Chapter 15 part 2. Biochemistry I Introduction to Metabolism Bioenergetics: Thermodynamics in Biochemistry. ATP 4- + H 2 O ADP 3- + P i + H +

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Chapter 15 part 2. Biochemistry I Introduction to Metabolism Bioenergetics: Thermodynamics in Biochemistry. ATP 4- + H 2 O ADP 3- + P i + H +"

Transcription

1 Biochemistry I Introduction to Metabolism Bioenergetics: Thermodynamics in Biochemistry ATP ADP 3- + P i Chapter 15 part 2 Dr. Ray 1

2 Energy flow in biological systems: Energy Transformations in Biochemistry There is an energy cost to create ordered biopolymers: 1. Energy can be used to do make bonds (biosynthesis) 2. Energy can be used to make order out of disorder (proteins, DNA, and RNA with specific sequences), are information rich macromolecules made via templatedirected synthesis Lehninger 5 th Ed, Figure

3 Glycolysis Stages 1 & 2: Energy Investment & Cleavage C Phosphorylation C 2 Glucose C C C 2 P - C 2 P - G6P - - F6P Stage 3: Energy Recovery xidation coupled to Phosphorylation Isomerization Phosphoylation ATP ADP ATP ADP DG o = kj/mol Which steps in glycolysis involve energy utilization, and which involve energy production? Substrate Level Phosphorylation Isomeri C 2 P - - C 2 FBP Retro-Aldol Cleavage P - Dehydra Goal: make two 3-carbon molecules (GAP), each containing a phosphate - C 2 C DAP C 2 P - - C 2 GAP 4 5 P -zation - - -tion C C - C 6 7 C 8 9 C 10 C C P - C P - C C 2 P - C 2 P - C 2 P C 2 C -NAD + NAD - ADP ATP - C 3 + P GAP i 13BPG 3PG 2PG ADP ATP Pyruvate PEP P - Isomeri -zation Goal: generate ATP directly and by forming reduced cofactors (NAD) - Substrate Level Phosphorylation DG o = kj/mol

4 Bioenergetics Questions Steps 7 and 10 of glycolysis are substrate level phosphorylation reactions catalyzed by kinases, during which ATP is synthesized. 1) Calculate the DG for step 7 of glycolysis: 1,3-BPG + ADP 3-PG + ATP DG o =? Utilize the info given in Text Table 15.1 standard free energies of hydrolysis of phosphorylated compounds 1,3-BPG PG + P i DG o = kj/mol ATP + 2 ADP + P i DG o = kj/mol Solution: set up reactions so appropriate species are reactants or products (change sign of DG o if reverse reaction). Then add reactions & energies: 1,3-BPG + 2 3PG + P i DG o = kj/mol ADP + P i ATP + 2 DG o = kj/mol 1,3-BPG + ADP 3PG + ATP DG o = kj/mol 2) Does oxidation of organic compounds (aldehyde carboxylic acid) produce or require energy? 4

5 Formation of ATP Using Energy in GAP 1) Can ATP be made directly using compounds with high phosphoryl group transfer potential? Consider glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, a metabolite formed during the oxidation of glucose via glycolysis. Steps 6 & 7 of Glycolysis: The carbon at C1 is an aldehyde and is NT in its most oxidized state. xidation of the aldehyde to a carboxylic acid will RELEASE energy. This carbon oxidation does not take place directly, rather in 2 steps with 1,3-BPG (1,3-bisphosphoglycerate) generated at first. 2) What functional group is formed at C1 of 1,3-BPG? Step 6 of Glycolysis: The energy released in this step is captured in two ways : 5 (1) NAD (e - carrier) and (2) 1,3-BPG (phosphoryl carrier)

6 Formation of ATP by Substrate Level Phosphorylation ydrolysis of 1,3-BPG is coupled to the synthesis of ATP: Step 7 of Glycolysis: The oxidation energy of a carbon atom (C1 of glyceraldehyde) is captured in step 6 of glycolysis, and transformed into the phosphoryl transfer potential of ATP in two ways: (1) Cleavage of 1,3-BPG is coupled to direct formation of 1 ATP (step 7) by substrate level phosphorylation (SLP). (2) NAD (electron carrier) formed in glycolysis is later reoxidized in the mitochondria to NAD + via the electron transport chain (ET), resulting in formation of an additional 1.5 ATP molecules by oxidative phosphorylation (P). 1. Why is the phosphate at C1 of 1,3-BPG used to form ATP, rather than that at C3? C1 is a while C3 is a 6

7 Equilibrium Thermodynamics and Kinetics The standard free energy change of reaction (DG o ): is the energy difference between the products and reactants of a rxn is related to the equilibrium constant (K eq ) of a reaction: K For reaction: A + B C + D eq' C D A B o' DG RT log K DG o = D o - TDS o e ' eq DDG DG rxn Physical Chemistry Standard State: DG o Temp = 298 K = 25 o C Concentration of all reactants and products = 1 M (molar) but [ + ] = 1M means p = 0 Biochemical standard state denoted by the symbol DG o [p=7] means [ + ] = 1x10-7 M, the concentration of water is constant = 55.5 M, and concentration of all other species is 1 M 7 Primes ( ) are used to indicate biochemical standard state

8 Free Energy Changes and Equilibrium Equilibria: A + B C + D The standard free-energy (DG o ) and the equilibrium constant (K eq ) can be calculated from each other: K eq' o' C D A B = DG RT log K e more products less reactants ' eq K eq =10 -DGo /1.36 Each factor of 10 in K eq (10:1 ratio of P to R) means difference of 5.7 kj/mol in DG o R = x 10-3 kcal mol -1 deg -1 T = 298 K (25 o C) Are the following statements TRUE or FALSE? (1) When DG o = 1.0 kj/mol, then K eq = 1 (2) When DG o is negative, then K eq > 1 Ref: Lehninger Biochemistry 8

9 Bioenergetics Question 1) A mixture of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) and 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG) combined in equimolar amounts (1M each), and is incubated at 25 o C until equilibrium is reached. The final mixture contains six times as much 2PG as 3PG. Which one of the following statements is most nearly correct, when applied to the reaction as written? (R=8.315 J/moL. K) 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG) Start: End: A) DG o is zero B) DG o cannot be calculated from the information given C) DG o is incalculably large and positive D) DG o is kj/mol E) DG o is kj/mol So rxn must have gone to the for to have been formed So DG o must be Remember each factor of 10 in K eq (10:1 ratio of Products to Reactants) 9 means diff 5.7 kj/mol in DG o.

