermodynamics Chapter 18 Thermodynamics Spontaneous Processes Entropy and Second Law of Thermodynamics Entropy Changes Gibbs Free Energy Free Energy and Temperature Free Energy and Equilibrium
More informationAn Introduction to Metabolism
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece 6 An Introduction to Metabolism Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge Overview: The Energy of Life The
More informationAn Introduction to Metabolism
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 6 An Introduction to Metabolism Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION The
More information