AP Biology Day 16. Monday, September 26, 2016

Transcription

1 AP Biology Day 16 Monday, September 26, 2016

2 CW/HW Assignments 1. Ch. 9 Guided Reading 2. Ch. 9 Video Cornell Notes (2) PLANNER 1. Ch. 9 Video Cornell Notes (weebly) 2. Study & schedule test retake! unit log must be complete

3 Review your test questions/answers with your group/neighbors. No writing on test. " Write down scores on unit log " When finished, stack together by form " Work on reading Ch. 9 or video cornell notes Finished? Take out your planner and table of contents.

4 AP Biology Day 17 Wednesday, September 28, 2016

5 Do-Now: 1. Check your grade sheet. 2. On the back, write down at least three things you will do to improve or maintain your grade. Be specific if your grade isn t where you want it to be, what are some study habits you can change?

6 Announcements Resubmit labs! Retake quizzes! Turn in unit logs! Attend tutoring! Trade in dojo points Before school, nutrition, lunch

7 CW/HW Assignments 3. Tennis Ball Activity 4. Ch. 9 Lecture Notes 1. Turn in Unit 1/2 logs! must be complete 2. Work on Ch. 9 Notes PLANNER

8 ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE 2.A.1: All living systems require constant input of free energy 2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes

9 FLT I will be able to: explain how redox rxns are involved in energy exchanges name the three stages of cellular respiration, identify where they occur, and state the products explain the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration By completing Ch. 9 Lecture Notes

10 Noise level 0 Notes Protocol Raise hand to question/comment Do not copy notes word for word just the main ideas You may write notes in your subject notebook or you may use the notes outline provided on the website (for binder use) Quiz will be based on reading and notes

11 Ch. 9: Cellular Respiration

12 Introduction Choose one person to squeeze the tennis ball in your group A squeeze only counts if it places a dent in the ball with the heel of your hand A second person should watch them to make sure they are squeezing correctly A third person should time them for one minute A fourth person should record how many squeezes they get every 10 seconds for the full minute

13 Introduction What pattern do we observe? What happens to the speed at which a person can flex the muscles in their hand over time? What would happen if we timed even longer? What biological factors are allowing us to squeeze the ball? What biological factors are limiting us?

14 Energy = Life All living organisms must obtain energy in order to live Autotrophs = Produce their own energy via photosynthesis or chemosynthesis Heterotrophs = consume other organisms $ They capture free energy present in carbon compounds produced by other organisms

15 Overview Living cells require energy from outside sources Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat Photosynthesis generates O 2 and organic CHO molecules (used in cellular respiration) Cells use the energy stored in CHO molecules to regenerate ATP, which powers work

16 Energy Flow and Chemical Recycling in Ecosystems IN: Light Energy ECOSYSTEM CO 2 + H 2 O Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic Molecules + O 2 OUT: Heat energy ATP ATP powers most cellular work

17 Mitochondria Structure

18 Mitochondria Structure Double membrane: Outer membrane Inner membrane Intermembrane space Cristae = folds in inner membrane increase surface area for rxns studded with proteins (inc. ATP synthase) Matrix = gel-like fluid in mitochondria

19 Mitochondria Structure

20 ATP Review ATP powers cellular work via ENERGY COUPLING = coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions In other words, energy from the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis can be used to drive an endergonic reaction!

21 ATP Review C. Structure and the Hydrolysis of ATP ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate Made of ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups Modified nucleotide

22 ATP Review C. Structure and the Hydrolysis of ATP E is released from ATP when the terminal phosphate bond is broken by hydrolysis This release of energy comes from the chemical change to a state of lower free energy, not from the phosphate bonds themselves

23

24 Pair-Share-Respond 1. Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs 2. Describe the main structures of the mitochondria 3. Describe the structure of ATP 4. How does ATP provide energy for the cell?

25 Overview Energy is required to regenerate ATP Where does that energy come from? Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels: C- H-O molecules to produce ATP The breakdown of organic molecules (such as glucose) is exergonic This energy can be used to synthesize ATP

26 Overview Catabolic Pathways and Producing ATP Fermentation = partial degradation of organic molecules (ex/ sugars) that occurs WITHOUT oxygen. Cellular respiration = includes both aerobic & anaerobic processes, though usually refers to aerobic process Aerobic respiration = Oxygen is consumed in the breakdown of organic molecules. Most efficient.

27 Overview One way to trace cellular respiration is with glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2! 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy (ATP + Heat)

28 Overview Overall equation: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2! 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + E Cellular respiration occurs in three[-ish] main 1. Glycolysis stages: 1.5. Acetyl-CoA Formation 2. Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain

29

30 Glycolysis Overview Anaerobic Occurs in the cytoplasm Breaks down glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 into two molecules of pyruvate C 3 H 4 O 3 Produces two NADH and two (net) ATP.

31 Glycolysis Overview Produces two NADH and two (net) ATP. What the heck is NADH?? NADH = enzyme e - carrier = reduced form of coenzyme NAD +. Carries energized e - s to the next step of CR

32

33 Overview Acetyl CoA Formation Aerobic Occurs in the mitochondrion Link between glycolysis and CA/Krebs Cycle 2 Pyruvates! 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 NADH + 2 CO 2 This molecule is needed to start the CA/Krebs Cycle

34

35 Overview Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs Cycle (aerobic) Occurs across inner membrane in the matrix Takes 2 pyruvates through rearrangements and completes the breakdown of glucose to make 2 ATP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH CO 2 Electron carriers: NADH and FADH 2 are both enzyme electron carriers! they will carry energized electrons to the next step

36

37 Overview Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Aerobic Occurs in inner membrane (cristae) Makes 34 ATP + H2O NADH and FADH2 provide electrons Proton H+ gradient created! H+ s used to make ATP Chemiosmosis occurs

38

39

40 Pair-Share-Respond 1. What is the overall equation for cellular respiration? 2. Identify the main stages of cellular respiration. Specify whether they are aerobic or anaerobic. 3. What are our electron carrying molecules, and why are they important? 4. Identify the products of each stage of cellular respiration

41 Work on notes CW