10 Free Energy Changes in Non-standard Conditions C A + B C + D K DG RT log K eq' D A B DG o informs whether a reaction will proceed in the forward or backward direction at standard conditions (initial 1M concentrations) Does the spontaneity of a reaction depend only on the relative energies of the reactants and products? The DG of a reaction tells us whether a reaction can or cannot occur spontaneously, or whether the system is at equilibrium for ANY starting concentrations! DG = DG o +RT ln Q Q = reaction quotient Ratio of reactant & product concentrations at start of reaction p = 7 [ 2 ] = constant Initial reactant & product concentrations can be ANYTING! o' e ' eq DG gives DRIVING FRCE of reaction. p = 7 [ 2 ] = constant Reactant & product concentrations are ALL 1M at start!

11 Reactions of Glycolysis (Table 16.1 in text) 1. What is the difference? DG = DG o +RT ln Q Actual DRIVING FRCE is different than standard conditions [since physiological metabolite concentrations are not 1M ] Glycolysis step 1: Cellular concentrations: LARGE SMALL ATP + Glucose Glucose-6-P + ADP DG o = kj/mol ACTUAL CNCENTRATINS IN A CELL CAUSE TE EQUILIBRIUM T SIFT FURTER T TE There is a bigger driving force, so So DG is more than DG o

12 Concentrations and Free Energy 1) What happens to DG (rxn driving force) when concentrations of reactants and products change? 2) Does DG o = DG? A + B C + D o' DG RT log K e ' eq DG o is another way to express where the equilibrium of a reaction lies, it does NT provide any insights about the spontaneity of a reaction, which is determined by DG. 3) Does the spontaneity of a reaction depend on concentrations of reactants & products (ie, will reaction proceed in forward direction as written without the input of energy)? A reaction will occur spontaneously only if DG < 0 DG = DG o +RT ln Q DG (spontaneity of a reaction its direction of flow in actual cellular conditions) depends on both the chemical nature of reactants (DG o ) and on their relative concentrations. 12

13 Free Energy Changes and Spontaneity A + B C + D DG = D - TDS K C D o' eq' DG RT log K K eq =10 -DGo /1.36 A B 1. Biochemical Standard State ( DG o ) has p = 7, [ 2 ] = 55.5 M, and concentration of all other species is 1 M. DG o informs on the chemical nature of reactants and products: their tendency to react and the relative stability of reactants & products If reaction starts with 1M of all species, K eq and DG o inform on what concentrations will occur once the reaction has reached equilibrium. 2. The DG of a reaction is independent of the path of the transformation. 3. The DG of a reaction tells us whether a reaction can or cannot occur spontaneously, or whether the system is at equilibrium at given conditions (ANY CNCENTRATINS)! DG < 0 reaction occur spontaneously from A, B to C, (forward reaction as written occurs) DG > 0 reaction occur spontaneously from C, D to A, B (backwards reaction occurs, but forward does not) DG = 0 reaction is at equilibrium (no change in [ ] of all) e ' eq 13

14 ATP ydrolysis Energy Depends on Concentrations 1) ow is the energy stored in ATP released? A large amount of free energy is liberated when ATP is. ATP + 2 ADP + P i DG o = kj/mol 2) Under typical cellular concentrations of ATP, ADP & P i is the actual DG for this hydrolysis reaction as given above or different? WY? DG is approximately - 50 kj mol -1 (- 12 kcal mol -1 ) with a stronger driving force than at standard conditions, because it depends on BT: (1) the standard free energy change and DG = DG o + RT ln Q (2) the concentrations of all species present Cells usually maintain a [ATP]/[ADP][P i ] ratio of 500:1 (known as the cell s energy charge ). DG = Non-standard conditions: reactants & products are initially present at ANY concentrations DG o = Biochemical standard conditions: all species initially present at 1 M concentration, except [ + ] = 1 x 10-7 M (at p = 7) Q = [products]/[reactants], reaction quotient for actual cellular concentrations (not equilibrium concentrations)

15 Stryer Textbook Problem 21 The concentrations of ATP, ADP, and P i differ with cell type. Consequently, the release of free energy with the hydrolysis of ATP will vary with cell type. Using the following table, calculate the DG for the hydrolysis of ATP in liver, muscle, and brain cells. In which cell type is the free energy of ATP hydrolysis most negative? [ADP][Pi] ATP (mm) ADP (mm) Pi (mm) ln [ATP] DG Liver Muscle Brain ATP + 2 ADP + P i DG o = kj/mol DG = DG o + RT ln 15 T = 37 o C

16 Metabolic Pathway Integration There is coordination between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis during a sprint, to ensure the energy needs of all types of cells are met.

17 Regulation of Metabolism via Cell s Energy Charge There is 10 8 times as much product B formed when the conversion of A to B is coupled with the hydrolysis of ATP. Energy Charge = [ATP] + ½ [ADP] [ATP] + [ADP] + [AMP] 0 = all AMP 1 = all ATP igh energy charge: inhibits ATP generating pathways stimulates ATP utilizing pathways Energy charge, like p of cell, is buffered between Phosphorylation potential is: [ATP]/[ADP][P i ] cells usually maintain 500:1 ratio depends on [P i ], so directly related to free energy storage available from ATP

18 ow Far Does Coupling a Reaction to ATP ydrolysis Shift the Equilibrium Constant of the Reaction? FYI details Consider a chemical reaction that is thermodynamically unfavorable without an input of free energy, a situation common to many biosynthetic (anabolic) reactions, and some catabolic ones (ex: steps 1 & 3 of glycolysis). Suppose that the standard free energy of the conversion of compound A into compound B is: So rxn A B will NT occur since K eq << 1 K eq = [B] eq = 1.15 x 10-3 = 1 [A] eq 1150 owever, A can be converted into B under these conditions IF the reaction is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP. The new overall reaction is: Now, rxn A B will occur since Keq >> 1 K eq = 2.67 x 10 2 = [products] eq = 267 [reactants] eq 1 1) Why are these two K eq so different? 2 nd reaction is coupled to ATP hydrolysis 2) What is the expression for the equilibrium constant of the 2 nd reaction?

19 ATP ydrolysis Shifts the Equilibria of Coupled Reaction by a Factor of 10 8 FYI details 2) What is the expression for the equilibrium constant of the 2 nd reaction? At equilibrium, the ratio of [B] to [A] for the coupled reaction is given by: A B The ATP-generating system of cells maintains the [ATP]/[ADP][P i ] ratio (the energy charge at a high level, typically of the order of 500 M -1 ). For this ratio: = 134,000 1 Coupling the hydrolysis of ATP with the conversion of A into B, changes the equilibrium ratio of B to A by a factor of about 10 8! There is 10 8 times as much product B formed when the conversion of A to B is coupled with the hydrolysis of ATP. Cells maintain a high level of ATP by using oxidizable substrates or light as sources of free energy. Know this 19

20 Bioenergetics Questions 1) When one mole of maltose is degraded to pyruvate through the actions of an a-glucosidase enzyme and the glycolytic pathway, the net production of ATP is: A) 4 mol B) 3 mol C) 2 mol D) 1 mol E) 0 mol 2) In glycolysis, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is converted by aldolase into two products, with a standard free-energy change DG o of kj/mol. Under what conditions encountered in a normal cell will the free-energy change DG be negative, enabling the reaction to proceed spontaneously to the right? A) under standard conditions, enough energy is released to drive the reaction to right B) the reaction will not go to the right spontaneously under any conditions because the DG o is positive. C) the reaction will spontaneously proceed to the right if initially there is a high concentration of products relative to the concentration of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. D) the reaction will spontaneously proceed to the right if initially there is a high concentration of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate relative to the concentration of the products. E) the driving force of this reaction is supplied by a coupled exergonic reaction, the hydrolysis of ATP.

21 Bioenergetics Questions 1) If the DG of the reaction A B is kj/mol, which one(s) of the following statements are TRUE? (a) The reaction will proceed spontaneously from left to right at experimental conditions. (b) The reaction will proceed spontaneously from right to left at standard conditions. (c) The equilibrium constant favors the formation of B over the formation of A. (d) The equilibrium constant could be calculated if the initial concentrations of A and B were known. (e) The value of DG o is also negative. DG o = - RT ln K eq Spontaneity depends on DG not DG o! 21 DG = DG o + RT ln Q

22 verview of Carbohydrate Catabolism makes 26 ATP xidative Phosphorylation C C 2 GLYCLYSIS 2 x pyruvate (3C) 2 x C 2 C 2 - C 3 C 2 CoAS 4C oxaloacetate D-glucose (6C) Total output for NE molecule of glucose - C Make 2 ATP C 3 Pyruvate 2 NAD CoAS 2 NAD PDC C 3 Acetyl CoA Substrate Level Phosphorylation 2 C 2 C 3 CITRIC ACID CYCLE 2 x Acetyl CoA (2C) 4 x C 2 (1C) 6C citrate 6 NAD 2 FAD 2 ELECTRN TRANSPRT CAIN Result for one glucose: Make 30 ATP PDC = Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex 2 GTP

23 Bioenergetics Question 1) A mixture of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) and 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG) combined in equimolar amounts (1M each), and is incubated at 25 o C until equilibrium is reached. The final mixture contains six times as much 2PG as 3PG. Which one of the following statements is most nearly correct, when applied to the reaction as written? (R=8.315 J/moL. K) 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG) If 7x = 2 M then x = 2 M 7 Start: 1M 1M = 2M total End: 2 M 12 M = 14 1x 6x M = 2M total A) DG o So rxn must have gone to the right (forward) is zero for more product 2PG to have been formed B) DG o cannot be calculated from the information given C) DG o is incalculably large and positive D) DG o is kj/mol So DG o must be negative E) DG o is kj/mol Ans: E Remember each factor of 10 in K eq (10:1 ratio of Products to Reactants) means diff 5.7 kj/mol in DG o. ere K eq = 6/1, so DG o < 5.7 kj/mol.

24 Bioenergetics Questions 3) If the DG of the reaction A B is kj/mol, which one(s) of the following statement(s) is TRUE? (a) The reaction will proceed spontaneously from left to right at experimental conditions. (b) The reaction will proceed spontaneously from right to left at standard conditions. (c) The equilibrium constant favors the formation of B over the formation of A. (d) The equilibrium constant could be calculated if the initial concentrations of A and B were known. Ans: A, D (e) The value of DG o is also negative. DG o = RT ln K eq (two correct answers) Spontaneity depends on DG not DG o! or + if know Q and DG DG = DG o + RT ln Q standard can calc DG o actual concs

Energy in Chemical and Biochemical Reactions

Energy in Chemical and Biochemical Reactions Energy in Chemical and Biochemical Reactions Reaction Progress Diagram for Exothermic Reaction Reactants activated complex Products ENERGY A + B Reactants E a C + D Products Δ rxn Reaction coordinate The

More information

CHAPTER 15 Metabolism: Basic Concepts and Design

CHAPTER 15 Metabolism: Basic Concepts and Design CHAPTER 15 Metabolism: Basic Concepts and Design Chapter 15 An overview of Metabolism Metabolism is the sum of cellular reactions - Metabolism the entire network of chemical reactions carried out by living

More information

Lecture Series 9 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Lecture Series 9 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy Lecture Series 9 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy Reading Assignments Review Chapter 3 Energy, Catalysis, & Biosynthesis Read Chapter 13 How Cells obtain Energy from Food Read Chapter 14

More information

BIOCHEMISTRY. František Vácha. JKU, Linz.

BIOCHEMISTRY. František Vácha. JKU, Linz. BIOCHEMISTRY František Vácha http://www.prf.jcu.cz/~vacha/ JKU, Linz Recommended reading: D.L. Nelson, M.M. Cox Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry D.J. Voet, J.G. Voet, C.W. Pratt Principles of Biochemistry

More information

Biochemistry 3300 Problems (and Solutions) Metabolism I

Biochemistry 3300 Problems (and Solutions) Metabolism I (1) Provide a reasonable systematic name for an enzyme that catalyzes the following reaction: fructose + ATP > fructose-1 phosphate + ADP (2) The IUBMB has a developed a set of rules for classifying enzymes

More information

Basic Concepts of Metabolism. Stages of Catabolism. Key intermediates 10/12/2015. Chapter 15, Stryer Short Course

Basic Concepts of Metabolism. Stages of Catabolism. Key intermediates 10/12/2015. Chapter 15, Stryer Short Course Basic Concepts of Metabolism Chapter 15, Stryer Short Course Digestion Formation of key intermediate small molecules Formation of ATP Stages of Catabolism Key intermediates 1 Fundamental Needs for Energy

More information

The products have more enthalpy and are more ordered than the reactants.

The products have more enthalpy and are more ordered than the reactants. hapters 7 & 10 Bioenergetics To live, organisms must obtain energy from their environment and use it to do the work of building and organizing cell components such as proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids,

More information

Biochemical Pathways

Biochemical Pathways Biochemical Pathways Living organisms can be divided into two large groups according to the chemical form in which they obtain carbon from the environment. Autotrophs can use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

More information

Photosynthetic autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to convert low-g CO 2 and H 2 O into energy-rich complex sugar molecules.

Photosynthetic autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to convert low-g CO 2 and H 2 O into energy-rich complex sugar molecules. Chapters 7 & 10 Bioenergetics To live, organisms must obtain energy from their environment and use it to do the work of building and organizing cell components such as proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids,

More information

Lecture 2: Biological Thermodynamics [PDF] Key Concepts

Lecture 2: Biological Thermodynamics [PDF] Key Concepts Lecture 2: Biological Thermodynamics [PDF] Reading: Berg, Tymoczko & Stryer: pp. 11-14; pp. 208-210 problems in textbook: chapter 1, pp. 23-24, #4; and thermodynamics practice problems [PDF] Updated on:

More information

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Lethbridge. Biochemistry II. Bioenergetics

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Lethbridge. Biochemistry II. Bioenergetics Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Lethbridge II. Bioenergetics Slide 1 Bioenergetics Bioenergetics is the quantitative study of energy relationships and energy conversion in biological

More information

Chapter 6- An Introduction to Metabolism*

Chapter 6- An Introduction to Metabolism* Chapter 6- An Introduction to Metabolism* *Lecture notes are to be used as a study guide only and do not represent the comprehensive information you will need to know for the exams. The Energy of Life

More information

Free Energy. because H is negative doesn't mean that G will be negative and just because S is positive doesn't mean that G will be negative.

Free Energy. because H is negative doesn't mean that G will be negative and just because S is positive doesn't mean that G will be negative. Biochemistry 462a Bioenergetics Reading - Lehninger Principles, Chapter 14, pp. 485-512 Practice problems - Chapter 14: 2-8, 10, 12, 13; Physical Chemistry extra problems, free energy problems Free Energy

More information

Pathways that Harvest and Store Chemical Energy

Pathways that Harvest and Store Chemical Energy 6 Pathways that Harvest and Store Chemical Energy Energy is stored in chemical bonds and can be released and transformed by metabolic pathways. Chemical energy available to do work is termed free energy

More information

Principles of Bioenergetics. Lehninger 3 rd ed. Chapter 14

Principles of Bioenergetics. Lehninger 3 rd ed. Chapter 14 1 Principles of Bioenergetics Lehninger 3 rd ed. Chapter 14 2 Metabolism A highly coordinated cellular activity aimed at achieving the following goals: Obtain chemical energy. Convert nutrient molecules

More information

An Introduction to Metabolism

An Introduction to Metabolism An Introduction to Metabolism Chapter 8 Objectives Distinguish between the following pairs of terms: catabolic and anabolic pathways; kinetic and potential energy; open and closed systems; exergonic and

More information

Review Questions - Lecture 5: Metabolism, Part 1

Review Questions - Lecture 5: Metabolism, Part 1 Review Questions - Lecture 5: Metabolism, Part 1 Questions: 1. What is metabolism? 2. What does it mean to say that a cell has emergent properties? 3. Define metabolic pathway. 4. What is the difference

More information

Giving you the energy you need!

Giving you the energy you need! Giving you the energy you need! Use your dominant hand Open and close the pin (with your thumb and forefinger) as many times as you can for 20 seconds while holding the other fingers straight out! Repeat

More information

I. Flow of Energy in Living Things II. Laws of Thermodynamics & Free Energy III. Activation Energy IV. Enzymes V. Reaction Coupling VI.

I. Flow of Energy in Living Things II. Laws of Thermodynamics & Free Energy III. Activation Energy IV. Enzymes V. Reaction Coupling VI. Chapter 6 Energy & Metabolism I. Flow of Energy in Living Things II. Laws of Thermodynamics & Free Energy III. Activation Energy IV. Enzymes V. Reaction Coupling VI. Metabolism I. Flow of Energy in Living

More information

Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its effects on matter

Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its effects on matter 00Note Set 3 1 THE ENERGETICS OF LIFE Thermodynamics and Bioenergetics: Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its effects on matter Bioenergetics is the quantitative analysis of how organisms gain

More information

Activity: Identifying forms of energy

Activity: Identifying forms of energy Activity: Identifying forms of energy INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM Metabolism Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism Metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with

More information

Energy Transformation. Metabolism = total chemical reactions in cells.

Energy Transformation. Metabolism = total chemical reactions in cells. Energy Transformation Metabolism = total chemical reactions in cells. metabole = change Metabolism is concerned with managing the material and energy resources of the cell -Catabolism -Anabolism -Catabolism

More information

Lectures by Kathleen Fitzpatrick

Lectures by Kathleen Fitzpatrick Chapter 10 Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism: Aerobic Respiration Lectures by Kathleen Fitzpatrick Simon Fraser University Figure 10-1 Figure 10-6 Conversion of pyruvate The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl

More information

Lecture 21 - Introduction to Metabolism: Bioenergetics

Lecture 21 - Introduction to Metabolism: Bioenergetics Lecture 21 - Introduction to Metabolism: Bioenergetics Key Concepts Energy conversion in biological systems Metabolic redox reactions Review of thermodynamic principles and coupled reactions The adenylate

More information

Be sure to understand:

Be sure to understand: Learning Targets & Focus Questions for Unit 6: Bioenergetics Chapter 8: Thermodynamics Chapter 9: Cell Resp Focus Q Ch. 10: Photosynthesis Chapter 8 (141-150) 1. I can explain how living systems adhere

More information

Chapter 8 Notes. An Introduction to Metabolism

Chapter 8 Notes. An Introduction to Metabolism Chapter 8 Notes An Introduction to Metabolism Describe how allosteric regulators may inhibit or stimulate the activity of an enzyme. Objectives Distinguish between the following pairs of terms: catabolic

More information

Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism

Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Key Concepts 8.1 An organism s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics 8.2 The free-energy change of a reaction tells us

More information

*The entropy of a system may decrease, but the entropy of the system plus its surroundings must always increase

*The entropy of a system may decrease, but the entropy of the system plus its surroundings must always increase AP biology Notes: Metabolism Metabolism = totality of an organism's chemical process concerned with managing cellular resources. Metabolic reactions are organized into pathways that are orderly series

More information

Bioenergetics, or biochemical thermodynamics, is the study of the energy changes accompanying biochemical reactions. Biologic systems are essentially

Bioenergetics, or biochemical thermodynamics, is the study of the energy changes accompanying biochemical reactions. Biologic systems are essentially Bioenergetics Bioenergetics, or biochemical thermodynamics, is the study of the energy changes accompanying biochemical reactions. Biologic systems are essentially isothermic and use chemical energy to

More information

2054, Chap. 8, page 1

2054, Chap. 8, page 1 2054, Chap. 8, page 1 I. Metabolism: Energetics, Enzymes, and Regulation (Chapter 8) A. Energetics and work 1. overview a. energy = ability to do work (1) chemical, transport, mechanical (2) ultimate source

More information

Chemistry 5.07SC Biological Chemistry I Fall Semester, 2013

Chemistry 5.07SC Biological Chemistry I Fall Semester, 2013 Chemistry 5.07SC Biological Chemistry I Fall Semester, 2013 Lecture 10. Biochemical Transformations II. Phosphoryl transfer and the kinetics and thermodynamics of energy currency in the cell: ATP and GTP.

More information

Chapter 13 Principles of Bioenergetics

Chapter 13 Principles of Bioenergetics Chapter 13 Principles of Bioenergetics 1. Cells need energy to do all their work To generate and maintain its highly ordered structure (biosynthesis of macromolecules) To generate all kinds of movement

More information

- BIOENERGETICS - DR. A. TARAB DEPT. OF BIOCHEMISTRY HKMU

- BIOENERGETICS - DR. A. TARAB DEPT. OF BIOCHEMISTRY HKMU - BIOENERGETICS - DR. A. TARAB DEPT. OF BIOCHEMISTRY HKMU Bioenergetics the field of biochemistry concerned with the transfer and use of energy by biological system BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE: Suitable fuel

More information

Oxidative Phosphorylation versus. Photophosphorylation

Oxidative Phosphorylation versus. Photophosphorylation Photosynthesis Oxidative Phosphorylation versus Photophosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation Electrons from the reduced cofactors NADH and FADH 2 are passed to proteins in the respiratory chain. In eukaryotes,

More information

Outline. Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes. Forms of Energy. Chapter 6

Outline. Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes. Forms of Energy. Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes Chapter 6 Forms of Energy Outline Laws of Thermodynamics Metabolic Reactions ATP Metabolic Pathways Energy of Activation Enzymes Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration 1 2 Forms

More information

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Lecture 13 9/30/05 I. General Principles Cellular Respiration: arvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9 Lecture utline 1. Regulation of Enzymes: competitive, allosteric, phosphorylation 2. Equilibrium 3. Digestion

More information

Overview of Metabolism and Bioenergetics!

Overview of Metabolism and Bioenergetics! verview of Metabolism and Bioenergetics! Wichit Suthammarak Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital -- July 30 th, 2014! Metabolism Chemical transformation! Cell or organism! A

More information

Objectives INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM. Metabolism. Catabolic Pathways. Anabolic Pathways 3/6/2011. How to Read a Chemical Equation

Objectives INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM. Metabolism. Catabolic Pathways. Anabolic Pathways 3/6/2011. How to Read a Chemical Equation Objectives INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM. Chapter 8 Metabolism, Energy, and Life Explain the role of catabolic and anabolic pathways in cell metabolism Distinguish between kinetic and potential energy Distinguish

More information

Cell and Molecular Biology

Cell and Molecular Biology Cell and Molecular Biology (3000719): academic year 2013 Content & Objective :Cell Chemistry and Biosynthesis 3 rd Edition, 1994, pp. 41-88. 4 th Edition, 2002, pp. 47-127. 5 th Edition, 2008, pp. 45-124.

More information

2) This is a learning problem. You will learn something. You will appreciate this information. If not soon, than someday. Ready?

2) This is a learning problem. You will learn something. You will appreciate this information. If not soon, than someday. Ready? Problem Set 2 Hello Class. This is a Big Round problem set. Lots of word problems. I do this because science is a language. Much of it, and medicine too, is transacted as spoken word: seminars, grand rounds,

More information

Bioenergetics and high-energy compounds

Bioenergetics and high-energy compounds Bioenergetics and high-energy compounds Tomáš Kučera tomas.kucera@lfmotol.cuni.cz Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol

More information

Chapter 6: Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell

Chapter 6: Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell Chapter 6: Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell What is Energy? Answer: The Capacity to do Work Types of Energy: 1) Kinetic Energy = Energy of movement Light (movement of photons) Heat (movement of particles)

More information

Lecture 20. Chemical Potential

Lecture 20. Chemical Potential Lecture 20 Chemical Potential Reading: Lecture 20, today: Chapter 10, sections A and B Lecture 21, Wednesday: Chapter 10: 10 17 end 3/21/16 1 Pop Question 7 Boltzmann Distribution Two systems with lowest

More information

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy. 9.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy. 9.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy 9.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels 9.2 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate 9.3 The citric acid

More information

Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism

Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Name Period Concept 8.1 An organism s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics 1. Define metabolism. 2. There are two types

More information

Biological Chemistry and Metabolic Pathways

Biological Chemistry and Metabolic Pathways Biological Chemistry and Metabolic Pathways 1. Reaction a. Thermodynamics b. Kinetics 2. Enzyme a. Structure and Function b. Regulation of Activity c. Kinetics d. Inhibition 3. Metabolic Pathways a. REDOX

More information

An Introduction to Metabolism

An Introduction to Metabolism An Introduction to Metabolism I. All of an organism=s chemical reactions taken together is called metabolism. A. Metabolic pathways begin with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of

More information

Metabolism. Fermentation vs. Respiration. End products of fermentations are waste products and not fully.

Metabolism. Fermentation vs. Respiration. End products of fermentations are waste products and not fully. Outline: Metabolism Part I: Fermentations Part II: Respiration Part III: Metabolic Diversity Learning objectives are: Learn about respiratory metabolism, ATP generation by respiration linked (oxidative)

More information

Chapter 6. Ground Rules Of Metabolism

Chapter 6. Ground Rules Of Metabolism Chapter 6 Ground Rules Of Metabolism Alcohol Dehydrogenase An enzyme Breaks down ethanol and other toxic alcohols Allows humans to drink Metabolism Is the totality of an organism s chemical reactions Arises

More information

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Outer Glycolysis mitochondrial membrane Glucose ATP

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Outer Glycolysis mitochondrial membrane Glucose ATP Fig. 7.5 uter Glycolysis mitochondrial membrane Glucose Intermembrane space xidation Mitochondrial matrix Acetyl-oA Krebs FAD e NAD + FAD Inner mitochondrial membrane e Electron e Transport hain hemiosmosis

More information

Ground Rules of Metabolism CHAPTER 6

Ground Rules of Metabolism CHAPTER 6 Ground Rules of Metabolism CHAPTER 6 Antioxidants You ve heard the term. What s the big deal? Found naturally in many fruits and vegetables Added to many products What do they actually do? Antioxidants

More information

Metabolism and Enzymes

Metabolism and Enzymes Energy Basics Metabolism and Enzymes Chapter 5 Pgs. 77 86 Chapter 8 Pgs. 142 162 Energy is the capacity to cause change, and is required to do work. Very difficult to define quantity. Two types of energy:

More information

An Introduction to Metabolism

An Introduction to Metabolism LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism

More information

Chapter 6: Energy and Metabolism

Chapter 6: Energy and Metabolism Chapter 6: Energy and Metabolism Student: 1. Oxidation and reduction reactions are chemical processes that result in a gain or loss in A) atoms. B) neutrons. C) electrons. D) molecules. E) protons. 2.

More information

G = (G C+ G D ) (G A + G B ) = ΣG P ΣG R Η = (H C+ H D ) (H A + H B ) = ΣΗ P ΣΗ S = (S C+ S D ) (S A + S B ) = ΣS P ΣS R BACKGROUND

G = (G C+ G D ) (G A + G B ) = ΣG P ΣG R Η = (H C+ H D ) (H A + H B ) = ΣΗ P ΣΗ S = (S C+ S D ) (S A + S B ) = ΣS P ΣS R BACKGROUND BACKGRUND BACKGRUND Α + Β = C + D G = Η Τ Τ S G = (G C+ G D ) (G A + G B ) = ΣG P ΣG R Η = (H C+ H D ) (H A + H B ) = ΣΗ P ΣΗ R S = (S C+ S D ) (S A + S B ) = ΣS P ΣS R 1 Standard versus Physiological

More information

Microbiology II Microbial physiology I Energetics

Microbiology II Microbial physiology I Energetics Microbiology II Microbial physiology I Energetics Catabolism Heat Efficiency ~ 60% Efficiency ~ 40% Anabolism Chemical energy (chemotrophic) Light energy (phototrophic) ATP +/ 50 kj/mol ADP + P i Biosyntheses

More information

LS1a Fall 2014 Practice Problem Set #1. 1. Consider a hypothetical reaction carried out at constant temperature and pressure:

LS1a Fall 2014 Practice Problem Set #1. 1. Consider a hypothetical reaction carried out at constant temperature and pressure: LS1a Fall 2014 Practice Problem Set #1 I. Basic Concept Questions 1. Consider a hypothetical reaction carried out at constant temperature and pressure: The Gibbs free energy curve of this reaction is depicted

More information

Chapter 6 Active Reading Guide An Introduction to Metabolism

Chapter 6 Active Reading Guide An Introduction to Metabolism Name: AP Biology Mr. Croft Section 1 1. Define metabolism. Chapter 6 Active Reading Guide An Introduction to Metabolism 2. There are two types of reactions in metabolic pathways: anabolic and catabolic.

More information

Energetics of metabolism

Energetics of metabolism Energetics of metabolism Dr. Bódis Emőke October 7, 2015 JJ9 Why do we study difficult thermodynamics? The laws and principles of the thermodynamics describe the characteristics of matter- and energy flow

More information

METABOLISM CHAPTER 04 BIO 211: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I. Dr. Lawrence G. Altman Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill.

METABOLISM CHAPTER 04 BIO 211: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I. Dr. Lawrence G. Altman  Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill. BIO 211: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I CHAPTER 04 1 Please wait 20 seconds before starting slide show. Mouse click or Arrow keys to navigate. Hit ESCAPE Key to exit. CELLULAR METABOLISM Dr. Lawrence G. Altman

More information

CELL METABOLISM OVERVIEW Keep the big picture in mind as we discuss the particulars!

CELL METABOLISM OVERVIEW Keep the big picture in mind as we discuss the particulars! BIO 211: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I CHAPTER 04 CELLULAR METABOLISM 1 Please wait 20 seconds before starting slide show. Mouse click or Arrow keys to navigate. Hit ESCAPE Key to exit. Dr. Lawrence G. Altman

More information

Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism

Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Name Period Concept 8.1 An organism s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics 1. Define metabolism. 2. There are two types of reactions in metabolic pathways: anabolic

More information

Metabolism, Energy and Life

Metabolism, Energy and Life BSC 2010 - Exam I Lectures and Text ages I. Intro to Biology (2-29) II. Chemistry of Life Chemistry review (30-46) Water (47-57) Carbon (58-67) Macromolecules (68-91) III. Cells and Membranes Cell structure

More information

Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism

Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism AP Biology Reading Guide Name Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Concept 8.1 An organism s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics 1. Define metabolism. 2.

More information

An Introduction to Metabolism

An Introduction to Metabolism An Introduction to Metabolism The living cell is a microscopic factory where life s giant processes can be performed: -sugars to amino acids to proteins and vise versa -reactions to dismantle polymers

More information

Kuntarti. PDF Created with deskpdf PDF Writer - Trial ::

Kuntarti. PDF Created with deskpdf PDF Writer - Trial :: Kuntarti Principles of Bioenergetics Definitions the study of energy transformations in living organism (Albert L Lehninger) the study of the balance between energy intake in the form of food and energy

More information

BCH Graduate Survey of Biochemistry

BCH Graduate Survey of Biochemistry BCH 5045 Graduate Survey of Biochemistry Instructor: Charles Guy Producer: Ron Thomas Director: Marsha Durosier Lecture 55 Slide sets available at: http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/teach/guyweb/bch5045/index.html

More information

Welcome to Class 8! Introductory Biochemistry! Announcements / Reminders! Midterm TA led Review Sessions!

Welcome to Class 8! Introductory Biochemistry! Announcements / Reminders! Midterm TA led Review Sessions! Announcements / Reminders Midterm TA led Review Sessions Welcome to Class 8 Sunday, February 23 from 8-10pm Location: Science Center Main Room (315) Office Hours Prof Salomon: SFH 270 on Thursday Feb 20,

More information

AN INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM. Metabolism, Energy, and Life

AN INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM. Metabolism, Energy, and Life AN INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM Metabolism, Energy, and Life 1. The chemistry of life is organized into metabolic pathways 2. Organisms transform energy 3. The energy transformations of life are subject

More information

2. In regards to the fluid mosaic model, which of the following is TRUE?

2. In regards to the fluid mosaic model, which of the following is TRUE? General Biology: Exam I Sample Questions 1. How many electrons are required to fill the valence shell of a neutral atom with an atomic number of 24? a. 0 the atom is inert b. 1 c. 2 d. 4 e. 6 2. In regards

More information

Exam 4 April 15, 2005 CHEM 3511 Print Name: KEY Signature

Exam 4 April 15, 2005 CHEM 3511 Print Name: KEY Signature 1) (8 pts) General Properties of Enzymes. Give four properties of enzymaticallycatalyzed reactions. The answers should indicate how enzymatic reactions differ from non-enzymatic reactions. Write four only

More information

2015 AP Biology PRETEST Unit 3: Cellular Energetics Week of October

2015 AP Biology PRETEST Unit 3: Cellular Energetics Week of October Name: Class: _ Date: _ 2015 AP Biology PRETEST Unit 3: Cellular Energetics Week of 19-23 October Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which

More information

Lecture #8 9/21/01 Dr. Hirsh

Lecture #8 9/21/01 Dr. Hirsh Lecture #8 9/21/01 Dr. Hirsh Types of Energy Kinetic = energy of motion - force x distance Potential = stored energy In bonds, concentration gradients, electrical potential gradients, torsional tension

More information

Mechanism of CO 2 Fixation: Rubisco Step 1

Mechanism of CO 2 Fixation: Rubisco Step 1 dark means light-indendent! The Dark Reaction: Carbon Fixation Requires Rubisco: Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase RuBPi + C 6 x 3PG MW = 550, 000 g/mol Subunits eight small (14,000 g/mol) eight large

More information

3.1 Metabolism and Energy

3.1 Metabolism and Energy 3.1 Metabolism and Energy Metabolism All of the chemical reactions in a cell To transform matter and energy Step-by-step sequences metabolic pathways Metabolic Pathways Anabolic reactions Build large molecules

More information

7.014 Quiz I Handout

7.014 Quiz I Handout 7.014 Quiz I andout Quiz I announcements: Quiz I: Friday, February 27 12:05 12:55 Walker Gym, rd floor (room 5040) **This will be a closed book exam** Quiz Review Session: Wednesday, February 25 7:00 9:00

More information

What is an enzyme? Lecture 12: Enzymes & Kinetics I Introduction to Enzymes and Kinetics. Margaret A. Daugherty Fall General Properties

What is an enzyme? Lecture 12: Enzymes & Kinetics I Introduction to Enzymes and Kinetics. Margaret A. Daugherty Fall General Properties Lecture 12: Enzymes & Kinetics I Introduction to Enzymes and Kinetics Margaret A. Daugherty Fall 2003 ENZYMES: Why, what, when, where, how? All but the who! What: proteins that exert kinetic control over

More information

Chapter 8: Energy and Metabolism

Chapter 8: Energy and Metabolism Chapter 8: Energy and Metabolism Why do organisms need energy? How do organisms manage their energy needs? Defining terms and issues: energy and thermodynamics metabolic reactions and energy transfers

More information

Applications of Free Energy. NC State University

Applications of Free Energy. NC State University Chemistry 433 Lecture 15 Applications of Free Energy NC State University Thermodynamics of glycolysis Reaction kj/mol D-glucose + ATP D-glucose-6-phosphate + ADP ΔG o = -16.7 D-glucose-6-phosphate p D-fructose-6-phosphate

More information

Exam 3 Review (4/12/2011) Lecture note excerpt covering lectures (Exam 3 topics: Chapters 8, 12, 14 & 15)

Exam 3 Review (4/12/2011) Lecture note excerpt covering lectures (Exam 3 topics: Chapters 8, 12, 14 & 15) Exam 3 Review (4/12/2011) Lecture note excerpt covering lectures 17-23 (Exam 3 topics: Chapters 8, 12, 14 & 15) Enzyme Kinetics, Inhibition, and Regulation Chapter 12 Enzyme Kinetics When the concentration

More information

Overview of Kinetics

Overview of Kinetics Overview of Kinetics [P] t = ν = k[s] Velocity of reaction Conc. of reactant(s) Rate of reaction M/sec Rate constant sec -1, M -1 sec -1 1 st order reaction-rate depends on concentration of one reactant

More information

2. The study of is the study of behavior (capture, storage, usage) of energy in living systems.

2. The study of is the study of behavior (capture, storage, usage) of energy in living systems. Cell Metabolism 1. Each of the significant properties of a cell, its growth, reproduction, and responsiveness to its environment requires. 2. The study of is the study of behavior (capture, storage, usage)

More information

Flow of Energy. Flow of Energy. Energy and Metabolism. Chapter 6

Flow of Energy. Flow of Energy. Energy and Metabolism. Chapter 6 Energy and Metabolism Chapter 6 Flow of Energy Energy: the capacity to do work -kinetic energy: the energy of motion -potential energy: stored energy Energy can take many forms: mechanical electric current

More information

Activating Strategy. AP Lesson #10. EQ: What is metabolism and what role does energy play in metabolism? How does energy move through an environment?

Activating Strategy. AP Lesson #10. EQ: What is metabolism and what role does energy play in metabolism? How does energy move through an environment? Activating Strategy Belief or Disbelief 1. 1 st Law of thermodynamics states that energy can be created and destroyed. 2. Anabolic reactions are reactions that break bonds between molecules. 3. Exergonic

More information

Cellular Respiration. Mitochondria Rule! Mr. Kurt Kristensen

Cellular Respiration. Mitochondria Rule! Mr. Kurt Kristensen Cellular Respiration Mitochondria Rule! Mr. Kurt Kristensen Harvard Biovisions Mitochondria Summer Session Week 1: Cellular Respiration Students should. 1) Understand the locations, and functions of the

More information

Biology Reading Assignments:

Biology Reading Assignments: Biology 205 5.13.08 Reading Assignments: Chapter 3 Energy, Catalysis and Biosynthesis pgs. 83-94; 106-116 (Note the various roles of nucleotide based carrier molecules); work questions 3-2 and 3-3 Chapter

More information

Lecture 7: Enzymes and Energetics

Lecture 7: Enzymes and Energetics Lecture 7: Enzymes and Energetics I. Biological Background A. Biological work requires energy 1. Energy is the capacity to do work a. Energy is expressed in units of work (kilojoules) or heat energy (kilocalories)

More information

This is an example of cellular respiration, which can be used to make beer and wine using different metabolic pathways For these reasons we call this

This is an example of cellular respiration, which can be used to make beer and wine using different metabolic pathways For these reasons we call this Chapter 6 Carvings from ancient Egypt show barley being crushed and mixed with water (left) and then put into closed vessels (centre) where airless conditions are suitable for the production of alcohol

More information

Metabolism. AP Biology Chapter 8

Metabolism. AP Biology Chapter 8 Metabolism AP Biology Chapter 8 Energy Energy management Bioenergetics is the study of how organisms manage their energy resources. Energy is the capacity to do work. Energy exists in various forms Cells

More information

Biology Reading Assignment: Chapter 9 in textbook

Biology Reading Assignment: Chapter 9 in textbook Biology 205 5.10.06 Reading Assignment: Chapter 9 in textbook HTTP://WUNMR.WUSTL.EDU/EDUDEV/LABTUTORIALS/CYTOCHROMES/CYTOCHROMES.HTML What does a cell need to do? propagate itself (and its genetic program)

More information

An Introduction to Metabolism. Chapter 8

An Introduction to Metabolism. Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism Chapter 8 METABOLISM I. Introduction All of an organism s chemical reactions Thousands of reactions in a cell Example: digest starch use sugar for energy and to build new

More information

Metabolism and enzymes

Metabolism and enzymes Metabolism and enzymes 4-11-16 What is a chemical reaction? A chemical reaction is a process that forms or breaks the chemical bonds that hold atoms together Chemical reactions convert one set of chemical

More information

Energy Transformation and Metabolism (Outline)

Energy Transformation and Metabolism (Outline) Energy Transformation and Metabolism (Outline) - Definitions & Laws of Thermodynamics - Overview of energy flow ecosystem - Biochemical processes: Anabolic/endergonic & Catabolic/exergonic - Chemical reactions

More information

Energy and Cellular Metabolism

Energy and Cellular Metabolism 1 Chapter 4 About This Chapter Energy and Cellular Metabolism 2 Energy in biological systems Chemical reactions Enzymes Metabolism Figure 4.1 Energy transfer in the environment Table 4.1 Properties of

More information

Lecture 3: Thermodynamics

Lecture 3: Thermodynamics 3 LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS Lecture 3: Thermodynamics Matter and energy are conserved Margaret A. Daugherty Fall 2004 Entropy always increases Absolute zero is unattainable System and Surroundings 1st Law

More information

Biochemical bases for energy transformations. Biochemical bases for energy transformations. Nutrition 202 Animal Energetics R. D.

Biochemical bases for energy transformations. Biochemical bases for energy transformations. Nutrition 202 Animal Energetics R. D. Biochemical bases for energy transformations Biochemical bases for energy transformations Nutrition 202 Animal Energetics R. D. Sainz Lecture 02 Energy originally from radiant sun energy Captured in chemical

More information

Center for Academic Services & Advising

Center for Academic Services & Advising March 2, 2017 Biology I CSI Worksheet 6 1. List the four components of cellular respiration, where it occurs in the cell, and list major products consumed and produced in each step. i. Hint: Think about

More information

Chapter 6: Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell

Chapter 6: Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell Chapter 6: Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell What is Energy? Answer: The capacity to do work Types of Energy: 1) Potential Energy = Stored energy Positional (stored in location of object) Chemical (stored

More information

How Cells Work. Learning Objectives

How Cells Work. Learning Objectives How Cells Work Chapter 5 Learning Objectives 1. Physics tells us that in any energy transformation: a) energy is neither created nor destroyed, and b) there is always some energy lost in an unusable form

More information

What Is Energy? Energy is the capacity to do work. First Law of Thermodynamics. Types of energy

What Is Energy? Energy is the capacity to do work. First Law of Thermodynamics. Types of energy What Is Energy? Energy is the capacity to do work. Synthesizing molecules Moving objects Generating heat and light Types of Kinetic: of movement otential: stored First Law of Thermodynamics Energy cannot

More information